La mise en place des circuits neuronaux fonctionnels se construit autour d'une grande diversité cellulaire et nécessite l'accomplissement d'une série d'évènements complexes incluant la prolifération, la migration, la différenciation, le guidage axonal, la reconnaissance cellulaire et la synaptogenèse des progéniteurs neuronaux. Dans le cervelet, les interneurones GABAergiques de la couche moléculaire (IGCM) s‘intègrent au cours des deux premières semaines post-natales et se différencient en deux sous-types cellulaires, les cellules en panier (CP) qui innervent le segment initial de la cellule de Purkinje, cellule principale du cervelet, et les cellules étoilées qui innervent l'arbre dendritique de la cellule Purkinje. Bien que ces deux types cellulaires possèdent des morphologies distinctes et innervent des sous-domaines cellulaires spécifiques, aucun marqueur moléculaire ne permet de les discriminer. Depuis près d'un siècle, la controverse existe concernant leur identité et deux théories s'affrontent. La première suggère que ces deux cellules sont des variantes issues d'un même progéniteur et que les différences morphologiques sont dues à un changement progressif de l'environnement cellulaire alors qu'une autre hypothèse suggère que ces deux cellules proviennent de progéniteurs neuronaux différents. Au cours de ma thèse j'ai étudié l'intégration des IGCM au sein de la couche moléculaire (CM) en caractérisant deux étapes clés de la formation des circuits GABAergiques, la migration et l'innervation de leur cible. En utilisant une combinaison de techniques telles que la microscopie bi-photonique et les greffes in vivo de progéniteurs neuronaux, j'ai mis en évidence que durant la première semaine post-natale, les IGCM quittent leur lieu de naissance pour rejoindre la CM en réalisant une seule étape de migration radiale. De manière intéressante certains IGCM accomplissent une étape de migration supplémentaire inédite tangentiellement à la surface piale pendant la deuxième semaine post-natale. Cette nouvelle phase de migration tangentielle des IGCM se déroule au sein de la couche granulaire externe où résident les cellules granulaires pré-migratoires dont les fibres qui expriment TAG-1 jouent un rôle essentiel en tant que support physique et participent à l'établissement des IGCM en mode “inside-out”. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que seule une sous-population de type cellule étoilée effectuerait cette étape supplémentaire, montrant ainsi une première divergence dans le processus de maturation des IGCM. Par la suite, je me suis intéressée à l'innervation des cellules de Purkinje par les CP nouvellement différenciées. En utilisant des techniques d'immuno-histochimie, j'ai tout d'abord montré que la Neuropiline-1 (NRP1), un des récepteurs de la Sémaphorine-3A, était exprimé au niveau des terminaisons axonales des CP. Enfin, grâce à l'analyse d'un mutant conditionnel pour NRP1, j'ai pu mettre en évidence qu'en plus de son rôle crucial dans le guidage axonal des CP, NRP1 est également impliquée dans l'innervation spécifique du segment initial axonal des cellules de Purkinje en interagissant avec une molécule d'adhésion cellulaire de la famille L1CAM, la Neurofascine. Ces résultats démontrent pour la première fois un rôle de NRP1 dans la transition entre l'étape de guidage avec celle de la reconnaissance cellulaire par les CP. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent fortement que les deux sous-types d'IGMC possèdent un programme génétique spécifique leur permettant de s'intégrer de manière unique au sein de la CM. / The establishment of functional neural circuits is built around a large cell diversity and requires the completion of a series of complexe events including proliferation, migration, differentiation, axon guidance, cell recognition and synaptogenesis of neural precursors. In the cerebellum, molecular layer GABAergic interneurons (MLGI) reach their final location during the first two post-natal weeks and differentiate into two cellular subtypes, the basket cells (BC) that innervate the Purkinje cell initial segment and the stellate cells that innervate the dendritic tree of the Purkinje cell, the principal cell of cerebellar cortex. Although these two cell types have distinct morphologies and innervate specific subcellular domains, no molecular marker allows to discriminate between them. For nearly a century, controversy exists concerning their identity and two theories exist. The first one suggests that these two cell types are variants derived from a single progenitor and that morphological divergence is due to a gradual change in the cellular environment while the other hypothesis suggests that these two cell types come from different progenitors. During my thesis, I studied the integration of the MLGI in the molecular layer (ML) characterizing two key steps in the formation of GABAergic circuits, migration and innervation of their target. Using a combination of techniques such as two-photon microscopy and in vivo transplantation of neural progenitors, I highlighted that during the first post-natal week, MLGI leave their birthplace to join the ML by performing a single radial migration step. Interestingly, some MLGI perform an unexpected additional migration step tangentially to the pial surface during the second post-natal week. This new phase of MLGI tangential migration takes place in the external granule cell layer where resident pre-migratory granule cells whose fibers expressing TAG-1 play an essential role as physical support and participate in the establishment of MLGI « inside-out » mode. In addition, our results suggest that only a stellate-like subpopulation would perform this extra step, bringing the first indication of an early divergence during MLGI maturation process. Then, I was interested in the innervation of Purkinje cells by newly differentiated BC. Using immunohistochemistry experiments, I first showed that Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a Semaphorin-3A receptor, was expressed in the BC axon terminals. Finally, through the analysis of a NRP1 conditional mutant, I brought out that, in addition to its critical implication in axon guidance, NRP1 is also involved in the specific innervation of the Purkinje cell axon initial segment by interacting with a cell adhesion molecule belonging to the L1 family, Neurofascin. These results demonstrate for the first time a role of NRP1 in the transition between the guidance and the cell recognition steps by BC. In conclusion, our results strongly support that the two MLGI subtypes have a specific genetic program allowing them to integrate within the ML in a unique manner.

