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The purpose of this thesis endeavors to discuss about the environmental perspectives of central government, local government and NGOs. By China¡¦s environment now, we can know their positons of environmental protection. The differences of the environemtal protection is because the benefit. However, the method of management in China is decentralization. It leads central government and local governemt will have different opinions about environmental protection. The role of NGOs is as the supervisor of central government and local government. It tries to develop the concept of environmental protection and promote these kinds of concepts. It is also the intermediator between central government and local governemt. The postion of NGOs helps to implement environmental policies easily. The roles of central government, local government, and NGOs are the main issue in this thesis.

This diploma thesis surveys debt instruments used in OECD and European Union member countries for financing central government deficits and the techniques of selling government bonds. The volume and structure of the central government deficit and debt in the Czech Republic as well as organization of debt management office are subjected to a detailed analysis. Debt management accomplishments are confronted with the set out strategy and its objectives. The thesis also consists of the characteristics of securities in use (treasury bills, medium-term and long-term government bonds) as well as of legal regulations of auctions by which the securities are placed on the domestic market. An independent subchapter is dedicated to foreign issues of bonds.

This diploma thesis deals with financing of central government deficit through the issue of government bonds and with overall context which is inextricably linked with this area. There is defined and discussed a basic terminology in terms of bond, budget system, budget deficit and public debt in the introductory theoretical chapters. We can find a description of development and management of central government debt in the Czech Republic in the next practical chapter of this diploma thesis. The gross borrowing requirements of the Czech Republic are largely covered by issue of government bonds and also by savings government bonds since 2011. The last chapter is devoted to the description of the process of a new euro-denominated issue of government bonds which is again shown on the example of the Czech Republic and its Ministry of Finance.

March 11, 2011 Earthquake in Japan and 2005 Hurricane Katrina both caused significant destruction and were both viewed as examples of government failures in natural disaster management. One year after the disasters, both countries enacted several policy reforms in response to their failures. However, while in the U.S, the central government's emergency power was strengthened, the DPJ (Democratic Party of Japan)'s government carried out reforms to strengthen the local governments. On the other hand, the other prominent political party in Japan, the LDP (Liberal Democratic Party), argued for more centralized power. How did these parties take different lessons from the natural disasters? This paper will first analyze the factors that led to government failures in the disaster relief period, and then evaluate the most influential factors that led to the policy reforms. Eventually, we would be able to figure out the exact factors that led the U.S, the DPJ and the LDP to their conclusions.

The purposes of this thesis are probing into the pollution problems of the environment in China and the development of environmental industry. Simultaneously, to acquaint myself with the extent of the environmental pollution in China; and why China develop the environmental goods and services industry , and how the China government practice the strategy of environmental protection industry. Bye means of this study that aimed at the analysis structure of the amendment of China¡¦s peculiarity, we will be able to understand the present situation and orientation of the development of environmental industry in China; and further, by clarifying the relationships among central government , local government and environmental industry, to search out the key factors and the development models of influence upon the development of environmental industry; in Addition, to conclude what the real necessary business items and which areas will be beneficial for the investment of foreign environmental enterprises in China. In the meanwhile, analyzing the opportunities and threat to the environmental industry in China , which will be conducive to the foreign capital to frame the strategy of investment.

Magister Legum - LLM / This is a desktop based study which will analyse relevant books and chapters in books relating to supervision of local governments by national and other higher level governments. It will also examine legislation, journal articles, newspaper articles and press statements in the field of multi-level government. The study will examine three Ministerial directives in chapter four. Due to challenges in accessing government policies the study will assess two directives that the author has on file. The study will rely on secondary sources such as newspaper articles for the third directive.

Electronic procurement (e-procurement) has been widely adopted across the private sector, and as such various aspects of its adoption has been researched. The adoption of e-procurement in the public sector is not as widespread, especially in relation the UK Central and Local Government sectors, and accordingly there has been limited research into the factors affecting the adoption of e-procurement technologies, within this context. Consequently, this study, which has been undertaken with five case study organisations spread across the UK Central and Local Government sectors, aims to add to current published literature, and in particular provide an understanding of the relationship between the factors identified which have affected adoption, and the extent of adoption of e-procurement solutions. This research provides a number of significant contributions to current published literature including a comprehensive definition and conceptualisation of e-procurement and a holistic research framework which facilitates understanding the relationships between the level of adoption by the case study organisations and the factors affecting their decisions. Additionally, this study demonstrates that there is a high degree of commonality between the case study organisations in terms of their levels of adoption, and the factors that have affected such adoption. Of these factors, there are four that are particularly important, as they haven't previously attracted much attention in the literature. More specifically, this research highlights the importance of understanding an organisation's procurement landscape, the impact (both negative and positive) of public policy on adoption, the impact of enhanced organisational standing and the need for vision and leadership from senior stakeholders.

