Με στόχο την απομόνωση του γονιδίου hsp83 της μεσογειακής μύγας, πραγματοποιήθηκε διαλογή μιας cDNA βιβλιοθήκης από προνύμφες 3ου σταδίου, με ανιχνευτή το δεύτερο εξώνιο του hsp83 ομόλογου γονιδίου της Drosophila auraria. Από τη διαλογή αυτή προέκυψαν αρκετοί αλληλεπικαλυπτόμενοι κλώνοι, ο μεγαλύτερος των οποίων (CM-1) είχε μέγεθος 2.593 kb και περιελάμβανε ένα ανοιχτό αναγνωστικό πλαίσιο 715 αμινοξέων, από τη μετάφραση του οποίου προκύπτει ένα πολυπεπτίδιο προβλεπόμενου μοριακού βάρους 81,74 kDa. Η προβλεπόμενη αμινοξική αλληλουχία έδειξε πολύ μεγάλη ταυτότητα με όλα τα μέλη της οικογένειας HSP90 και ειδικότερα με τις HSP83 ομόλογες πρωτεΐνες της Drosophila. Επιπλέον, η προβλεπόμενη αμινοξική αλληλουχία περιείχε όλες τις συντηρημένες περιοχές των μελών της οικογένειας των HSP90 και στο καρβοξυτελικό της άκρο, έφερε το πενταπεπτίδιο MEEVD, το οποίο είναι χαρακτηριστικό όλων των κυτταροπλασματικών ισομορφών αυτής της οικογένειας. Με βάση αυτά τα αποτελέσματα ο κλώνος CM-1, ονομάστηκε Cchsp83. Ο κλώνος αυτός, εκτός από ολόκληρη την κωδική περιοχή του γονιδίου, περιείχε μέρος της 5’ μη μεταφραζόμενης περιοχής και ολόκληρη την 3’ μη μεταφραζόμενη περιοχή του hsp83 γονιδίου της μεσογειακής μύγας. Ανάλυση κατά Southern σε γονιδιωματικό DNA με διάφορα ένζυμα περιορισμού και κατάλληλους cDNA ανιχνευτές, έδειξε ότι το Cchsp83 γονίδιο υπάρχει σε ένα μόνο αντίγραφο στο γονιδίωμα της μεσογειακής μύγας. Ανάλυση “Northern” έδειξε την ύπαρξη ενός μεταγράφου με μέγεθος 2,7 kb περίπου. Το Cchsp83 γονίδιο, χαρτογραφήθηκε με in situ υβριδοποίηση σε μία θερμοεπαγόμενη χρωμοσωματική διόγκωση των πολυταινικών χρωμοσωμάτων των σιελογόνων αδένων του εντόμου (6R:94C). Η μελέτη του προτύπου έκφρασης του γονιδίου Cchsp83 έγινε σε επίπεδο RNA με RT-PCR σε ολικό RNA και σε επίπεδο πρωτεΐνης με ανάλυση Western σε ολικά πρωτεϊνικά εκχυλίσματα. Αντισώματα για την CcHSP83 αναπτύχθηκαν μετά από έκφραση ενός σημασμένου με 6 His τμήματος του Cchsp83 cDNA (490-690aa) σε βακτήρια E. coli. Η αντίδραση του Cchsp83 γονιδίου στην αύξηση της θερμοκρασίας είναι πολύ γρήγορη και ευαίσθητη. Μετάγραφα του γονιδίου ανιχνεύονται μετά από 5 λεπτά θερμικού στρες και σε θερμοκρασίες αρκετά χαμηλές (300C). Η επαγωγή του γονιδίου γίνεται μέγιστη μετά από 30-60 λεπτά θερμικού στρες στους 37-390C. Η επαναφορά της έκφρασης του γονιδίου στα φυσιολογικά επίπεδα μετά από θερμικό στρες είναι αργή, αφού για να γίνει αυτό απαιτούνται 4 ώρες ανάκαμψης στους 250C, μετά από μόλις 30 λεπτά θερμικού στρες στους 380C. Αναπτυξιακή μελέτη του προτύπου έκφρασης του Cchsp83 έδειξε ότι το γονίδιο εκφράζεται σε όλη τη διάρκεια της ανάπτυξης της μεσογειακής μύγας. Στους 250C τόσο τα επίπεδα του RNA, όσο και τα επίπεδα της πρωτεΐνης, είναι υψηλά στα εμβρυικά στάδια, χαμηλά στα προνυμφικά και μέτρια στα νυμφικά και ενήλικα στάδια. Μετά από θερμικό στρες στους 380C, τα επίπεδα των μεταγράφων αυξάνονται αρκετά, ιδιαίτερα στα στάδια που σε φυσιολογικές συνθήκες είναι χαμηλά. Όσον αφορά στα επίπεδα της πρωτεΐνης, τα αποτελέσματα ήταν παρόμοια μετά από θερμικό στρες στους 350C, αλλά όχι στους 37-390C, όπου δεν παρατηρήθηκε καθόλου επαγωγή. Το γεγονός αυτό υποδηλώνει ότι σε υψηλές θερμοκρασίες καταστέλλεται η ωρίμανση ή και η μετάφραση του Cchsp83 RNA. Με στόχο την απομόνωση των ρυθμιστικών περιοχών του γονιδίου Cchsp83 της μεσογειακής μύγας, πραγματοποιήθηκε διαλογή μιας χρωμοσωματικής λEMBL-4A βιβλιοθήκης, με ανιχνευτή το δεύτερο εξώνιο του hsp83 ομόλογου γονιδίου της Drosophila auraria. Από τη διαλογή αυτή απομονώθηκαν δύο κλώνοι, ένας από τους οποίους περιελάμβανε μέρος της κωδικής περιοχής, την 5’ μη μεταφραζόμενη περιοχή και 3,5 kb της 5’ ανοδικής περιοχής του γονιδίου Cchsp83. Σύγκριση της γονιδιωματικής αλληλουχίας με τη cDNA αλληλουχία, αποκάλυψε την ύπαρξη ενός μικρού εσωνίου 275 bp ανάμεσα στην 5’ μη μεταφραζόμενη περιοχή και στην αρχή της κωδικής περιοχής του γονιδίου. Βιοπληροφορική ανάλυση και πειράματα 5’ RACE, υποδηλώνουν ότι το σημείο έναρξης της μεταγραφής του γονιδίου βρίσκεται 144 bp ανοδικά του 5’ άκρου του εσωνίου και 23 bp καθοδικά ενός τυπικού στοιχείου TATA (ΤΑΤΑΑΑΤΑ). Δύο πιθανά στοιχεία απόκρισης στη θερμοκρασία (HSEs) εντοπίστηκαν στην εγγύς 5’ περιοχή του γονιδίου, 35 και 330 bp ανοδικά του στοιχείου TATA. Επιπλέον, βρέθηκαν 4 ακόμα πιο απομακρυσμένα HSEs, 1.595, 2.861, 2.880 και 2.890 bp, ανοδικά του σημείου έναρξης της μεταγραφής, καθώς και ένα HSE μέσα στο εσώνιο. Λειτουργική ανάλυση της εγγύς 5’ ανοδικής περιοχής του γονιδίου Cchsp83 πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη μέθοδο του γενετικού μετασχηματισμού. Τρία αλληλεπικαλυπτόμενα τμήματα του υποκινητή του γονιδίου Cchsp83, μήκους 519 bp (-380/+139, PL), 230 bp (-86/+144, PM) και 193 bp (-55/+139, PS) τοποθετήθηκαν