Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Feb. 7, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Anatomy))--Mahidol University, 1982.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-220).

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Στην εποχή της συστημικής βιολογίας, οι υψηλής απόδοσης (-ομικές) τεχνικές βιομοριακής ανάλυσης επέτρεψαν την ολιστική ανάλυση των διαφόρων μοριακών επιπέδων κυτταρικής λειτουργίας μέσω της ταυτόχρονης μέτρησης εκατοντάδων έως χιλιάδων αντιπροσωπευτικών μοριακών ποσοτήτων. Η μεταβολομική αναφέρεται στην ποσοτικοποίηση του (σχετικού) προτύπου συγκέντρωσης των ελεύθερων μικρών μεταβολιτών. Λαμβάνοντας υπ’ όψιν, το ρόλο των μεταβολιτών ως, αντιδρώντα ή/και προϊόντα των μεταβολικών αντιδράσεων, το πρότυπο συγκέντρωσης τους επηρεάζει και επηρεάζεται από την κατανομή των μεταβολικών ροών, αποτελώντας επομένως ένα αποτύπωμα της μεταβολικής κατάστασης ενός βιολογικού συστήματος. Μεταξύ των πλεονεκτημάτων της μεταβολομικής ανάλυσης είναι ότι μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε μεταβαλλόμενη κατάσταση φυσιολογίας, ενώ δεν απαιτεί ολοκληρωμένη γνώση του μεταβολικού δικτύου ενός οργανισμού. Αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά είναι ιδιαίτερα πλεονεκτικά για τη μελέτη της μεταβολικής ενεργότητας του εγκεφάλου, λαμβάνοντας υπ’όψιν την ανατομική, μορφολογική και φαινοτυπική πολυπλοκότητα αυτού του οργάνου και την έως τώρα κατανόηση των μεταβολικών του μηχανισμών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα για την επίδραση του ενήλικου υποθυρεοειδισμού στον μεταβολισμό του εγκεφάλου, η μέχρι σήμερα γνώση παραμένει αποσπασματική, ενώ προέρχεται από διαφορετικά πειράματα και διάφορες εγκεφαλικές περιοχές. Μια ολιστική θεώρηση του μεταβολισμού σε συνθήκες υποθυρεοειδισμού σε συγκεκριμένες εγκεφαλικές περιοχές αναμένεται να αυξήσει σημαντικά τη γνώση μας για την ασθένεια αυτή. Σε μια πρόσφατη μελέτη της ερευνητικής μας ομάδας, που ήταν η πρώτη μεταβολική ανάλυση εγκεφαλικού ιστού σε ζωικό μοντέλο μακρόχρονου υποθυρεοειδισμού, η πολυπαραμετρική στατιστική ανάλυση των μεταβολικών προτύπων της παρεγκεφαλίδας μυός έδειξε διαφορές στη μεταβολική φυσιολογία του ιστού στα ευ- σε σχέση με τα υποθυρεοειδικά ζώα, παρέχοντας ισχυρές ενδείξεις ότι ο μεταβολισμός της παρεγκεφαλίδας θηλαστικών επηρρεάζεται από τον μακρόχρονο υποθυρεοειδισμό. Στην παρούσα εργασία, συγκρίθηκε η επίδραση του μακρόχρονου υποθυρεοειδισμού στη μεταβολική φυσιολογία της παρεγκεφαλίδας μεταξύ αρσενικών και θηλυκών Balb/cJ μυών, αφού επεκτάθηκε για επιπλέον μεταβολίτες η αυτοματοποιημένη μέθοδος προσδιορισμού κορυφών στο χρωματογράφημα. Ο μακρόχρονος υποθυρεοειδισμός επήχθη με χορήγηση 1% υπερχλωρικού καλλίου για 64 μέρες στο πόσιμο νερό των ζώων. Αυτή είναι και η πρώτη μελέτη της επίδρασης του ενήλικου υποθυρεοειδισμού στην μεταβολομική φυσιολογία του 4 εγκεφάλου των θηλυκών μυών. Τα μεταβολικά πρότυπα αναλύθηκαν με το λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα ΤΜ4/ MEV(www.tm4.org/MEV) για την πολυπαραμετρική στατιστική ανάλυση των -ομικών δεδομένων. Τα αποτελέσματα συζητήθηκαν στο πλαίσιο ενός κατάλληλα ανακατασκευασμένου μεταβολικού δικτύου για την παρεγκεφαλίδα μυός με βάση τις μεταβολικές βάσεις δεδομένων KEGG και EXPASY και δεδομένα από τη βιβλιογραφία. Η ανάλυση των προτύπων έδειξε ότι η επίδραση της δίμηνης χορήγησης υπερχλωρικού καλλίου στη μεταβολική φυσιολογία της παρεγκεφαλίδας ήταν πιο οξεία στα αρσενικά απ’ότι στα θηλυκά ζώα. Αυτή η παρατήρηση υποστηριζόταν και απο την σημαντικά μικρότερη μείωση του μέσου βάρους των υποθυρεοειδικών σε σχέση με αυτό των ευθυρεοειδικών ζώων στο τέλος της δίμηνης χορήγησης στα θηλυκά σε σχέση με τα αρσενικά. Τέος, σύγκριση των μεταβολικών προτύπων της παρεγκεφαλίδας των ευθυρεοειδικών αρσενικών και θηλυκών μυών έδειξε τους μισούς από τους μεταβολίτες στην παρεγκεφαλίδα των αρσενικών να έχουν σημαντικά μεγαλύτερη συγκέντρωση απ’ ότι στον ιστό των θηλυκών. Αυτή η παρατήρηση καταδεικνύει την ανάγκη της παρεγκεφαλίδας των θηλυκών σε μικρότερες συγκεντρώσεις ελεύθερων μικρών μεταβολιτών για την εύρυθμη λειτουργία της ως ένα πιθανό παράγοντα «προστασίας» του μεταβολισμού της από την επίδραση του μακρόχρονου ενήλικου υποθυρεοειδισμού. Καθώς η παρεγκεφαλίδα των αρσενικών χρειάζεται μεγαλύτερες ποσότητες ελεύθερων μικρών μεταβολιτών, η αναμενώμενη μείωση της συγκέντρωσης των μεταβολιτών που λαμβάνει ο εγκέφαλος μέσω του αιματοεγκεφαλικού φραγμού λόγω του υποθυρεοειδισμού θα την επηρεάσει πιο γρήγορα και πιο δραστικά