This thesis describes the actual trends of accumulation of the public indebtedness and the various views on the existence of fiscal deficit and public debt. The main purpose of the thesis is to analyze the public debt management - its objectives, operations and organisation. The quantitative criteria for debt portfolio determined by the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic are analyzed and compared with the development and structure of the czech central government debt. The analytical part of the thesis includes the rules for issuance of the government bonds, the analysis of the interest costs and the thoughts about the sustainability of the czech central government debt.

中央政府非營業循環基金累積凈值總額至為龐大，截至八十六年度決算為止，已高達新台幣八千三百餘億元，對於如此龐大的資金，政府實有必要建立一套衡量非營業循環基金管理與運用績效衡量方法或模式，提升非營業循環基金營運效益。 本研究即以中央政論府決算附屬單位決算及綜計表所列之各非營業循環基金為對象，分析整理相關文獻及資料，並結合實務經驗，找出足以表徵非營業循環基金經營績效之指標，包括：審計部綜合評述、業務計畫達成能力、作業收支比執行能力、自給自足能力、獲利能力、活動能力等六項，再據此建立指標資料檔案，以主成份分析（ Principle Component Analysis）構建設置目的符合程度及資金運用能力兩個構面之總指標，深入了解各非營業循環基金績效之優劣。又藉單因子多變量變異數分析（1-Way Multivariate Analysis Of Variance 1-WAY MANOVA），探討各基金依設置法源、組織方式、任職人員的身份、行業性質、公共收支的種類、主要的資金來源、設置的目的、主管機關、凈值大小、作業收入大小、會計資料正確性、舉借長期債務情形、繳庫與撥補情形等分類，其設置目的符合程度及資金運用能力之績效的差異情形，並找出重要影響因素。 本研究發現，若從設置目的符合程度及資金運用能力兩方面分析，非營業循環基金績效並非各界想像之差，真正須要積極檢討改善之基金比例僅占百分之二五左右，表現優異之基金亦占百分之二二左右。同時非營業循環基金之組織方式、行業性質及公共收支性質等是影響非營業循環基金管理與運用績效之重要因素。如併同參酌本研究所提出之『非營業循環基金管理矩陣』，必有助於非營業循環基金之管理，並可為後績研究者之基石。 / In 1997, over 830 billon NT of net value are accumulated in Nonprofit Revolving Funds of The Central Government . This research report examines whether The Central Goverment can systematically set up an evaluation method or model to assess the efficiency of fund management and operation and to enhance managed capacity of these enormous funds. This research report covers all Nonprofit Revolving Funds that are displayed in the clearing sheet and statistics tables of The Central Government. This paper comprehends related literatures, articles, and information fo Nonprofit Revolving Funds and applies current business working experience to identify six performance indicators: the assessment of the Ministry of Audit, the capability of business planning achievement, the ability of operating revenue/expenditure execution, the capability of self-sufficiency, the ability of securing profits, and the ability of exercise. Data and information are collected along these six performance indicators. Based on Principal Component Analysis, two main summary performance indicators has been produced: the accordant degree of established purpose and the efficiency of fund operation. These two main summary performance indicators grasp good and bad of different funds. The original factor scores have been transferred to percentages. One-Way Multivariate Analysis of Variance is applied to investigate differences between different funds by the law of fund establishment, the style of organization, the status of personnel, the nature of business, the type of public revenue and expenditure, the main source of fund, the purpose fo fund establishment, in charge organization, the size of net value, the size of operating revenue, the accuracy of accounting, the condition of long-term debts, the situation of payment and repayment, the accordant degree of established purpose, and the efficiency of fund operation. This research report uses above-mentioned model to evaluate the efficiency of fund management and operation. There are no statistically significant differences between different fund by analyzing the objectives of fund estabishment and fund operation. There is only twenty-five percent of funds that need to be sincerely improved. The style of organization, the nature of business, and the type of public revenue and expenditure are the nost important factors for the efficiency of fund management and operation. This research report proposes a "management matrix of Nonprofit Revolving Funds " that expect to be helpful and useful for managing Nonprofit Revolving Funds.