μπροστά από το γονίδιο αναφοράς lacZ και εισήχθησαν στο γονιδίωμα της μεσογειακής μύγας με το σύστημα μετασχηματισμού Minos. Η έκφραση του γονιδίου αναφοράς, ελέγχθηκε σε όλες τις διαγονιδιακές σειρές που προέκυψαν με την ποσοτική ενζυματική μέθοδο της β-γαλακτοζιδάσης. Οι PM-lacZ και PS-lacZ σειρές δεν έδειξαν ανιχνεύσιμα επίπεδα έκφρασης του lacZ γονιδίου τόσο σε φυσιολογικές συνθήκες, όσο και σε συνθήκες θερμικού στρες. Αντιθέτως, οι περισσότερες από τις PL-lacZ σειρές έδειξαν σημαντικά επίπεδα συστατικής έκφρασης. Το αναπτυξιακό πρότυπο έκφρασης του γονιδίου αναφοράς μελετήθηκε σε μία PL-lacZ σειρά και βρέθηκε παρόμοιο με εκείνο του ενδογενούς γονιδίου, υποδηλώνοντας ότι η -380/+139 περιοχή του υποκινητή περιλαμβάνει όλα τα ρυθμιστικά στοιχεία που απαιτούνται για την ορθή χρονική έκφραση του Cchsp83 γονιδίου σε φυσιολογικές συνθήκες. Αν και η περιοχή αυτή του υποκινητή περιλαμβάνει δύο δυνητικά στοιχεία απόκρισης στη θερμοκρασία καθώς και την 5’ UTR, εντούτοις δεν είχε την ικανότητα να οδηγήσει σε θερμοεπαγόμενη έκφραση το γονίδιο αναφοράς. Τα αποτελέσματά μας υποδεικνύουν ότι η περιοχή -380/+139 του Cchsp83 γονιδίου μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την ανάπτυξη διαγονιδιακών συστημάτων σήμανσης της μεσογειακής μύγας, τα οποία αναμένεται να συμβάλλουν στη διατήρηση και ανίχνευση κατάλληλων στελεχών που χρησιμοποιούνται σε προγράμματα βιολογικού ελέγχου του επιβλαβούς αυτού εντόμου. / By using the second exon of the D. auraria hsp83 gene as a probe, a number of overlapping cDNA clones were isolated from a Ceratitis capitata (medfly) cDNA library. The longest cDNA had a size of 2,593 bp and contained an open reading frame coding for a putative polypeptide of 715 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 81.74 kDa. In addition, it contained a part of the 5’-untranslated region and the complete 3’-untranslated region of a medfly hsp83 homolog, named Cchsp83. The predicted amino acid sequence showed a high degree of identity to all known sequences of the HSP90 family and was more closely related to the Drosophila HSP83 homologs. The putative medfly HSP83 contained all the conserved sequences of the members of the HSP90 family and was ended, at the C-terminal, with the pentapeptide MEEVD that characterizes all the cytosolic members of this family. Genomic Southern blot analysis, with several restriction enzymes and appropriate cDNA probes, indicated that the Cchsp83 gene exists as a single copy in the medfly genome. Northern blot hybridization revealed a single transcript of approximately 2.7 kb. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the Cchsp83 gene maps at the 94C region of the 6th chromosome (6R:94C), which corresponds to one of the major heat shock puffs of the medfly salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Evaluation of the Cchsp83 gene transcript and protein levels was performed by RT-PCR and western analysis, using total RNA and protein from synchronized animals. Anti-HSP83 antibodies were prepared against a histidine tag purified chimeric polypeptide from E. coli cells, transformed with a part of the coding region (aa 490-690) of the Cchsp83 cDNA. The response of the Cchsp83 gene to heat was fast and sensitive. Heat-induced transcript levels could be detected within 5 min at temperatures as low as 300C. Maximum transcript levels were obtained after 30-90 min treatments at 35-390C. Following recovery at 250C, after a 30 min heat shock, the accumulated transcripts remained at high levels for approximately 3h and declined to the non-induced levels 1h later. Developmental studies showed that the Cchsp83 gene is expressed constitutively throughout medfly development. At 250C, both transcript and protein levels were high in embryonic stages, low in larval stages and moderate in pupal and adult stages. Following heat shock at 380C, the transcript levels increased approximately 3- to 5-fold, depended on the developmental stage. Similar results were obtained for the protein levels after a heat shock at 350C, but not at 380C, suggesting that the Cchsp83 mRNAs are not translated efficiently at high temperatures. Screening of a genomic λEMBL-4A library from 24-h-old medfly embryos with the second exon of the D. auraria hsp83 gene, resulted in the isolation of a genomic clone containing part of the coding region, the untranslated leader region (5’ UTR) and 3.5 kb from the 5’ flanking region of the gene. Comparison of the genomic and cDNA nucleotide sequences revealed the presence of a small intron of 275 bp between the 5’ untranslated and coding regions of the gene. Thus the Cchsp83 gene is organized into two exons separated by a small intron. Computational