από αυτή των θηλυκών. Αυτές οι σημαντικές παρατηρήσεις χρειάζονται περαιτέρω διερεύνηση μέσω κατάλληλα σχεδιασμένων αναλύσεων μεταβολομικής και φυσιολογίας και άλλων εγκεφαλικών περιοχών, συνδυάζοντας επίσης μετρήσεις των επιπέδων των θυρεοειδικών ορμονών με μεταβολομική ανάλυση του εγκεφαλικού ιστού με Υγρή Χρωματογραφία- Φασματομετρίας Μάζας, καθώς και μετρήσεις ομικών αναλύσεων από άλλα επίπεδα κυτταρικής λειτουργίας, κυρίως της πρωτεωμικής. / In the systems biology era, the high-throughput “omic” technologies have enabled the holistic analysis of the various molecular levels of cellular function through the simultaneous measurement of hundreds to thousands of relevant molecular quantities. Metabolomics refers to the quantification of the (relative) concentration profile of the free small metabolites. Taking into consideration the role of the metabolites as reactants and products of the metabolic reactions, their concentration profile affects and is affected by the metabolic pathway flux distribution. Thus, the metabolic profile provides a fingerprint of the metabolic state of a biological system. Among the advantages of the metabolomic analysis is that it can be easily used to monitor transient metabolic conditions without requiring extensive knowledge of the structure and regulation of the investigated metabolic networks. This characteristic is especially advantageous for the analysis of brain metabolism, considering the anatomical, morphological and phenotypic complexity of this organ and our current shortages in understanding its metabolic mechanisms. For the effect of adult onset hypothyroidism (AOH) on brain metabolism in particular, the current knowledge remains fragmented, concerning different experimental setups and recovered from various brain regions. A holistic view of metabolism under AOH in particular brain regions is expected to significantly enhance the current knowledge about the disease. In a recent study of our group, which was the first metabolomic analysis of brain tissue in a prolonged AOH mouse model, multivariate statistical analysis of the metabolic profiles of the mouse cerebella indicated differences in the metabolic physiology of the tissue in the eu- compared to the hypo- thyroid animals, providing strong evidence that the mammalian cerebellum is metabolically responsive to prolonged AOH. In the present work, we compared the effect of prolonged AOH on the cerebellar metabolic physiology between male and female Balb/cJ mice, after enhancing the metabolite peak identification method to include additional metabolites. The prolonged AOH was induced by a 64-day treatment with 1% potassium perchlorate in the drinking water of the animals. This is the first reported analysis of the effect of AOH on the brain metabolic physiology of female mice. The raw metabolic profiles were normalized and appropriately filtered. The normalized metabolic profiles were analyzed using the open-source TM4/MeV software (www.tm4.org/MeV) for the multivariate statistical analysis of “omic” data. The acquired results were interpreted in the context of an appropriately reconstructed metabolic network for the mouse cerebellum based on the metabolic databases, KEGG and Expasy, and a plethora of information mined from the literature. The analysis of the metabolic profiles 6 indicated that the effect of the 2-month potassium perchlorate treatment on the metabolic physiology of the cerebellum is more acute in the male with respect to the female mice. The time profile of the body weight of the female compared to the male mice indicated a significantly smaller decrease in the mean weight of the hypothyroid compared to the euthyroid mice in the female compared to the male population at the end of the KClO4 treatment, an observation that further supports the metabolic profiling results. Finally, comparison between the metabolic profiles of the euthyroid male and female cerebellum indicated a significantly higher concentration in half of the measured free metabolites in the male compared to the female animals. This indicates the “leanness” of the metabolic profile of the female cerebellum as a potential “protective” parameter to the effect of AOH on its metabolic physiology, in the sense that the expected due to AOH decrease in the concentrations of the metabolites that are transferred to the brain through the blood brain barrier may affect more the male cerebellum that requires higher levels of free metabolites for its regular activity. These significant observations are in need of further investigation through appropriately designed physiological and metabolomic studies, integrating also thyroid hormone measurements from Liquid Chromatography-MS metabolomic analysis of brain tissue as well as omic measurements from other molecular levels of cellular function, mainly from proteomics.