No description available.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EduardoRDN_TESE.pdf: 2710171 bytes, checksum: 09b5f50c7446d0f076dc4edac8718d45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-10 / The gas migration during the cementing of wells is one of the main problems of oil wells engineering. Its occurrence can cause severe problems since shortly to loss of control of the well after cementation. Recently, 20/04/2010 In an accident of major proportions in the Gulf of Mexico, among other factors, faulty cementing operation provided the gas migration, causing the accident, in which 11 people died and 17 were injured occurred. Besides the serious consequences that can be caused by gas migration, remediation of the problem, which is made by injecting cement in damaged areas, usually involves additional costs and is not always effective. Therefore, preventing gas migration to be preferred. Some methods are used to prevent the migration of the pressurized gas as the annular space, application of pressure pulses, reducing the height of the cement column compressible cement pastes of low permeability, pastes and to control free filtered water, and binders of thixotropic cement expandable and flexible. Thus, the cement pastes used to prevent gas migration must meet the maximum these methods. Thus, this study aimed to formulate a cement paste to prevent gas migration, using the expanded vermiculite, and evaluate the behavior of the folder trials necessary for use in oil wells. Free water content, rheological properties, compressive strength, loss of liquid phase sedimentation of solids, specific weight, thickening time and gas migration: The following tests were performed. The results show that meets the specifications paste formulated for use in oil wells and the use of expanded vermiculite contribute to the absorption of free water, thixotropy and low density. The absorption of free water is proven to result in zero percentage test free water content, thixotropy is observed with the high value of the initial gel strength (Gi) in testing rheological properties and low density is proven in test weight specific / A migra??o de g?s durante a cimenta??o de po?os ? um dos principais problemas da engenharia de po?os de petr?leo. Sua ocorr?ncia pode causar desde problemas pouco severos at? a perda de controle do po?o ap?s a cimenta??o. Recentemente, Em 20/04/2010 ocorreu um acidente de grandes propor??es no Golfo do M?xico, que dentre v?rios fatores, a falha na opera??o de cimenta??o proporcionou a migra??o de g?s, causando o acidente, onde 11 pessoas morreram e 17 ficaram feridas. Al?m das s?rias consequ?ncias que podem ser causadas pela migra??o de g?s, a remedia??o do problema, que ? feita pela inje??o de cimento nas zonas danificadas, geralmente envolve custos adicionais e nem sempre ? efetiva. Por isso, a preven??o da migra??o de g?s deve ser preferida. Alguns m?todos s?o utilizados para evitar a migra??o de g?s como a pressuriza??o do espa?o anular, aplica??o de pulsos de press?o, redu??o da altura da coluna de cimento, cimento compress?vel, pastas de baixa permeabilidade, pastas com controle de filtrado e ?gua livre, e pastas de cimento tixotr?picas, expans?veis e flex?veis. Deste modo, as pastas de cimento utilizadas para evitar migra??o de g?s devem atender ao m?ximo estes m?todos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo formular uma pasta de cimento para evitar a migra??o de g?s, utilizando a vermiculita expandida, e avaliar o comportamento da pasta em ensaios necess?rios ? utiliza??o em po?os petrol?feros. Foram realizados os seguintes ensaios: teor de ?gua livre, propriedades reol?gicas, resist?ncia a compress?o, perda da fase liquida, sedimenta??o dos s?lidos, peso especifico, tempo de espessamento e migra??o de g?s. Os resultados mostram que a pasta formulada atende as especifica??es para utiliza??o em po?os de petrol?feros e que a utiliza??o da vermiculita expandida contribuiu para a absor??o da ?gua livre, tixotropia e baixa densidade. A absor??o da ?gua livre ? comprovada com o resultado de porcentagem zero no ensaio de teor de ?gua livre, a tixotropia ? verificada com o alto valor da for?a gel inicial (Gi) no ensaio de propriedades reol?gicas e a baixa densidade ? comprovada no ensaio de peso especifico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Portland cement pastes are applied in the cementing of oil wells in sedimentary saliferous basins in regions called Pre-Salt. Usually, silica amounts are added to