analysis and 5’ RACE experiments, suggested that the putative transcription initiation site of the gene is located 144 bp upstream of the 5’ splicing site of the intron and 23 bp downstream of a typical TATA box (TATAΑΑΤΑ). Two putative heat shock elements (HSEs) were identified in the proximal 5’ flanking region of the gene, 35 and 330 bp, upstream of the TATA box. In addition to them, four distal HSEs, 1,595, 2,861, 2,880 and 2,890 bp, upstream of the putative transcription initiation site and one HSE inside the intron were identified. Functional analysis of the proximal 5’ flanking region of the Cchsp83 gene was performed by germline transformation. Three overlapping promoter fragments PL (-380/+139), PM (-86/+144) and PS (-55/+139), were fused to the lacZ reporter gene and the resulting constructs were introduced into the medfly genome via Minos-element mediated germline transformation. The expression of the reporter gene, in at least 8 homozygous transformed lines for each construct, was evaluated by quantitative β-galactosidase assays. The PM-lacZ and PS-lacZ lines did not show detectable levels of lacZ expression at neither normal or heat shock conditions. On the other hand, most of the PL-lacZ lines showed significant levels of constitutive lacZ expression. Developmental expression studies in one of these lines showed that the reporter gene exhibited similar developmental expression pattern to the endogenous one, suggesting that the PL promoter region includes all the necessary regulatory elements for driving correct temporal expression of the Cchsp83 at normal conditions. Although this promoter region contained the two proximal HSEs and the 5’ UTR, it was unable to drive heat-induced expression of the reporter gene suggesting that additional upstream and/or downstream sequences are necessary for the heat-induced expression of the Cchsp83 gene. Our data indicate that the PL promoter region of the Cchsp83 gene can be used as a driver for the development of robust transgenic marker systems in medfly. Such systems are important for detecting, maintaining and recognizing medfly strains that are used today in population control programs of this agricultural pest.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-02-15T10:50:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1856190 bytes, checksum: 405040c338d9d0453f53e6b127a24ccd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T10:50:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1856190 bytes, checksum: 405040c338d9d0453f53e6b127a24ccd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / O Brasil está entre os maiores produtores de frutas do mundo, ocupando a terceira posição no ranking, com produção anual de 40 milhões de toneladas. O Vale de São Francisco manteve em 2014 o patamar de 85% das exportações brasileiras de manga. Entre as frutas, a manga apresenta produção nacional ascendente, com quase 1,2 milhão de toneladas em 2014. Entre os obstáculos, a maior participação do setor no mercado internacional está nos aspectos fitossanitários, principalmente as moscas- das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae). O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a flutuação populacional de moscas-das-frutas em pomares comerciais de mangueira, bem como estudar a influência dos fatores abióticos na flutuação populacional. A partir dos resultados, discute-se a viabilidade de ampliação do número de propriedades aptas a exportar mangas in natura para países que exigem que os frutos sejam oriundos de Áreas de Baixa Prevalência de Pragas (ABPP). O estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de dados coletados de 2009 a 2014 em 44 pomares comerciais de manga localizados nos Projetos de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho, Maria Tereza e Bebedouro, em Petrolina, PE. A espécie exótica Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) foi detectada em todos os pomares estudados, e os dados sugerem que ela tenha deslocado as espécies nativas do gênero Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). A população apresentou níveis elevados em todas as áreas monitoradas, principalmente de outubro a janeiro, em todos os períodos estudados. A temperatura e a umidade relativa influenciaram fortemente a captura de insetos adultos, em que a temperatura apresentou correlação positiva e a umidade, correlação negativa. A população de C. capitata esteve em níveis acima do admitido para implantação de ABPP, de forma que o aumento de exportações de manga para mercados mais exigentes dependerá grandemente da execução de um programa para supressão da população. / Brazil is a major fruit grower worldwide, occupying the