Ein Schlüsselprozess in der Immunantwort ist die durch das proinflammatorische Zytokin Interferon-gamma (IFNg) induzierte transiente Akkumulation von neu synthetisierten defekten Proteinen, die durch Anknüpfen von Polymeren des Proteins Ubiquitin (Ub) post-translational modifiziert werden. Die Ubiquitinierung ist das Schlüsselsignal für den Abbau dieser Proteine. Die Abbauprodukte dienen unter anderem als Quelle für die Prozessierung von Antigenen. Um die frühe Immunantwort besser zu verstehen, wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Identität und Charakteristika dieser neu synthetisierten Proteine, sowie die Topologie ihrer post-translationalen Modifizierung durch Ub untersucht. Dazu wurde die massenspektrometrischen Analyse ubiquitinierter Proteine weiterentwickelt, indem die experimentellen Konditionen auf deren Analyse optimiert wurden. Insbesondere konnte gezeigt werden, dass die kombinierte Verdauung der Ub-Konjugate mittels zweier Peptidasen die Identifizierung der Proteinpeptide und der Indikatorpeptide für Ubiquitinierungsstellen entscheidend verbessert. Es wurde demonstriert, dass eine selektive Isotopenmarkierung der neu synthetisierten Proteine möglich ist. Mit Hilfe dieser Methode gelang es, Veränderungen der Ub Modifikationen bezüglich der Topologie sowie quantitative Unterschiede der ubiquitinierten Proteine aus humanen HeLa-Zellen in An- und Abwesenheit von IFNg zu identifizieren. Nach Induktion durch IFNg wurden drei polyubiquitinierte, drei mono- oder polyubiquitinierte und 111 potentiell ubiquitinierte Proteine identifiziert. Diese Proteine zeigten, dass keine generelle Ubiquitinierungspräferenz für die durch IFNg verstärkt transkribierten Gene besteht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit erweitern das Verständnis der frühen zellulären Immunantwort und tragen zum Verständnis von Krebs- und Autoimmunerkrankungen sowie chronischen Entzündungsprozessen bei. Möglicherweise bilden sie die Grundlage für die Weiterentwicklung entsprechender Therapien. / A key process within the immune response of organisms is the transient accumulation of newly synthesized defective proteins affected by the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma(IFNg). These proteins are post-translationally modified by attachment of polymers of the protein ubiquitin (Ub), which represents the key signal for targeting them to degradation. The resulting peptides can serve as sources for antigen processing. In order to get an insight into the details of the cellular early immune response, the identity and characteristics of the newly synthesized proteins and the topology of their post-translational modification with Ub were investigated. An essential progress of the mass spectrometric approach was achieved by optimizing the experimental conditions with regard to the requirements of the analysis of the targeted proteins. In particular, it could be shown that a combined digestion of Ub-conjugates with two peptidases leads to an improved detection of protein peptides and indicator peptides for ubiquitination sites. It was shown that a selective isotopic labeling of the newly synthesized proteins was possible. With this method, a decisive step forward was made in the understanding of changes of the Ub modifications with respect to the topology and in clarifying the quantitative differences between Ub-conjugates from IFNg treated and untreated human HeLa cells. Three IFNg induced polyubiquitinated proteins, three mono- or polyubiquitinated as well as 111 potential Ub-substrates could be identified. These proteins did not show any general ubiquitination preference for genes whose transcription is enhanced in presence of IFNg. The results obtained in this work help to broaden and refine the general picture of the early cellular immune response. They contribute to the knowledge on molecular processes of cancer, autoimmune diseases or chronic inflammation and, potentially, can give hints for the continued development of corresponding therapies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mayara MAGGIOLI.pdf: 1675170 bytes, checksum: 