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the neural underpinnings of persistent developmental stuttering. We explored neural systems important for speech-motor integration and focused on subcortical control systems: the basal ganglia and cerebellum. A secondary aim of this work was to distinguish effects related to general traits of the disorder from those reflecting specific states of stuttered speech. To address these aims we used a variety of neuroimaging methodologies as well as an extensive neuropsychological and empirical test battery. Our examination of neural pathway microstructure using diffusion-tensor imaging replicated previous findings of widespread disorganisation of white matter in people who stutter. This disruption included all major white matter pathways leading in and out of the cerebellum. In our second, third, and fourth studies we examined functional activity at rest and during different types of speech. The brain networks used by people who stutter and controls largely overlapped. The brain regions that distinguished general traits and specific states of stuttering were somewhat task-specific. Subcortical activation in the basal ganglia and cerebellum was related to the frequency of dysfluent speech in the scanner. In our final study we examined performance on a variety of classical tasks of motor learning. We observed evidence of delayed learning in response to changes in environmental feedback in the stuttering group relative to controls. Within people who stutter, subgroups who differ according to heritability of the disorder may also differ in the balance of dopamine in the basal ganglia. Overall, we concluded that cerebellar alterations contribute to the general trait of stuttering, while basal ganglia disruption may reflect specific effects within stuttering. Our work supports a broader role of the subcortical system in speech production, generally.

No description available.

Introdução: Há pouca informação a respeito do crescimento cerebelar em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso (RNMBP). Tradicionalmente as funções cerebelares são relatadas como controle do tônus, postura e coordenação da atividade motora. Entretanto, há um incremento de evidências da implicação do cerebelo na cognição, linguagem, memória e aprendizagem motora. No pré-termo com seqüelas neurológicas, o cerebelo está relacionado com alterações cognitivas e distúrbios emocionais. Objetivo: Avaliar o crescimento cerebelar do nascimento até o termo em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso (RNMBP). Comparar o diâmetro transverso cerebelar (DTC) de recémnascidos a termo com recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso na idade corrigida correspondente ao termo. Método: RNMBP foram incluídos seqüencialmente no estudo e seus DTCs foram medidos por ultrassonografia craniana nas primeiras 48 horas após o nascimento e no momento da alta hospitalar de todos. A fossa posterior foi examinada através da fontanela Mastóidea usando o aparelho de US GE LOGIC 5 e a medida do DTC realizada no plano coronal. O grupo controle foi formado por recém-nascidos a termo normais com idade gestacional pareada com a idade gestacional pós menstrual corrigida dos RNMBP,sendo seus DTCs medidos nas primeiras 48 horas após o nascimento. Idade gestacional, peso de nascimento, perímetro cefálico e idade da alta foram obtidos dos RNMBP; e idade gestacional, peso de nascimento e perímetro cefálico dos recém-nascidos controles. Teste T de Student’s e correlação de Pearson foram empregados.O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da instituição. Resultados: Foram incluídos 24 RNMBP e 24 controles. Os RNMBP tiveram idade gestacional media de 30,5± 1,7 semanas, peso de nascimento de 1247± 190 gramas, perímetro cefálico de 27,3 ± 1,5 cm, DTC de 3,28 ± 0,28 cm e idade cronológica da alta de 45,9 ± 12,3 dias. Comparação entre os dois grupos: A idade gestacional corrigida dos RNMBP e a idade gestacional dos controles foram semelhantes (37,04 ± 1,73 semanas e 37,3 ± 1,8 semanas, respectivamente; p= 0,612).O peso dos RNMBP