cement slurries to reduce portlandite formation, what increases the chemical reactivity of cemented regions before chemical attacks. However, little is known about the application of other types of materials, such as natural polymers, for example chitosan and sodium alginate, and hydroxyapatite, which can be extracted from fish scales. The influence of the addition of hydroxyapatite from fish scales, chitosan and sodium alginate in silica-containing cement pastes, which were prepared and hydrated with sea water, was evaluated in this study. After 28 days of hydration at room temperature, it was observed that the cement paste prepared only with silica exhibited a higher percentage of portlandite compared to that prepared with hydroxyapatite, chitosan and sodium alginate. These cement pastes were evaluated before solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), as well as in production water under different experimental conditions. The results indicated that in cement pastes were still anhydrous compounds, which had not been hydrated. Thus, the cement pastes continued to be hydrated during the immersion tests. In the analysis, it was observed that the paste prepared with hydroxyapatite, chitosan and sodium alginate, showed to be more resistant in presence of the chemical attacks, due to having smaller amounts of portlandite. / Pastas de cimento Portland são aplicadas na cimentação de poços de petróleo em bacias sedimentares salíferas em regiões denominadas de Pré-Sal. Normalmente, quantidades de sílica são adicionadas as pastas de cimento, para diminuir a formação de portlandita, que aumenta a reatividade química das regiões cimentadas frente a ataques químicos. No entanto, sabe-se pouco sobre a aplicação de outros tipos de materiais, como polímeros naturais, a exemplo de quitosana e alginato de sódio, e hidroxiapatita, que pode ser extraída de escamas de peixes. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a influência da adição de hidroxiapatita proveniente de escamas de peixes, quitosana e alginato de sódio em pastas de cimento contendo sílica, que foram preparadas e hidratadas com água do mar. Após 28 dias de hidratação à temperatura ambiente, observou-se que a pasta de cimento preparada somente com sílica exibiu maior percentual de portlandita em comparação daquela que foi preparada com hidroxiapatita, quitosana e alginato de sódio. Essas pastas de cimento foram avaliadas frente a soluções de cloreto de sódio (NaCl), ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4), bem como em água de produção, sob diferentes condições experimentais. Os resultados indicaram que, nas pastas de cimento ainda haviam compostos anidros, que não tinham sido hidratados. Assim sendo, as pastas de cimento continuaram sendo hidratadas durante a realização dos testes de imersão. Nas análises, observou-se que a pasta preparada com hidroxiapatita, quitosana e alginato de sódio, mostrou-se mais resistente frente aos ataques químicos, por apresentar menores quantidades de portlandita.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Portland cement pastes are applied in the cementing of oil wells in sedimentary saliferous basins in regions called Pre-Salt. Usually, silica amounts are added to cement slurries to reduce portlandite formation, what increases the chemical reactivity of cemented regions before chemical attacks. However, little is known about the application of other types of materials, such as natural polymers, for example chitosan and sodium alginate, and hydroxyapatite, which can be extracted from fish scales. The influence of the addition of hydroxyapatite from fish scales, chitosan and sodium alginate in silica-containing cement pastes, which were prepared and hydrated with sea water, was evaluated in this study. After 28 days of hydration at room temperature, it was observed that the cement paste prepared only with silica exhibited a higher percentage of portlandite compared to that prepared with hydroxyapatite, chitosan and sodium alginate. These cement pastes were evaluated before solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), as well as in production water under different experimental conditions. The results indicated that in cement pastes were still anhydrous compounds, which had not been hydrated. Thus, the cement pastes continued to be hydrated during the immersion tests. In the analysis, it was observed that the paste prepared with hydroxyapatite, chitosan and sodium alginate, showed to be more resistant in presence of the chemical attacks, due to having smaller amounts of portlandite. / Pastas de cimento Portland são aplicadas na cimentação de poços de petróleo em bacias sedimentares salíferas em regiões denominadas de Pré-Sal. Normalmente, quantidades de sílica são adicionadas as pastas de cimento, para diminuir a formação de portlandita, que aumenta a reatividade química das regiões cimentadas frente a ataques químicos. No entanto, sabe-se pouco sobre a aplicação de outros tipos de materiais, como polímeros naturais, a exemplo de quitosana e alginato de sódio, e hidroxiapatita, que pode ser extraída de escamas de peixes. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a influência da adição de hidroxiapatita proveniente de escamas de peixes, quitosana e alginato de sódio em pastas de cimento contendo sílica, que foram preparadas e hidratadas com água do mar. Após 28 dias de hidratação à temperatura ambiente, observou-se que a pasta de cimento preparada somente com sílica exibiu maior percentual de portlandita em comparação daquela que foi preparada com hidroxiapatita, quitosana e alginato de sódio. Essas pastas de cimento foram avaliadas frente a soluções de cloreto de sódio (NaCl), ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4), bem como em água de produção, sob diferentes condições experimentais. Os resultados indicaram que, nas pastas de cimento ainda haviam compostos anidros, que não tinham sido hidratados. Assim sendo, as pastas de cimento continuaram sendo hidratadas durante a realização dos testes de imersão. Nas análises, observou-se que a pasta preparada com hidroxiapatita, quitosana e alginato de sódio, mostrou-se mais resistente frente aos ataques químicos, por apresentar menores quantidades de portlandita.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AbimaelLM.pdf: 1998740 bytes, checksum: 3bd1ad1da777ebc532ac1fcc9b0a96f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The low tenacity presented by the Portland cement pastes used in the oil wells cementation has been motivating several researches with attention focused on alternative materials. Additives have been developed to generate flexible pastes with mechanical resistance capable to support the expansions and retractions of the metallic covering of the wells that submit to the steam injection, technique very used to increase the recovery factor in oil reservoirs with high viscosity. A fresh paste with inadequate rheological behavior may commit the cementation process seriously, involving flaws that affect the performance of the paste substantially in the hardened state. This work proposes the elaboration and the rheological analysis of Portland cement pastes with addition of residues of rubber tire in several proportions, with the aim of minimizing the damages provoked in the hem cementing of these wells. By thermogravimetric analysis, the particles of eraser that go by the sieve of 0,5mm (35 mesh) opening and treated superficially with NaOH solution of 1 mol/L presented appropriate thermal resistance for wells that submit to thermal cyclic. The evaluation of the study based on the results of the rheological analysis of the pastes, complemented by the mechanical analysis, thickening, stability, tenor of free water and filtrate loss, being used as parameter a paste reference, without rubber addition. The results showed satisfactory rheology, passive of few corrections; considerable loss of mechanical resistance (traction and compression), compensated by earnings of tenacity, however with established limits for its application in oil wells; satisfactory stability, free water and thickening time / A baixa tenacidade apresentada pelas pastas de cimentos Portland utilizadas na cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo tem motivado v?rias pesquisas voltadas para materiais alternativos. Aditivos t?m sido desenvolvidos para gerar pastas flex?veis e com resist?ncia mec?nica capaz de suportar as expans?es e retra??es do revestimento met?lico dos po?os que se sujeitam ? inje??o de vapor, t?cnica muito utilizada para aumentar o fator de recupera??o em reservat?rios de ?leo com alta viscosidade. Uma pasta fresca com comportamento reol?gico inadequado pode comprometer seriamente o processo de cimenta??o, implicando em falhas que afetam substancialmente o desempenho da pasta no estado endurecido. Este trabalho prop?e a elabora??o e a an?lise reol?gica de pastas de cimento Portland com adi??o de res?duos de borracha de pneu em diversas propor??es, com o objetivo de minimizar os