third position and harvesting 40 x 106 ton. In 2014, Sao Francisco Valley responded for 85% of mango exports of the country. Mango production is going through a period of increase in production and approximately 1.2 million tons were harvested in 2014. Phytosanitary measures are major constraints to export, mainly those established to avoid the entry of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). This work aimed to analyse the population fluctuation of fruit flies in commercial mango orchards, as well as study the influence of abiotic factors in population density. The feasibility of increasing the number of properties certified according to international standards of areas of low pest prevalence (ALPP) is discussed, as this is a measure established by several international markets. Data gathered from 2009 to 2014 for 44 commercial orchards in the districts Senador Nilo Coelho, Maria Tereza, and Bebedouro, in Petrolina, PE, were used. The exotic species Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was detected in all orchards and data suggest that it may have displaced the native species of the genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). Population density was high in all considered areas, mainly from October to January. Temperature and relative humidity had significant impact on population density, the former showing a positive correlation and the later, a negative one. C. capitata population was higher than the threshold implementation in standards for LPPA so that the increase of mango exports for more restrictive countries will largely depend on the conduction of a suppression program. / Não foi localizado o currículo lattes do autor.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, is a highly invasive species throughout the world and considered as one of the most successful agricultural and economical pests. The increase of global trade in fruit and human travel combined with the biology of the medfly has allowed the species to spread from its proposed Afrotropical origin, to a number of locations throughout the world. In the Western Cape various control strategies have been implemented to control medfly populations, including insecticides and more environmentally-friendly techniques such as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). In order to be effective, however, an SIT program requires some knowledge of the population structure and the movement of individuals between pest-occupied sites. The identification of sites from which re-invasion is most likely to occur and knowledge regarding the primary routes through which pests are likely to re-establish are critical to ensure successful SIT programmes. To provide this important information to SIT and area-wide pest control programs in South Africa, sampling at two different spatial scales (regional- and fine-scale) in South Africa was undertaken. Regional scale sampling was done at 13 locations in the Western Cape and fine scale sampling was done at 13 locations within the Ceres-valley. All individuals were genotyped at 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers and selected individuals from the regional scale were sequenced for the mitochondrial gene COI. Our results show that populations at regional- and fine-scale in the Western Cape are characterized by high levels of genetic diversity (HEregional = 0.805; HEfine = 0.803). Little or weak population differentiation was detected at the regional- and fine-scales, suggesting overall high levels of gene flow among sampling locations. These findings were supported by coalescent based methods indicating sufficient levels of gene flow to prevent population differentiation between neighbouring (200m) and distant (350km) populations. However, natural dispersal in C. capitata has been shown to rarely exceed 10 km. As such, high levels of gene flow between distant populations are more likely the result of humanmediated dispersal, linked to the movement of fresh produce within South Africa. This high level of gene flow has important implications for pest management practices, as my results suggests that area-wide pest management should be undertaken at a regional scale, rather than on a farm or valley scale. My results are placed within a management framework, and I argue for more stringent control when fruit are transported within South Africa. Of particular interest for future studies is the investigation of gene flow at broader spatial scales (i.e. the whole of South Africa) and a comparison of the genetic diversity, population differentiation and gene flow patterns of C. capitata with that of Ceratitis rosa will be important to establish a successful pest