Idag byggs urbana, rekreativa grönområden ofta bort till följd av förtätning, samtidigt som städernas kyrkogårdar lämnas orörda. Studien syftar till att i en svensk kontext, undersöka möjligheterna att planera för att urbana kyrkogårdar även ska fungera som rekreationsområde, utan att platsens spirituella dimension går förlorad. Studien har en abduktiv ansats, där kvalitativa intervjuer med planerare samt en representant från Svenska kyrkan utförts. Vidare har platskänsla använts som verktyg för att tolka materialet. Slutsatsen är att det idag finns olika intressenter, tillika platskänslor, att ta hänsyn till vid kyrkogårdsplanering. Några strategier, för att balansera de rekreativa och spirituella värdena, är att låta kyrkogården ha olika funktioner på olika ytor eller tidpunkter. En annan strategi är att anpassa vilken typ av rekreation som platsen uppmanar till. Det finns också möjligheter att utveckla kyrkogårdens spirituella värden som kan betraktas som rekreativa i sig. / Today, urban recreational green areas are gradually removed as a result of densification, while urban cemeteries are left untouched. This study aims to investigate the possibilities for urban cemeteries in Sweden to function as recreational areas, without losing the spiritual dimension. The study takes an abductive approach, where qualitative interviews with planners and representatives from the Church of Sweden were conducted. Furthermore, the concept of ‘sense of place’ has been used as a tool for interpreting the material. The conclusion is that there are many stakeholders, and different senses of place, to take into account in cemetery planning. Strategies for balancing the recreational and spiritual values involve working with different spaces and analyzing how they are used at different times. Adapting what type of recreation that is encouraged, is another approach. Lastly, some planners believe that the cemetery's spiritual values can be considered recreational in itself.

The Brush Arbor Cemetery is an early-to-late 19th century Black cemetery that was also the meeting place of one of the first Black church congregations in Starkville, Mississippi. The cemetery has suffered greatly from structural violence and degradation. Utilizing Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), this research has revealed important information about the Brush Arbor Cemetery. The results of the GPR survey suggest there are 54 potential unmarked burials in addition to 35 marked burials. The Viewshed analysis suggests that the likely meeting place of the church congregation is in complete view of the white Odd Fellows Cemetery directly across the street. The Nearest Neighbor Index shows that the remaining headstones are randomly distributed throughout the property, but that the vandalism of these headstones are dispersed indicating that vandals target undamaged headstones on the property. Although this research recognizes the structural violence that has taken place at the Brush Arbor Cemetery it also highlights the ongoing vandalism that continues to transpire on this landscape.

A review of archaeometallurgical studies carried out in the 1980s and 1990s of early medieval (c. AD410-1100) iron knives revealed several patterns, with clear differences in knife manufacturing techniques present in rural cemeteries and later urban settlements. The main aim of this research is to investigate these patterns and to gain an overall understanding of the early medieval iron industry. This study has increased the number of knives analysed from a wide spectrum of sites across England, Scotland and Ireland. Knives were selected for analysis based on x-radiographs and contextual details. Sections were removed for more detailed archaeometallurgical analysis. The analysis revealed a clear change through time, with a standardisation in manufacturing techniques in the 7th century and differences between the quality of urban and rural knives. Analysis of cemetery knives revealed that there was some correlation between the knife and the deceased. Comparison of knives from England, Dublin and Europe revealed that the Vikings had little direct impact on England¿s knife manufacturing industry, although there was a change in manufacturing methods in the 10th century towards the mass produced sandwich welded knife. This study also suggests that Irish blacksmiths in Dublin continued their ¿native¿ blacksmithing techniques after the Vikings arrived. Using the data gathered a chaîne opértoire of the iron knife was re-constructed, this revealed that there was a specific order to the manufacture process and decisions were not only influenced by the cost of raw materials, the skill of the blacksmith and the consumer status, but also by cultural stimulus.

No description available.