estragos provocados na bainha cimentante destes po?os. Por an?lise termogravim?trica, as part?culas de borracha passantes na peneira de abertura 0,5 mm (35 mesh) e tratadas superficialmente com solu??o 1 mol/L de NaOH, apresentaram resist?ncia t?rmica adequada para po?os sujeitos ? ciclagem t?rmica. A avalia??o do estudo baseou-se nos resultados da an?lise reol?gica das pastas, complementadas pela an?lise mec?nica, espessamento, estabilidade, teor de ?gua livre e perda de filtrado, utilizando-se como par?metro uma pasta refer?ncia, sem adi??o de borracha. Os resultados mostraram reologia satisfat?ria, passiva de poucas corre??es; consider?vel perda de resist?ncia mec?nica (tra??o e compress?o), compensada por ganho de tenacidade, por?m dentro dos limites estabelecidos para sua aplica??o em po?os de petr?leo; satisfat?ria estabilidade, ?gua livre e tempo de espessamento

Les aspects biologiques ne sont généralement pas considérés lors de la conception des ouvrages de génie civil, malgré que la biocolonisation puisse affecter leur durabilité. Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’encrassement biologique des matériaux cimentaires en eau de rivière. Un essai de biocolonisation phototrophe accélérée, simulant les conditions en rivière a été mis au point et validé. Il a permis l’étude de pâtes cimentaires de différentes formulations. La colonisation a été évaluée par le taux de recouvrement de la surface, estimé par une méthode proposée d’analyse d’images. Une étude de l’influence de la rugosité sur la bioréceptivité du matériau a été réalisée à travers plusieurs paramètres de différentes natures et la densité de pics (paramètre d’espacement) a montré l’influence la plus déterminante. Un modèle a été proposé pour expliquer cette influence et a donné des résultats satisfaisants. Les influences de la porosité et du pH semblent être limitées dans les conditions de l’essai. Enfin, la micro-indentation a été adaptée pour l’évaluation mécanique de la détérioration des pâtes cimentaires sur de faibles épaisseurs. Cette technique pourra être utilisée pour évaluer la biodétérioration. / The biological aspects are generally not considered in the design of civil engineering works, although the biocolonisation may affect their durability. This thesis focuses on biofouling of cementitious materials in river water. A laboratory accelerated test of phototrophic biocolonisation, simulating the river conditions, was developed and validated. It allowed the study of cement pastes of different formulations. Colonization was assessed by the recovery rate of the surface, estimated by a proposed method of image analysis. A study of the roughness influence on the bioreceptivity of the material was conducted through several roughness parameters of different natures, and the peaks density (a spacing parameter) showed the most decisive influence. A model was proposed to explain this influence and gave satisfactory results. The influences of porosity and pH appeared to be limited in the test conditions. Finally, micro-indentation was adapted to the mechanical evaluation of the deterioration of thin layers of cement pastes. This technique may be used to evaluate the biodeterioration.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet SEPOLBE qui a pour ambition d’élaborer des adjuvants respectueux de l’environnement qui doivent se substituer à des produits soumis à autorisation REACH. Elle a pour but de mettre en évidence les propriétés de mortiers enrichis d’un adjuvant fabriqué à partir de produits extracellulaires issus de bactéries selon un protocole original. Ce travail consiste en l’étude des caractéristiques de mortiers bioadjuvantés dans le but de développer l’usage de bétons plus éco‐respectueux en améliorant leurs compositions chimiques et leur durabilité. L’action du produit biologique utilisé a été évaluée aussi bien sur sa capacité à modifier le réseau poreux des mortiers et pâtes cimentaires que sur ses effets sur la prise du ciment, la rhéologie à l’état frais et les caractéristiques mécaniques à l’état durci des mortiers permettant ainsi de qualifier ce produit comme bioadjuvant. Il a présenté un effet notable sur l’ouvrabilité de mortiers (de CEM I ou CEM V) avec une action plastifiante. De plus, quel que soit le temps de cure, un optimum de concentration en bioadjuvant de 1,5% a été déterminé pour obtenir des résistances mécaniques dumême ordre de grandeur que les échantillons non adjuvantés, et supérieures au minimum requis par la norme EN 196‐1. Le