management strategy in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Mediterreense vrugtevlieg (medvlieg), Ceratitis capitata, is ‘n indringerspesie wêreldwyd en word beskou as een van die mees suksesvolle ekonomiese en landbou peste. Die medvlieg het ‘n Afrotropiese oorsprong, maar die toename in wêreldwye handel en reis, gekombineer met die biologie van die medvlieg het gelei tot die verspreiding van die spesie na ‘n groot aantal bestemmings regoor die wêreld. Die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid-Afrika implementeer tans verskeie strategieë om medvlieg bevolkings te beheer. Hierdie strategieë sluit in die gebruik van plaagdoders sowel as meer omgewingsvriendelike tegnieke soos die Steriele Insektegniek (SIT). Om ‘n effektiewe SIT program te implementeer vereis basiese kennis ten opsigte van die genetiese struktuur van die bevolking sowel as van die beweging van individue tussen verskillende pesvoorkomsgebiede. Die identifisering van areas van waar herkolonisering mees waarskynlik kan plaasvind en kennis in verband met die primêre roetes waardeur pes spesies hervestig, is van kritiese belang om ‘n suksesvolle SIT program te verseker. Medvlieg individue is op twee verskillende ruimtelike skale (streeks- en plaaslike-skaal) versamel om die nodige inligting aan SIT en area-wye pes beheer programme in Suid-Afrika te verskaf. Streeks-skaal individue is by 13 lokaliteite regoor die Wes-Kaap versamel en plaaslike-skaal individue by 13 lokaliteite in die Ceres-vallei. Alle versamelde individue is vir 11 polimorfiese mikrosatelliet merkers gegenotipeer en DNS volgordebepaling van geselekteerde individue vanuit die streek-skaal is gedoen vir die mitochondriale geen COI. My resultate toon dat bevolkings op beide skale gekarakteriseer word deur hoë vlakke van genetiese diversiteit (HEstreeks = 0.805; HEplaaslik = 0.803) en geen of swak bevolkings differensiasie. Hierdie resultate dui daarop dat daar hoë vlakke van geenvloei tussen bevolkings is. Hierdie bevindinge word verder ondersteun deur metodes gebaseer op die statistiese eienskappe van die genealogiese verhouding tussen allele onder sekere mutasie en demografiese modelle, wat voldoende vlakke van geenvloei aandui tussen nabye (200m) sowel as verafgeleë (350km) bevolkings om bevolkings differensiasie te verhoed. Natuurlike beweging in C. capitata is egter selde meer as 10 km, sodanig kan die hoë vlakke van geenvloei toegeskryf word aan die verspreiding van individue met menslike hulp, spesifiek in die vervoer van varsprodukte in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie hoë vlak van geenvloei het verreikende implikasies vir pes beheer praktyke, omdat my resultate voorstel dat area-wye pes beheer onderneem moet word op ‘n streeks-skaal eerder as op ‘n plaas-tot-plaas of vallei wye area. Ek plaas my resultate in ‘n bestuursraamwerk, waarin ek streng beheer van vrugtevervoer in Suid-Afrika beklemtoon. Verdere navorsing moet fokus op die ondersoek van geenvloei op ‘n landswye skaal (hele Suid-Afrika) in C. capitata, sowel as die vergelyking van die genetiese diversiteit, bevolkings differensiasie en geenvloei patrone van C. capitata met die van Ceratitis rosa om ‘n suksesvolle pes beheer strategie vir Suid-Afrika te formuleer.

Este estudo foi conduzido em áreas remanescentes da Mata Atlântica, Reserva Natural da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce e Floresta Natural de Goytacazes (áreas preservadas), e em pomares comerciais de papaia (áreas alteradas), no município de Linhares, Estado do Espírito Santo. Os principais objetivos foram analisar comparativamente a diversidade, a abundância e o padrão de distribuição das espécies de moscas-das-frutas nesses dois hábitats (alterados e preservados), observando o impacto da mudança ambiental em relação à diversidade de espécies, além disso, verificar a associação das espécies de moscas-das-frutas com as plantas hospedeiras nativas. As moscas-das-frutas foram coletadas em armadilhas plásticas tipo McPhail com atrativo alimentar (proteína hidrolisada) por um período de cinco anos (outubro/2001 a setembro/2006). Nos remanescentes da Mata Atlântica, foram capturados 14 exemplares (machos e fêmeas) de Ceratitis capitata e 6.281 fêmeas de Anastrepha, sendo identificadas 22 espécies, além de cinco espécies possivelmente não-descritas. Nos pomares comerciais de papaia, foram capturados 30 exemplares (machos e fêmeas) de C. capitata e apenas 330 fêmeas de Anastrepha, pertencentes a 14 espécies. A diferença nos valores dos dois parâmetros (riqueza de espécies e abundância) refletiu nos valores do índice de diversidade de Margalef, que diferiram estatisticamente nos dois hábitats. Os