97b59ecd07956bdec51efc9f0ffbb42a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Curraleiro breed has adapted to the extensive breeding in the Brazilian savanna. These rustic animals seem to be more resistant to regional endemic diseases. Resistance to infection is directly correlated to the host immune response. In order to check if differences might exist among Curraleiro s immune response and the response of other exotic cattle breeds in the savannah region, Curraleiro and Nellore calves were assessed before and after immunization with BCG vaccine. Twelve young calves (around six months of age) were used. After quarantine, the animals were divided into four groups: Control (three calves from each breed) and Vaccinated (three calves from each breed). The mononuclear cells were obtained from peripheral blood at time zero (before vaccination), one, seven and, thirty days after the vaccination. The cells were submitted to phagocytosis test, NO production and analysis by flow cytometry of the following populations: NK, T, CD4 e CD8 as well as for their IFN-production. The intradermic test was realized in all calves forty-five days after vaccination. Macrophages from Curraleiro breed showed superior phagocytosis rates (7.650±3.661) than Nellore macrophages (2.970±1.282). Before BCG vaccination, Curraleiro calves had higher numbers of CD4+ cells (2049±402.3), CD8+ cells (1207±166), TWC1+ cells (1443/mL±384,6) in peripheral blood, than Nellore calves (CD4: 1240/mL ±337; CD8: 772.1/mL ±278.3; TWC1+: 745.5/mL ±67.22). The CD4 and CD8 IFN- positive cells were also higher in Curraleiro animals. Vaccination was able to generate specific immune response on both breeds. Thirty days after vaccination, Curraleiro animals presented greater levels of CD4IFN-positive (202.8±44.96) cells than Nellore ones (143.7±40.43). The findings of this study support the Curraleiro resistance profile in comparison to Nellore breed, due to a better capacity to induce specific immune response to M. bovis-BCG vaccine. / A raça Curraleiro se desenvolveu e se adaptou à criação extensiva na região do cerrado brasileiro. Estes animais rústicos parecem ser mais resistentes às doenças endêmicas regionais. A resistência às infecções esta diretamente correlacionada a resposta imune do hospedeiro. Para verificar se existe alguma diferença na resposta imune de animais Curraleiros e outras raças exóticas criadas na região do cerrado, bezerros das raças Curraleiro e Nelore foram avaliados após a vacinação com Mycobacterium bovis- BCG. Foram utilizados animais com idade variando de 6 a 7 meses (n=12), provenientes do estado de Goiás. Depois da quarentena, os animais foram divididos em grupos: controles (3 de cada raça) e vacinados (3 de cada raça). Após obtenção das células mononucleares do sangue periférico nos dias zero (antes da vacinação), um, sete, quinze e trinta dias apos a vacinação, as mesmas foram submetidas a ensaios de fagocitose, produção de NO, quantificação por citometria de fluxo das populações celulares NK, T, CD4 e CD8 e de suas produções de IFN-. Quarenta e cinco dias após a vacinação, os animais foram submetidos ao teste intradérmico. Macrófagos provenientes da raça Curraleira apresentaram naturalmente maiores índices de fagocitose de leveduras não sensibilizadas (7,650±3,661) quando comparados aos dos Nelore (2,970±1,282). Além disso, antes da vacinação, bezerros Curraleiros tiveram no sangue periférico maior número de TCD4+(2049±402,3), TCD8+(1207±166), TWC1+(1443/mL±384,6) que os bezerros Nelores (CD4-1240/mL ±337; CD8-772,1/mL ±278,3; TWC1+-745,5/mL ±67,22). Em adição, as células CD4 e CD8 IFN- positivas foram superiores nos animais Curraleiros. A vacinação foi capaz de induzir resposta imune específica nas duas raças testadas. Trinta dias após a vacinação os Curraleiros apresentavam CD4IFN-positivas (202,8±44,96) superiores aos Nelores (143,7±40,43). Os resultados apresentados nesta dissertação favorecem o perfil de resistência da raça bovina Curraleira quando comparada a raça Nelore devido a melhor capacidade de induzir resposta imune específica à vacina M. bovis-BCG.