bioadjuvant n’influence pas la porosité totale accessible à l’eau des mortiers et des pâtes de ciment, toutefois, pour ces dernières, les mesures par porosimétrie par injection de mercure ont révélé l’existence d’un seuil (entre 0,5 et 0,75% de bioadjuvant) à partir duquel la structure poreuse des pâtes cimentaires est modifiée. Les effets de modification de surface de pâtes cimentaires – le liant du béton pouvant constituer un maillon faible en ce qui concerne les problèmes de durabilité de celui‐ci – ont été analysés. Pour des temps de cure élevés, la rugosité des surfaces des pâtes cimentaires diminue en présence du bioadjuvant. Ce travail a permis de lever des verrous techniques concernant l’emploi d’un produit biosourcé en tant qu’adjuvant, ainsi que d’apporter une contribution à la connaissance des interactions entre les micro‐organismes et les matériaux cimentaires. En effet, une approche originale, grâce à la PCR – technique peu utilisée avec les matériaux cimentaires – a permis de mettre en évidence qu’il y avait des bactéries au coeur du béton ayant une capacité à se développer dans des conditions de cures normalisés pour des temps de cure supérieurs à 120 jours. Le bioadjuvant est susceptible de modifier le développement bactérien et présente ainsi la possibilité de conférer aux bétons des capacités de résistances aux agressions environnementales plus importantes lui permettant d’être plus éco‐respectueux, aussi bien par sa composition que par sa meilleure durabilité. / This work is a part of the SEPOLBE project, which aims to develop eco‐friendly admixtures. The active principle of this admixture is made of extra‐cellular substances, secreted by microorganisms into their surroundings. It contributes to the effort in sustainable development that consists to limit the impact of buildings on environment and human health, with a guarantee of better quality concerning esthetical, durability and resistance criteria, according to the REACH regulation. The action of thisorganic product was evaluated on its setting time effects on cement as well as the mechanical behavior to the hardened state. The bioadmixture presents a significant effect on the workability of mortar (CEM I or CEM V) with a plasticizing action. Whatever the curing time, the compressive strength values of samples containing 1.5% of bioadmixture remain higher than the minimum data of standard strength according to the EN 196‐1 standard. The porosimetry by intrusion with mercury carried out with cement pastes showed the existence of a threshold (in the range 0.5‐0.75% of bioadmixture) from which the porous structure of cement pastes changes, while no modification were observed with the measurement of porosity accessible to water. For higher curing times, thesurface roughness of cement pastes, more heterogeneous, decreases with the presence of the bioadmixture. This work allowed to better control the use of a bio‐product assimilated as an admixture, as well as to contribute to the knowledge of the interactions between microorganisms and cementitious materials. An original approach, using the PCR ‐ not routinely used technique forthat purpose with cementitious materials ‐ helped to highlight that bacteria were present inside the mortar samples with a capacity to grow to higher curing time. The studied bioadmixture allows giving to the concrete the ability to resist against environmental stresses while being eco‐friendly, concerning both its chemical composition and its durability.

Ce travail de recherche a pour but d’étudier des matériaux cimentaires soumis à des attaques sulfatiques selon trois différentes conditions : attaques sulfatiques externes (ASE), formation différée d’ettringite communément appelée attaque sulfatique interne et l’effect couplé des deux réactions, ainsi que de proposer un mécanisme uniforme pour les dégradations causées par ces réactions. En se basant sur le mécanisme proposé, un model poro-mécanique est proposé pour simuler l’expansion induite par les produits expansifs néoformés pendant la dégradation. Cette étude inclut trois parties : dans la première partie, les dégradations des éprouvettes de pâte de ciment correspondant à deux types de ciments (CEM I et CEM III) et deux dimensions exposées à trois différents types d’attaques sulfatiques (ASE, ASI, et le couplage des deux réactions), sont étudiés et comparés : variations de longueur, de masse, ainsi que des observations visuelles. Les éprouvettes exposées au couplage ASE-ASI montrent la cinétique d’expansion