resultados sugerem que as mudanças na vegetação nativa para uma área de cultivo provocaram impacto na diversidade, na abundância e na distribuição das comunidades de moscas-das-frutas. O levantamento de plantas hospedeiras de moscas-das-frutas foi realizado na Reserva Natural da Vale do Rio Doce, durante três anos e cinco meses (fevereiro/2003 a julho/2006). Foram coletadas 330 amostras de frutos de plantas nativas, representando 253 espécies de 51 famílias. Myrtaceae foi a família mais diversificada com 55 espécies amostradas. Vinte e oito espécies, pertencentes a dez famílias, foram hospedeiras de dez espécies de Anastrepha e de C. capitata. Entre 33 associações observadas entre moscas-das-frutas e plantas hospedeiras, 23 foram registros inéditos. Além disso, foram detectadas pela primeira vez as plantas hospedeiras de A. fumipennis Lima e de A. nascimentoi Zucchi. / The study was undertaken in the Natural Reserve of Vale do Rio Doce and the Natural Reserve of Goytacazes, remnants of the Atlantic Rain Forest (preserved areas), and in three papaya commercial orchards (disturbed areas), all areas located in Linhares county in the state of Espírito Santo. The main objectives of this study were to compare the diversity, abundance and distribution pattern of fruit fly species in these habitats (preserved and disturbed), observing the impact of environmental modifications in relation to species diversity, besides to find out fruit fly-native host plant associations. Fruit flies were collected with plastic McPhail traps baited with hydrolised protein over a five-year period (October/2001 to September/2006). Fourteen specimens of Ceratitis capitata (males and females) and 6,281 females of Anastrepha belonging to 22 species, besides five probably undescribed ones, were captured in the remnants of the Atlantic Rain Forest. In the papaya commercial orchards, 30 specimens of C. capitata (males and females) and only 330 females of Anastrepha were captured. The difference of the two parameter values, species richness and abundance, reflects on Margalef's index values, which were statistically different in both habitats. Results suggest that modifications of native vegetation in an agricultural area can cause impact on both the diversity and distribution of fruit fly assemblages. An approximately three and a half years' host survey (February/ 2003 to July/ 2006) was undertaken in the Natural Reserve of Vale do Rio Doce. A total of 330 samples of native plant fruits, representing 253 species from 51 plant families was collected. Myrtaceae was the most diversified plant family with 55 species sampled. Twenty eight plant species from ten plant families were found as host-plants of ten species of Anastrepha as well as of C. capitata. Among these 33 associations, 23 were new records. Furthermore, the first records of a host plant for A. fumipennis Lima and A. nascimentoi Zucchi were detected.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:57:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Michela Rocha Leal.pdf: 1770488 bytes, checksum: ff08296ce37cf068a0dc9d932b804f1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The government of Rio de Janeiro State is encouraging the expansion of fruit crops in the northern region of the State. However, data about ecological aspects of these insects necessary to their suitable management are not available for this region. With the introduction of the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata in Brazil, open the perspective of biological control of theses flies. In this context, the present work has as general objectives to increase the knowledge about the geographic distribution of the fruit flies and their ecological aspects in the northern region of this state, and to evaluate the potential of D. longicaudata to biological control of theses flies in this region. These approaches were in the Chapters I and II, respectively. In the chapter I, the studies aimed to know the species of fruit flies of occurrence in the northern region of Rio de Janeiro state, their host plants and their parasitoids; to evaluated the susceptibility of guava variety Paluma to infestation by fruit flies; to characterize the population structure of these tephritids to determine the principal species of occurrence and to evaluate their diversity standard; and to determine the times of the year of higher and lower occurrence of these flies in the region. This study was carried out from April/2006 to May/2007 in Campos do Goytacazes, S?o Francisco do Itabapoana and S?o Jo?o da Barra, being the specimens captured by McPhail traps and collected from fruits. From the captured adults, 93% belong to the genus