na alta foi significativamente inferior aos controles pareados (2,019 ± 209 g e 2631 ± 423 g; p‹0,0001). Perímetro cefálico dos RNMBP na alta e dos controles, foram respectivamente, 32,23 ± 1,39 centímetros e 33,0 ± 1,6 centímetros (p= 0,098) O DTC aumentou significativamente do nascimento até a alta nos RNMBP; sendo ainda significativamente inferior aos seus pares ao termo ( 4,19 ± 0,41cm e para os controles foi 4,5 ± 0,41 cm; p=0,008). Houve uma correlação positiva entre o perímetro cefálico e o crescimento cerebelar nos RNMBP. Dois RNMBP apresentaram leucomalácia cística e quatro leucomalácia peri-ventricular difusa na ressonância magnética do primeiro ano de vida. Avaliando-se apenas os RNMBP sem leucomalácia peri-ventricular, o crescimento cerebelar foi similar aos recém-nascidos controles (p= 0.135), mas foi menor nos recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso com leucomalácia peri-ventricular quando comparados com os controles (p= 0,005). Conclusões: O crescimento cerebelar foi similar nos recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso sem leucomalácia peri-ventricular e nos controles, e menor naqueles com leucomalácia periventricular em comparação aos controles. Nossos dados sugerem que o crescimento cerebelar é normal na ausência de dano supratentorial. / Introduction: There is little information on cerebellar growth in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI). The cerebellar functions are traditionally reported as tonus, posture and coordination of motricity activity. However, there is an evidence growth of the relation of the cerebellum in cognition, language, memory and motor learning. In VLBWI with neurologic injuries the cerebellum is related to cognitive alterations and emotional disturbance. Objective: Evaluate cerebellar growth from birth up to term in VLBWI. Compare transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) of term infants and VLBWI at term corrected age. Design/Methods: VLBWI were sequentially included in the study. TCD was measured by cranial ultrasound in the first 48 hours after birth and at hospital discharge in all of them. The posterior fossa was examined through the Mastoid fontanelle using a General Eletric LOGIQ 5 scanner and TCD measurement was taken in the coronal plane. Control group was formed by normal term infants with gestational age that matched VLBWI corrected pos menstrual age. TCD was measured in the first 48 hours after birth. Data on gestational age, birth weight, head circumference, and age at discharge were collected from VLBWI; and gestational age, birth weight, and head circumference from controls newborns. Student’s T test and Pearson correlation were employed. Study was approved by institutional Ethic Committee. Results: We enrolled 24 VLBWI and 24 controls. VLBWI had mean gestational age 30.5±1.7 weeks, birth weight 1247±190 grams, head circumference 27.3 ±1.5cm,TCD 3.28± 0.28 cm, and chronological age at hospital discharge 45.9±12.3 days. Comparison between both groups: VLBWI corrected age at discharge and controls gestational age were similar: 37.4±1.73 weeks and 37.3±1,8 (p=0.612),VLBWI weight at discharge and controls birth weight was significantly inferior to controls: 2019±and 2631±423 grams (p‹ 0.0001),VLBWI head circumference at discharge and controls head circumference: 32.23±1.39 and 33.0 ±1.6 cm (p=0.098),VBWI TCD at discharge and controls TCD: 4.19±0.41 and 4.5±0.41 cm (p=0.008).TCD increased significantly form birth up to hospital discharge in VLBWI (p< 0.001); being still significantly inferior to its term infants matched. There was a significant positive correlation between head circumference and cerebellar growth in VLBWI. Two very low birth weight infants presented cystic and four diffuse peri-ventricular leukomalacia at magnetic resonance image in the first year. Evaluating only the VLBWI without periventricular leukomalacia the cerebellar growth was similar to controls (p=0.135), but it was smaller in VLBWI with peri-ventricular leukomalacia when compared with controls (p=0.005). Hence we divided the case group in with or without peri-ventricular leukomalacia. We compared the two groups with the control group. Conclusions: Cerebellar growth was similar in very low birth Wright infants without periventricular leukomalacia and controls, and smaller in cases with peri-ventricular leukomalacia than in controls. We suggest that cerebelar growth is normal in the absence of supratentorial injury.