la plus rapide et le degré de dégradation le plus important, comparé aux autres cas. Ensuite, la structure poreuse des pâtes de ciment avant et après les attaques sulfatiques est caractérisée en utilisant différentes techniques : porosimétrie à mercure (MIP), sorption dynamique de vapeur (DVS), porosité accessible à l’eau ou essais de dissolution par traitement thermique. En comparant les variations de la distribution de la taille des pores des pâtes de ciment exposées à différentes conditions, les cristaux néoformés se trouvent précipités à la fois dans les pores capillaires et les pores des C-S-H. En plus de l’évolution de la distribution de la taille des pores pendant l’ASI, un mécanisme de dégradation est proposé : les cristaux néoformés (l’ettringite) sont précipités dans les grands pores, sans provoquer une expansion manifeste, et ils sont ensuite précipités dans les pores capillaires et les pores des C-S-H, ce qui induit un gonflement. Par ailleurs, le volume des pores occupé par les produits de l’ASI sont libérés après des essais de dissolution par traitement thermique, ce qui confirme la formation de produits d’expansion dans cette gamme de pores. Enfin, en se basant sur les résultats expérimentaux montrant que l’ettringite se forme en allant des grands pores vers les plus petits, un model poro-mécanique est proposé pour simuler l’expansion des matériaux cimentaires soumis à des attaques sulfatiques. Le modèle est basé sur la croissance contrôlée en surface et les propriétés physicochimiques pour l’ASE et l’ASI, malgré les différences entre ces deux réactions. Deux constantes indépendantes : ai et ap sont proposées pour représenter la cinétique de l’invasion des cristaux et la déformation. De plus, le modèle peut être couplé avec toutes les théories mécaniques, par exemple : l’élasticité, la plasticité, la théorie de l’endommagement ou autres. Le modèle illustre bien le processus de cristallisation et il prédit l’expansion correspondante à la fois à l’ASE et l’ASI / This work aims to study cement-based materials subjected to sulfate attacks in three different conditions: External Sulfate Attack (ESA), Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) and the Coupling effect of both, and to propose the same damage mechanism for all of them. Based on the proposed mechanism, a poromechanical model is established to simulate the expansion induced by expansive crystals during the degradation. The study includes the following three parts. In the first part, the degradation of cement paste specimens with two kinds of cement type (CEM I and CEM III) and two dimensions (2 2 12 cm3 and 11 11 22 cm3) exposed to three sulfate attack conditions (ESA, DEF, and Coupling effect) are studied and compared, including the length variation, mass variations, and observations. The specimens exposed to the coupling effect show the fastest kinetics and the most serious degree of degradation compared to the other cases. Then, the pore structure of cement pastes before and after sulfate attacks is characterized via different techniques: MIP, DVS, water accessible tests and heat-based dissolution tests. By comparing the variation of pore size distribution of cement pastes exposed to different conditions, the generated crystals are found to be precipitated both in capillary and gel pores. In addition to the evolution of pore size distribution during DEF, a damage mechanism is proposed: the generated crystals (ettringite) precipitate in the big pores without inducing an obvious expansion, and then penetrate into capillary and gel pores, which leads to a swelling. Moreover, the pore volume occupied by DEF induced products is released after heat-based dissolutiontests, which further confirms the formation of expansive products in that porerange. Finally, based on the experimental conclusion that ettringite forms through the large to small pores in all cases, a poromechanical model is proposed to simulate the expansion of cement-based materials submitted to sulfate attacks. The model is based on the surface-controlled growth and physicochemical properties both for ESA and DEF, despite the different source of sulfate ions. Two independent constants, ai and ap, are proposed to represent the kinetics of crystal invasion and deformation. Moreover, the model could be coupled with any mechanical theories, e.g. elasticity, plasticity, damage theory or any other. The model well illustrates the crystallization process and well predicts the corresponding expansion both in ESA and DEF