Social isolation is commonly reported in individuals with isolated cleft lip and palate (ICLP), and is often cited as due to secondary factors of living with a facial malformation. However, the data are mixed, and the literature is biased to self-report studies. This study aimed to go beyond self-report data, and various components of social functioning were examined in a group of males with and without ICLP. The main aim of the study was to assess and compare social motivation in ICLP, and to relate social adjustment to brain structure. It was predicted that males with ICLP would be more likely to be socially isolated; however, self-concept was predicted to be similar to the comparison group (NC). Additionally, males with ICLP were predicted to have reduced social motivation (i.e., social abulia). Finally, volumes of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and the cerebellum were predicted to be related to social outcomes. The sample's age range was 13 - 25 years old, and 20 males with ICLP were compared to a group of 20 NC males. MRI scans were obtained from all the participants. As expected, males with ICLP were more likely to be socially isolated. Against predictions, they also had lower self-concept relative to the NC group. However, self-concept was not related to the extent of facial abnormality in the ICLP group. In line with predictions, the study did provide evidence for social abulia as a mechanism for social isolation, as males with ICLP had a more positive attitude after being socially excluded relative to excluded NC males. Unexpectedly however, the groups responded the same to social pressure, as all participants were more likely to take riskier turns in a driving simulator experiment when someone behind them was honking. Finally, social adjustment was significantly correlated with the volume of the mOFC, and posterior cerebellum white matter. Both correlations suggested that individuals with larger volumes were more likely to be better socially adjusted. In conclusion, the study provided evidence for a potentially different mechanism of social isolation in ICLP, and showed that brain morphology may at least partly underlie social dysfunction as well.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection during pregnancy severely injures the human fetal brain. Neonatal rats inoculated with LCMV are an excellent model of congenital LCMV infection, as they develop neuropathology, including cerebellar injuries, similar to those seen in humans. The goal of this thesis was to determine what underlies brain injury and the differential immune response and to determine the role of T-cells in LCMV induced pathology. First, I examined whether cytokine and chemokine expression after LCMV infection was higher in the cerebellum and olfactory bulbs, which undergo destruction, compared to the hippocampus and septum, which undergo no acute destruction. Second, I used T-cell deficient and T-cell competent animals to evaluate the role of T-lymphocytes in LCMV-induced cerebellar and hippocampus pathology. Finally, I characterized the migration abnormality that develops in the cerebellum after LCMV infection. My results showed that cytokine and chemokine expression is higher in the cerebellum and olfactory bulb than in the hippocampus and septum. Using astrocyte cultures, I determined that astrocytes isolated from the cerebellum have a more robust cytokine response to infection compared to astrocytes from the hippocampus. Furthermore, inoculation of congenitally athymic (rnu/rnu) rats, which are deficient in T-lymphocytes, demonstrated that cerebellar hypoplasia is T-cell independent while cerebellar destruction and abnormal neuron migration is T-cell dependent. In the hippocampus, T-cells protect against loss of dentate granule cells. A study of the migration abnormality determined that LCMV infection disrupts radial glia fibers and extends proliferation of granule cells in a T-cell dependent manner. The findings reported here support a pivotal role of the immune system in regional brain pathology as well as in the disruption of migration.