<p>This study explores the history of Niagara settlement and settlers through the changing patterns of burial and commemoration visible in historical family cemeteries established following Euro-American settlement in the 1790s. Data collected from a combination of site survey and archival research demonstrate three clear phases of: 1) early cemetery creation and use 2) the transition to burial in public cemeteries throughout the late 1800s; and 3) the closure of family cemeteries by the early 1900s followed by periods of neglect and renewal characterized by inactive cemeteries being repurposed by descendants as sites of heritage display.</p> <p>There is incredible variation in burial data and the overall patterns speak to changing identity relating to family, land, community, memory, and history. More specifically, the results of this study demonstrate a shift from an identity created through the experience of family place and burial to a community-based identity that emphasizes the nuclear family and their history within their wider social network. More recent heritage displays have explicitly introduced a narrative of settlement, Loyalist identity, and land ownership that was inherent when cemeteries were in use.</p> <p>This cemetery-based history approach demonstrates the potential of mortuary material culture to address questions of social change within the historical context in which it was created and used. It also highlights the value of variability in cemetery data and the consideration of the circumstances of cemetery creation, use, neglect, and renewal to inform the range of personal and collective histories that are visible over generations.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No / This paper reviews the osteological evidence for execution in Anglo-Saxon England, which, in the cases of modern analysis, can reveal considerable detail about the methods of decapitation, in particular, and it also provides a critical appraisal of the considerably less reliable antiquarian reports. We suggest that secure evidence for execution, principally decapitation, can be identified through modern osteological analysis but it is limited, and we also argue that assertions made in antiquarian excavation reports about apparent examples of execution need to be treated with caution.

To Ka Chun Terence. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2000-2001, design report." / On double leaves. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-128). / Chapter ´Ø --- Manifesto --- p.1-2 / Chapter ´Ø --- Prologue --- p.3-6 / Chapter ´Ø --- Hypothesis --- p.7 / Chapter ´Ø --- history and development of funeral architecture in Hong Kong / Chapter ´Ø --- traditional thought --- p.8-10 / Chapter ´Ø --- existing situation --- p.11-12 / Chapter ´Ø --- government attitude and future trend --- p.13-14 / Chapter ´Ø --- funeral study and their spatial configuration / Chapter ´Ø --- "death in Banaras, India" --- p.15-17 / Chapter ´Ø --- "The City of the Dead, Egypt" --- p.18-21 / Chapter ´Ø --- "Hells and Heavens of Aztecs, Mexico" --- p.22-25 / Chapter ´Ø --- Funeral and ritual in China --- p.26-34 / Chapter ´Ø --- Common practice in Hong Kong / Chapter ´Ø --- General procession --- p.35-38 / Chapter ´Ø --- Buddhism --- p.39-42 / Chapter ´Ø --- Taoism --- p.43-45 / Chapter ´Ø --- Secular beliefs --- p.46-50 / Chapter ´Ø --- Catholics --- p.51-52 / Chapter ´Ø --- Christianity --- p.53-54 / Chapter ´Ø --- case study --- p.55 / Chapter ´Ø --- foreign case study: Brion Family Cemetery by Carlo Scarpa --- p.56-62 / Chapter ´Ø --- local case study: Po Fook Shan Funeral Home and Columbarium --- p.63-68 / Chapter ´Ø --- local case study: Fu Shan Crematorium and Columbarium --- p.69-73 / Chapter ´Ø --- local case study: Columbarium in Tsuen Wan --- p.74-76 / Chapter ´Ø --- site study and selection --- p.77-78 / Chapter ´Ø --- Ngau Tau Kok Lower Estate --- p.79-94 / Chapter ´Ø --- Tusen Wan Cemetery and Columbarium --- p.95-98 / Chapter ´Ø --- Hung Hom Temporary Car Park --- p.99-104 / Chapter ´Ø --- justification on site selection --- p.106 / Chapter ´Ø --- design programme / Chapter ´Ø --- main programme and size estimation --- p.107-119 / Chapter ´Ø --- schedule of accommodation --- p.121-122 / Chapter ´Ø --- capriccio --- p.123-125 / Chapter ´Ø --- bibliography --- p.126-128