Durch Immunregulation und -modulation sorgt das Immunsystem dafür, daß von außen in den Organismus gelangende Agentien nicht zu dauerhaften Schäden führen. Wesentliche Funktionen des Immunsystems stützen sich dabei auf die zelluläre Immunität. Gerät dieses komplizierte Regelwerk aus dem Gleichgewicht, können schwere Erkrankungen autoimmuner oder atopischer Genese resultieren. Der erste Teil der Arbeit befaßt sich mit zwei Aspekten der zellulären Immunantwort. Allergische Immunantworten sind durch die Typ 2 T Zellantwort charakterisiert. Für die Induktion einer Typ 2 Antwort wird Interleukin-4 benötigt, dessen Herkunft nicht geklärt ist. NK1.1 positive T Zellen als Quelle des initialen IL-4 konnten durch in vivo und in vitro Messung von allergie-spezifischen Parametern ausgeschlossen werden. Der MHC-Komplex präsentiert T Zellen Antigene in Form von Peptiden. Pathologische T Zellantworten können durch fortwährende Antigenpräsentation unterhalten werden. Durch Untersuchungen zur molekularen Charakteristik der MHC - Peptid Interaktion ließen sich Bindungsmotive so verfeinern, daß Peptide mit sehr starker Bindung an den MHC ohne gleichzeitige Erkennungssequenz für den T Zellrezeptor entwickelt werden konnten. Peptide dieser Art könnten zur Blockierung einer pathologischen T Zellantwort genutzt werden. Für viele immunologische Erkrankungen ist die Beteiligung genetischer Faktoren beschrieben worden. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Bedeutung genetischer Disposition bei Allergien im Mausmodell. Homozygote Inzuchtstämme konnten als High- und Low-Responder für den Phänotyp "allergische Soforttypreaktion der Haut" gegenüber Birkenpollenextrakt definiert werden. Die Phänotypisierung der F1 Generation wies auf dominante Vererbung hin, die informative Rückkreuzung auf die Beteiligung von mindestens zwei Genen für die Ausprägung des Merkmals. Wie die Analyse MHC congener Mäuse zeigte, entspricht einer dieser Loci dem MHC Komplex. Durch eine genomweite Kartierung mit Mikrosatelliten wurde als weiterer Kandidat der IL-5 Rezeptor identifiziert. Die detaillierte Analyse des Gens in High-und Low-Respondern weist auf eine Anzahl funktionell bedeutsamer Polymorphismen hin. Dabei imponiert das Low-Responder Allel als Suszeptibilitätsallel. Die Unterschiede haben Auswirkung auf Transkription/Translation und Spleißvorgänge, die zu quantitativer Differenz der Genprodukte führt. Die Daten weisen damit auf einen regulatorischen Mechanismus hin, da die Proteinstruktur des Rezeptors bei High- und Low-Respondern identisch ist. / Immune deviations can lead to serious autoimmune or atopic disorders. Two possible candidates for such pathological immune responses have been investigated: (i) the MHC class I allele HLA-B27, which is strongly linked to ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis. Its presentation of potentially pathogenic peptides and therapeutical modifications of peptidic ligands have been studied. (ii) Interleukin-4 (IL-4), which is the key player in the induction and maintenance of allergic immune responses. A subpopulation of natural killer (NK1.1) cells have been discussed as a source of initial IL-4. Through experiments with NK1.1 deficient mice we could demonstrate, that such immune resonses are not dependent on the presence of NK1.1 cells. Both, autoimmunity and atopy belong to the large group of multifactorial diseases, i. e. genetic and environmental factors influence the expression of the various phenotypes. To dissect the genetics of allergic diseases systematically, a mouse model of immmediate cutaneous hypersensitivity (ICHS) upon birch pollen sensitization has been etablished. Phenotyping of the F1 progeny of high- and low-responder mice revealed ICHS as a dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. Mice from a backcross to the low-responder strain did split into the three classes of high-, intermediate and low-response. Genotyping of these mice revealed a strong candidate gene on chromosome 6: the interleukin-5 receptor (IL-5R). Analysis of the IL-5R gene resulted in the detection of genetic variance of the high- and low-responder allele in non-coding regions with functional relevance. Additional regulatory variance is implicated through differential alternative splicing of the three receptor isoforms. A second gene cluster contributes to the expression of the allergic phenotype: MHC class II alleles, as has been demonstrated for other immunologic disorders in mice and humans.