Le cervelet est une structure cérébrale impliquée dans de multiples fonctions motrices mais aussi cognitives et dont le développement postnatal est sous le contrôle de divers types de facteurs dont les neuropeptides. Les peptides capables d’agir sur le développement du cortex cérébelleux présentent généralement un profil d’expression particulier, avec chez le rongeur un pic d’expression au cours des 2 premières semaines postnatales. L’objectif de cette étude était d’identifier d’autres peptides présentant ce même type d’expression et de caractériser leurs potentiels effets au cours du développement du cortex cérébelleux, et plus particulièrement dans la mise en place des neurones en grain qui sont les plus abondants de cette structure. Pour cela, des cervelets de rats âgés de 8 à 90 jours ont été analysés par spectrométrie de masse. Parmi les 33 peptides identifiés, 4 présentent le profil recherché et nous avons choisi d’étudier l’un d’entre eux, la nociceptine. La mesure de l’expression du gène de la nociceptine et de son récepteur montre un profil d’expression similaire à celui observé en peptidomique. De plus, ces 2 gènes sont retrouvés principalement exprimés dans la couche granulaire interne du cortex cérébelleux par microdissection et qPcr. La recherche de la fonction de la nociceptine montre qu’elle exerce un effet neurotrophique en augmentant la survie et la différenciation des neurones en grain, sans affecter la motilité de ces cellules. Des tests préliminaires réalisés in vivo indiquent que la nociceptine est aussi capable de bloquer la toxicité induite par l’alcool. La dernière partie de l’étude avait pour but d’identifier de nouveaux neuropeptides exprimés dans le cervelet en utilisant une approche par séquençage de novo. L’application de filtres comme la récurrence des séquences peptidiques ou leur régulation au cours du développement a permis de ne retenir que 6 séquences pour la suite de l’analyse. Des études génomiques permettront de restreindre encore ce nombre afin de focaliser les tests d’activité biologique sur la ou les cibles qui ont la plus grande probabilité de correspondre à des peptides biologiquement actifs. / The cerebellum is a structure involved in many motor and cognitive functions whose development occurs after birth under the control of various factors, including neuropeptides. Peptides acting on cerebellar cortex development often exhibit a specific pattern of expression with in rodents a high expression over the 2 first postnatal weeks which then decreases at adulthood. The aim of this study was to identify additional peptides with such expression profile and to characterize their putative functions in the development of the cerebellar cortex and more particularly, in the establishment of cerebellar granule neurons which are the most abundant cells of the cerebellum. To address this, cerebella of rats aged from 8 to 90 days-old were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Among the 33 peptides identified in the cerebellum, 4 had the particular expression profile we were looking for. We choose to study further one of them, i.e. the nociceptin, and confirmed peptidomic results by measuring the expression of its gene precursor and of its receptor. Combining laser microdissection and qPCR approaches revealed that both nociceptin and its receptor genes were expressed in the internal granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Functional studies showed that nociceptin exerts a neurotrophic effect on granule neurons by increasing their survival and differentiation, but had no effect on their motility. Preliminary in vivo experiments indicate that nociceptin can also counteract ethanol-induced toxicity. The last part of the present study aimed to identify new neuropeptides expressed in the rat cerebellum by using de novo sequencing. The large amount of peptide sequences initially found was then reduced to only 6 candidates for further analysis, by using filters such as recurrence of the sequences and their differential expression in between the four developmental stages considered. Additional genomic studies will help to decrease even further this number, in order to focus the biological tests on the targets which are most likely to code for biological active peptides.