Anastepha (total of 16 species) and 7% of Ceratitis capitata. A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, A. pseudoparallela, A. serpentina, A. sororcula, A. zenildae and C. capitata infested fruits among 12 wild species. A. fraterculus, A. sororcula and A. zenildae infested guavas of variety Paluma. The populations of frui flies present low diversity of species due to presence of three predominant species: A. obliqua, A. fraterculus and A. sororcula, which occurred during all months of the year, with higher population levels between the summer and autumn due to the influence of higher availability of host fruits in these seasons of the year. The native parasitoids were Doryctobracon areolatus and Aganaspis pelleranoi. In the chapter II, the studies aimed to evaluate the survival capacity and action radius of D. longicaudata 24 hours after its release in the field; and to evaluate the recovered possibility of their offspring from guava samples. In May/2008, D longicaudata was released in a guava orchard in S?o Jo?o da Barra. Thereupon this release, 25 parasitism units containing larvae of C. capitata were spread at the guava trees at 10 m and 20 m from the released point. A sample of guavas was collected on the released day, and 24 hours after this release, another sample of guavas was collected at 30 m from this point. After 24 hour of the release, it was observed the visitation of D. longicaudata in the majority of the parasitism units. Male and female descendants of D. longicaudata were recovered form these parasitism units. A. fraterculus and A. sororcula infested the guavas, from which D. longicaudata was not recovered. / O governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro vem incentivando a expans?o da fruticultura na regi?o norte do Estado, mas esta corre o risco de sofrer s?rios preju?zos devido ao ataque de moscas-das-frutas. Por?m, dados sobre aspectos ecol?gicos desses insetos, necess?rios para seu manejo adequado, n?o est?o dispon?veis para essa regi?o. Com a introdu??o do parasit?ide Diachasmimorpha longicaudata no Brasil, abre-se a perspectiva de controle biol?gico dessas moscas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos gerais aumentar o conhecimento sobre a distribui??o geogr?fica das moscas-das-frutas seus aspectos ecol?gicos no norte fluminense, e avaliar o potencial de D. longicaudata para o controle biol?gico dessas moscas nessa regi?o, sendo esses temas abordados nos Cap?tulos I e II, respectivamente. No cap?tulo I, os estudos tiveram os seguintes objetivos: conhecer as esp?cies de moscas-das-frutas de ocorr?ncia no norte fluminense, suas plantas hospedeiras e seus parasit?ides; avaliar a susceptibilidade da goiaba variedade Paluma ? infesta??o por moscas-das-frutas; caracterizar a estrutura populacional desses tefrit?deos para determinar as principais esp?cies de ocorr?ncia e avaliar seu padr?o de diversidade; e determinar as ?pocas do ano de maior e menor ocorr?ncia dessas moscas na regi?o. Esse estudo foi conduzido de abril/2006 a maio/2007, em Campos dos Goytacazes, S?o Francisco do Itabapoana e S?o Jo?o da Barra, sendo os esp?cimes capturados por armadilhas McPhail e coletados de frutos. Dos adultos capturados, 93% pertencem ao g?nero Anastrepha (total de 16 esp?cies) e 7% ? Ceratitis capitata. A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, A. pseudoparallela, A. serpentina, A. sororcula, A. zenildae e C. capitata infestaram frutos entre 12 esp?cies silvestres. A. fraterculus, A. sororcula e A. zenildae infestaram goiabas da variedade Paluma. As popula??es de moscas-das-frutas apresentaram baixa diversidade devido ? presen?a de tr?s esp?cies predominantes: A. obliqua, A. fraterculus e A. sororcula, que ocorreram o ano todo, com maiores n?veis populacionais entre o ver?o e o outono, pela influencia da maior disponibilidade de frutos hospedeiros nessas esta??es do ano. Os parasit?ides nativos foram Doryctobracon areolatus e Aganaspis pelleranoi. No cap?tulo II, os estudos tiveram os seguintes objetivos: avaliar a capacidade de sobreviv?ncia e raio de a??o de D longicaudata 24 horas ap?s sua libera??o no campo; e avaliar a possibilidade de recupera??o de seus descendentes a partir de amostras de goiaba. Em maio/2008, realizou-se a libera??o de D longicaudata num pomar comercial de goiaba em S?o Jo?o da Barra. Logo ap?s a libera??o, 25 unidades de parasitismo contendo larvas de C. capitata foram distribu?das nas goiabeiras a 10 m e 20 m do ponto de libera??o. Uma amostra de goiabas foi coletada no dia da libera??o, e 24 horas ap?s, coletou-se outra amostra de goiabas a 30 m a partir desse ponto. Ap?s 24 horas da libera??o, verificou-se a visita??o de D. longicaudata na maioria das unidades de parasitismo. Recuperaram-se descendentes machos e f?meas de D. longicaudata a partir dessas unidades. A. fraterculus e A. sororcula infestaram as goiabas, das quais n?o foi recuperado D. longicaudata.