中國河南省鄧州市，被稱為世界鄧氏的發源地。鄧姓後人自五千年前開始便不斷外遷，至今分佈在世界各地的鄧氏總人口達七百餘萬。自二千年開始，位於鄧州市有“天下鄧氏第一陵“之稱的吾離陵園，成為鄧州市的重點發展項目之一，市政府積極向世界鄧氏宣傳鄧州和陵園保護建設，部分鄧氏後人也紛紛捐款支持。本論文探討跨地域網絡與文化遺產保護的關係，透過在三個鄧氏團體（鄧村、香港和多倫多）的田野考察，了解鄧氏後人對建立世界“鄧氏文化遺產“的看法。我將會探究為何鄧州政府和部分鄧氏後人投資巨款於陵墓建設上，而其他人則拒絶贊助？在全球化的環境下，政治、經濟、宗教、社會和文化因素如何推動或拒絶族氏文化遺產的建立？本論文的最終目的是探討跨地域網絡如何影響文化遺產管理，和不同利益團體對建立世界“鄧氏文化遺產“的解讀。 / The Tang clan is said to have originated from Dengzhou City, Henan Province, China; members of the Tang clan began their migratory trek 5,000 years ago, and now they claim that there are 7 millions descendents all over the world. Since the 2000s, the Wuli Mausoleum - claimed to be the First Mausoleum of the Tang clan, has caught the attention of the Dengzhou government, which has since been promoting this to the Tangs across the world. The local government is eager to preserve the Mausoleum and a preservation plan has been announced; some Tang descendants have made substantial donations towards the project. This ethnographic study explores the nature of the transregional connections on heritage management and the meanings of building a global “Tang heritage“ among three regional Tang groups, namely in Dengcun (Henan Province), Hong Kong and Toronto. This study addresses the following questions: Why are the local government and some Tangs willing to spend enormous sums of money on the conservation of the Mausoleum, while others refuse to do so? What are the socio-cultural, economic, political and religious factors facilitating the promotion or denial of the Tang heritage in today’s globalized world? The ultimate goal of this research is to understand the politics and power dynamics among various stakeholders in the process of heritage management through a construction of transregional connections in post-Mao China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chan, Hiu Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-153). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / List of Illustrations / Abstract / 摘要 / Acknowledgement / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Literature Review --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heritage as a Contested Idea --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) Vs. Local Interpretation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Uses of Heritage --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Significance of Kinship in Heritage Relations --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Management of Archaeological Sites --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives and Methodology --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Objectives --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Methodology --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Legends of the Tang Clan and the Wuli Mausoleum --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Setting: Dengzhou City as the “Ancestral Homeland“ of the Tangs --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Authenticity of the Mausoleum: Is it an Archaeological Site? --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Wuli Mausoleum and its Changing Cultural Context --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Government of Dengzhou City --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Bureau of Culture and its Cultural Policy --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Roles of the Government in the Conservation Project --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Politics of the “pseudo“ Tang Lineage Association Head Office --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion: Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) and the Power Penetration of the Government --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Mausoleum and its Local Associated People: The Dengcun Tangs in Dengzhou City --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1 --- Locating the Tangs --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2 --- Setting: The Local Community - the Dengcun Tangs --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3 --- “An Inseparable Relationship“: The Tomb and the Dengcun Tangs --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4 --- Interests of the Dengcun Tangs --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion: “Weapons of the Weak“ - Intense Negotiations --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Mausoleum and the Associated People in Hong Kong --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction: The Tangs in Hong Kong --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Ping Shan Tangs --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Reasons for not Being Interested in the Project --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3 --- The Hong Kong Tang Clansmen Association --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Discussion: Engage or Disengage - “Capital“ --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- The Mausoleum and the Associated People in Toronto --- p.98 / Chapter 6.1 --- Background: The Tang Community in Toronto --- p.98 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Toronto Tangs and the Conservation Project --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion: What are the factors affecting their perceptions? --- p.109 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion and Conclusion: The “Tang Heritage“ and its Transregional Connections --- p.124 / Bibliography --- p.146

Em todo país, áreas de diferentes comunidades têm sido atingidas por grandes obras de infraestrutura, em função do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) do Governo Federal. Arqueólogos responsáveis por parte do licenciamento ambiental têm se deparado com o desafio de trabalhar com essas comunidades e, geralmente, em um curto espaço de tempo. A presente pesquisa busca compreender, face aos conflitos entre comunidades e empreendimentos ocorridos no âmbito do Sítio Arqueológico Fazendinha (Estado de Pernambuco) e do Sítio Arqueológico Rio Bezerra III (Estado do Tocantins), em que medida os trabalhos de Arqueologia podem trazer outras valorações no trabalho de licenciamento ambiental que não seja somente a econômica. Da mesma forma, procura identificar o espaço das comunidades, a partir de análises contradiscursivas, no contexto de uma ciência que nasceu colonialista. Para tal, propõe contribuições metodológicas e de atuação em áreas de conflito em que há uma arena de disputa entre mercado, comunidades, patrimônio e ciência, que possibilitem espaços de diálogos a serem construídos em conjunto com as questões locais, incorporando narrativas e formas de trabalho. / All over the country, areas of different communities have been affected by major infrastructure projects, according to the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) of the Brazilian Federal Government. Archaeologists responsible for part of the environmental licensing have faced the challenge of working with these communities and generally, in a short period of time. This research aims to comprise, given the conflicts between communities and infrastructure works occurring within the Archaeological Site Fazendinha (State of Pernambuco) and the Archaeological Site Rio Bezerra III (Tocantins), the extension of the infuence of archaeology work bringing other valuations at te study of environmental licensing, besides the economic one. Similarly, attempts to identify the space of the community, from contra-discursive analysis in a context of a science that was born colonialist. It therefore suggests methodological contributions and forms of acting in conflict areas where there is a dispute between capital market, communities, heritage and science, enabling spaces for dialogue to be built in conjunction with the local questions, incorporating narratives and ways of working.

No description available.