Le médulloblastome est la plus fréquente des tumeurs pédiatriques malignes du cerveau et est divisé en quatre sous-groupes moléculaires. Le groupe Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), caractérisé par l’activation de la voie SHH, présente une surexpression du facteur de transcription basique hélice-boucle-hélice Atoh1. Atoh1 est essentiel pour le développement du cervelet et plus spécifiquement pour la formation des précurseurs des cellules granulaires, qui sont aussi la cellule d’origine du médulloblastome SHH. Dans le médulloblastome SHH, Atoh1 agit comme un facteur pro-tumoral en collaboration avec la voie SHH. De plus, l’inhibition des niveaux protéiques d’Atoh1 inhibe la prolifération tumorale in vitro et in vivo. Etant donnée l’importance de la protéine Atoh1 dans la formation du médulloblastome SHH, Atoh1 pourrait être une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour traiter le médulloblastome SHH. Cependant, les mécanismes de régulation d’Atoh1 sont encore mal connus.Les modifications post-traductionnelles sont connues pour réguler les niveaux protéiques dans les cellules. Plusieurs types de modifications régulent la dégradation protéique et elles incluent l’ubiquitination et la phosphorylation. Nous avons décidé de nous concentrer dans un premier temps sur le rôle potentiel de la phosphorylation d’Atoh1 sur sa fonction et régulation durant le développement du cervelet et la formation de médulloblastome.Par une analyse de spectrométrie de masse, nous avons identifié douze sites de phosphorylation sur la protéine Atoh1. Parmi ces douze sites, seulement deux, la sérine 328 (S328) et la sérine 339 (S339), sont importantes pour la stabilité et la fonction de la protéine. En effet, les deux mutants de phosphorylation spécifiques de ces deux sites, Atoh1-S328A et Atoh1-S339A, ont une demi-vie plus longue ainsi qu’une activité transcriptionnelle augmentée dans les précurseurs des cellules granulaires par rapport à la forme sauvage d’Atoh1. Nous avons ensuite réalisé une purification d’affinité en tandem différentielle suivie par une analyse par la technologie d’identification protéique multidimensionnelle (MudPIT) pour définir les partenaires phospho-spécifiques d’Atoh1. Nous avons découvert que l’ubiquitine ligase E3 Huwe1 est responsable de la dégradation d’Atoh1 de manière phospho-dépendante dans les progéniteurs des cellules granulaires. Nous avons aussi montré que SHH protège Atoh1 de la dégradation médiée par Huwe1 par l’intermédiaire des phosphatases de la famille des PP2A. De manière importante, ce mécanisme de régulation d’Atoh1 est nécessaire au bon développement du cervelet. De plus, dans le contexte tumoral, un faible niveau d’ARNm d’HUWE1 est associé à une mauvaise survie chez les patients ayant un medulloblastome SHH.Au vu de ces résultats, nous souhaitons étudier plus en détail le rôle de la phosphorylation d’Atoh1 ainsi que la contribution de ce nouveau mécanisme dans le médulloblastome. Nous souhaiterions ainsi exploiter nos résultats pour développer de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques dans le médulloblastome SHH. / Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric malignant brain tumor and is divided in four subgroups by gene profiling. The well-known subgroup harboring an activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway shows an upregulation of the proneural basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Atoh1. Atoh1 is essential for cerebellum development and more specifically for the formation of the granule neuronal progenitors (GNPs), which are the cells of origin of SHH induced MB. In tumoral context, Atoh1 acts as a pro-tumor factor in cooperation with SHH pathway. In addition, the inhibition of Atoh1 protein level prevents MB proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Thus, given the strong implication of Atoh1 protein in MB formation, Atoh1 seems to be a potential therapeutic target to treat SHH MB. However, up to date, mechanisms underlying its regulation remain to be elucidated. Posttranslational modifications are known to regulate protein levels in cells. Several modifications regulate protein turnover including the two most prominent, ubiquitination and phosphorylation. We decided to focus primarily our study on a potential role of Atoh1’s phosphorylation on its function and regulation both during cerebellar development and MB genesis. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified twelve phosphorylation sites on Atoh1 protein. Among them, only two, the serine 328 (S328) and serine 339 (S339), were critical for Atoh1 stability and function. The two single phospho-deficient mutants, Atoh1-S328A and Atoh1-S339A, displayed a longer half-life and increased transcriptional activity in granule neuron progenitors when compared to the wild-type form of Atoh1. Next, we employed differential tandem affinity purification followed by Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) analysis to define Atoh1 phospho-specific partners. We uncovered that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 is responsible for Atoh1 degradation in a phospho-dependent manner in granule neuron progenitors. We also discovered that SHH protects Atoh1 against its degradation mediated by Huwe1 through the phosphatases of PP2A family. Importantly, this machinery is required for proper cerebellar development and we highlighted that low levels of HUWE1 are associated with a poor prognosis in patient harboring a SHH medulloblastoma.Given this data, we wish to dissect the role of Atoh1 phosphorylation, and the contribution of this new pathway in MB. We anticipate exploiting our findings to develop new therapeutic strategies in SHH MB.