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Este estudo foi conduzido em áreas remanescentes da Mata Atlântica, Reserva Natural da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce e Floresta Natural de Goytacazes (áreas preservadas), e em pomares comerciais de papaia (áreas alteradas), no município de Linhares, Estado do Espírito Santo. Os principais objetivos foram analisar comparativamente a diversidade, a abundância e o padrão de distribuição das espécies de moscas-das-frutas nesses dois hábitats (alterados e preservados), observando o impacto da mudança ambiental em relação à diversidade de espécies, além disso, verificar a associação das espécies de moscas-das-frutas com as plantas hospedeiras nativas. As moscas-das-frutas foram coletadas em armadilhas plásticas tipo McPhail com atrativo alimentar (proteína hidrolisada) por um período de cinco anos (outubro/2001 a setembro/2006). Nos remanescentes da Mata Atlântica, foram capturados 14 exemplares (machos e fêmeas) de Ceratitis capitata e 6.281 fêmeas de Anastrepha, sendo identificadas 22 espécies, além de cinco espécies possivelmente não-descritas. Nos pomares comerciais de papaia, foram capturados 30 exemplares (machos e fêmeas) de C. capitata e apenas 330 fêmeas de Anastrepha, pertencentes a 14 espécies. A diferença nos valores dos dois parâmetros (riqueza de espécies e abundância) refletiu nos valores do índice de diversidade de Margalef, que diferiram estatisticamente nos dois hábitats. Os resultados sugerem que as mudanças na vegetação nativa para uma área de cultivo provocaram impacto na diversidade, na abundância e na distribuição das comunidades de moscas-das-frutas. O levantamento de plantas hospedeiras de moscas-das-frutas foi realizado na Reserva Natural da Vale do Rio Doce, durante três anos e cinco meses (fevereiro/2003 a julho/2006). Foram coletadas 330 amostras de frutos de plantas nativas, representando 253 espécies de 51 famílias. Myrtaceae foi a família mais diversificada com 55 espécies amostradas. Vinte e oito espécies, pertencentes a dez famílias, foram hospedeiras de dez espécies de Anastrepha e de C. capitata. Entre 33 associações observadas entre moscas-das-frutas e plantas hospedeiras, 23 foram registros inéditos. Além disso, foram detectadas pela primeira vez as plantas hospedeiras de A. fumipennis Lima e de A. nascimentoi Zucchi. / The study was undertaken in the Natural Reserve of Vale do Rio Doce and the Natural Reserve of Goytacazes, remnants of the Atlantic Rain Forest (preserved areas), and in three papaya commercial orchards (disturbed areas), all areas located in Linhares county in the state of Espírito Santo. The main objectives of this study were to compare the diversity, abundance and distribution pattern of fruit fly species in these habitats (preserved and disturbed), observing the impact of environmental modifications in relation to species diversity, besides to find out fruit fly-native host plant associations. Fruit flies were collected with plastic McPhail traps baited with hydrolised protein over a five-year period (October/2001 to September/2006). Fourteen specimens of Ceratitis capitata (males and females) and 6,281 females of Anastrepha belonging to 22 species, besides five probably undescribed ones, were captured in the remnants of the Atlantic Rain Forest. In the papaya commercial orchards, 30 specimens of C. capitata (males and females) and only 330 females of Anastrepha were captured. The difference of the two parameter values, species richness and abundance, reflects on Margalef's index values, which were statistically different in both habitats. Results suggest that modifications of native vegetation in an agricultural area can cause impact on both the diversity and distribution of fruit fly assemblages. An approximately three and a half years' host survey (February/ 2003 to July/ 2006) was undertaken in the Natural Reserve of Vale do Rio Doce. A total of 330 samples of native plant fruits, representing 253 species from 51 plant families was collected. Myrtaceae was the most diversified plant family with 55 species sampled. Twenty eight plant species from ten plant families were found as host-plants of ten species of Anastrepha as well as of C. capitata. Among these 33 associations, 23 were new records. Furthermore, the first records of a host plant for A. fumipennis Lima and A. nascimentoi Zucchi were detected.

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