Les méthodes de vaccination actuelles contre l’influenza, axées sur la réponse à anticorps dirigée contre des antigènes hautement variables, nécessitent la production d’un vaccin pour chaque nouvelle souche. Le défi est maintenant de stimuler simultanément une réponse cellulaire pan-spécifique ciblant des antigènes conservés du virus, tel que la protéine de la matrice (M1) ou la nucléoprotéine (NP). Or, la présentation antigénique de ces protéines est peu définie chez l’humain. Nous avons analysé la présentation endogène par les complexes majeurs d’histocompatibilité de classes (CMH)-I et -II de M1 et de NP. Ainsi, les protéines M1 et NP ont été exprimées dans des cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (CPAs). Notamment, des épitopes de M1 et de NP endogènes peuvent être présentées par CMH-I et -II, ce qui résulte en une activation respectivement de lymphocytes T CD8+ et CD4+ précédemment isolés. Étant donné l’importance des lymphocytes T CD4+ dans la réponse cellulaire, nous avons cloné M1 ou NP en fusion avec des séquences de la protéine gp100 permettant la mobilisation vers les compartiments du CMH-II sans affecter la présentation par CMH-I. Des CPAs exprimant de façon endogène ces constructions modifiées ou sauvages ont ensuite été utilisées pour stimuler in vitro des lymphocytes T humains dont la qualité a été évaluée selon la production de cytokines et la présence de molécules de surface (ELISA ou marquage de cytokines intracellulaire). Nous avons observé une expansion de lymphocytes T CD8+ et CD4+ effecteurs spécifiques sécrétant diverses cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IFN-γ, TNF, MIP-1β) dans des proportions comparables avec une présentation par CMH-II basale ou améliorée. Cette qualité indépendante du niveau de présentation endogène par CMH-II de M1 et de NP des lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+ suggère que cette présentation est suffisante à court terme. En outre, la présentation endogène de M1 et NP a permis de stimuler des lymphocytes T spécifiques à des épitopes conservés du virus, tel qu’identifié à l’aide une méthode d’identification originale basée sur des segments d’ARNm, « mRNA PCR-based epitope chase (mPEC) ». Ensemble, ces nouvelles connaissances sur la présentation antigénique de M1 et de NP pourraient servir à établir de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales pan-spécifiques contre l’influenza. / New vaccines targeting hyper-variable influenza determinants must be prepared against every new strain. The challenge is now to develop influenza vaccines also eliciting a strong and sustained cytotoxic response against highly-conserved determinants such as the matrix (M1) and nuclear (NP) proteins. However, their antigenic presentation properties in humans are less defined. We, therefore, analyzed major histocompatibility complex class (MHC)-I and -II presentation of endogenously processed M1 and NP in human antigen presenting cells (APCs). To do so, we used APCs endogenously-expressing the M1 and NP proteins. M1 and NP epitopes can be presented by MHC-I and -II, which results in the activation of previously-isolated antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Considering the importance of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the cellular immune response, we cloned M1 and NP proteins in fusion with gp100 MHC-II enhancing sequences, which do not disrupt MHC-I presentation. APCs expressing MHC-II-enhanced or wild type constructs were used to stimulate human T lymphocytes in vitro and quality of antigen presentation was evaluated on the basis of cytokine production and cell surface molecule expression (ELISA or intracellular cytokine staining). We expanded antigen-specific effector CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes which secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF and MIP-1β) to similar extents both with and without MHC-II enhancement. The quality of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes generated independent of the level of M1 and NP endogenous MHCII presentation suggests that this presentation is sufficient for short-term T lymphocyte stimulation. Thus, endogenous expression of M1 and NP have stimulated T lymphocytes specific to conserved influenza epitopes, as determined by an original identification technique based on mRNA segments called mRNA PCR-based epitope chase (mPEC). Overall, these new insights about T lymphocytes expanded following MHC-I and -II presentation of endogenous M1 and NP could prove useful for new complementary heterosubtypic vaccination strategies.

No description available.

Lyme borreliosis is a multisystemic disease affecting skin, joints, heart and central nervous system. The disease is caused by spirochetes of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. These bacteria are spread by ticks of Ixodes genus. In 2016 there were almost 4,000 newly infected individuals reported in the Czech Republic. Contemporary serological diagnostics of Lyme borreliosis is not sensitive nor specific enough and does not even correlate with the pathology of the disease in the early or late phases. For the correct diagnosis of the disease it is necessary to detect the pathogen and its genotype. For this reason we had aimed at two goals. Through the digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) method we detected Borrelia-specific DNA and its genotype. The detection limit of borrelial DNA was set on gDNA samples isolated from the tick. Detection threshold for the initial amount of 1 ng of tick gDNA is at the range of 10-17 g of specific borrelial DNA. Borrelia spp. coinfection was detected in 5 out of 12 tested samples. The most frequent type was B. garinii which was detected in 5 samples. On the basis of published sequences for virulent factors we have designed specific primers in conserved regions of the genes flanking their variable segments to be PCR amplified. Gene variability will be monitored through...