Spatial learning in rodents requires normal functioning of hippocampal and cortical structures. Recent data suggest that the cerebellum may also be esential. Neurological mutant mice with dysgenesis of the cerebellum provide useful models to examine the effects of abnormal cerebellar function. Mice with one such mutation, Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd), in which Purkinje cells degenerate between the third and fourth postnatal weeks, were evaluated for performance of spatial navigation learning and visual guidance learning in the Morris maze swim-escape task. Unaffected littermates and C57BL/6J mice served as controls. Separate groups of pcd and control mice were tested at 30, 50 and 110 days of age. At all ages, pcd mice had severe deficits in distal-cue (spatial) navigation, failing to decrease path lengths over training and failing to express appropriate spatial biases on probe trials. On the proximal-cue (visual guidance) task, whenever performance differences between groups did occur, they were limited to the initial trials. The ability of the pcd mice to perform the proximal-cue but not the distal-cue task indicates that the massive spatial navigation deficit was not due simply to motor dysfunction. Histological evaluations confirmed that the pcd mutation resulted in Purkinje cell loss without significant depletion of cells in the hippocampal formation. Teese data provide further evidence that the cerebellum is vital for the expression of behavior directed by spatial cognitive processes.

Treatment of newborn rats with 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA, 60 μg/g IP) increased the levels of norepinephrine in the adult cerebellum and hindbrain. Concurrent treatment with morphine sulfate (20 μg/g IP) potentiated the response to 6-OHDOPA in the cerebellum and pons-medulla. In addition, increased noradrenergic neurite density in 4 week cerebellar cortex (as observed with histofluorescent staining by glyoxylic acid) suggests that neonatal morphine increased the sprouting of noradrenergic neurons in the 6-OHDOPA treated rats.

In order to demonstrate the influence of morphine on the developmental localization of regenerated noradrenergic fibers in rat cerebellum, a glyoxylic histofluorescent method and radiometric assay for norepinephrine (NE) were utilized. An initial reduction of NE in the cerebellum after 6-hydroxydopa [6-OHDOPA; 60 µg/g intraperitoneally (i.p.)] was followed by a return to control levels at 3 days, and an elevation above control levels at 7 days. The initial rates of recovery of NE in the cerebellum of the 6-OHDOPA group of rats and the group receiving morphine (20 µg/g i.p.) in combination with 6-OHDOPA were identical up to 7 days. However, by 14 days NE content was further elevated in the cerebellum of the morphine+6-OHDOPA group. Histofluorescent microscopic observations of the cerebellar cortex correlated with the biochemical findings. A reduction in cerebellar NE content at 3 days was associated with a reduction in the number of visible histofluorescent fibers in the cerebellar cortex. By 7 days the relative number of fibers in the 6-OHDOPA groups was similar to that seen in the control group, but by 9 days the relative number of fluorescent fibers in the cerebellar cortex was increased above control. By 13 days there was a further increase in the relative number of fluorescent fibers in the cerebellar cortex of the morphine+6-OHDOPA group, as compared to the group treated with 6-OHDOPA alone. These findings provide an anatomic correlate for recovery of noradrenergic fibers after 6-OHDOPA, and demonstrate an action of morphine in enhancing regenerative sprouting.

Orientador: Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano / Resumo: Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar as características ultrassonográficas (modo-B e da elastografia) das estruturas do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de fetos caninos, como método complementar para predizer a idade gestacional, avaliar o desenvolvimento dos conceptos, estabelecer padrões de normalidade e auxiliar no diagnóstico de anormalidades gestacionais. Foram utilizadas 26 cadelas braquicefálicas, da raça Bulldog Inglês, com idade entre um e quatro anos e meio. Os exames ultrassonográficos foram realizados em três momentos da gestação, aos 34, 49 e 60 dias, com o aparelho ACUSON S2000/SIEMENS e transdutor multifrequencial matricial e linear de 9,0 MHz. Foram avaliados três fetos de cada fêmea. Verificou-se a presença da massa cerebral fetal, seu formato em corte transversal, ecotextura e ecogenicidade, presença e mensuração da translucência nucal (TN). O cerebelo foi avaliado em corte transversal, verificando-se seu formato, ecotextura, ecogenicidade e comprimento do seu eixo maior. A elastografia foi aplicada ao tecido fetal cerebral e cerebelar obtendo-se velocidades médias de cisalhamento (m/s) e elastogramas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizado (cadelas), com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (dias gestacionais), e a análise estatística foi realizada pela análise de variância (ANOVA) com medidas repetidas no tempo. Das 26 ninhadas estudadas, 18 tiveram somente fetos saudáveis, 4 apresentaram fetos com anasarca, 3 apresentaram fetos com defeitos da p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ultrasound (B-mode and elastography) characteristics of canine fetal central nervous system structures as complementary method to predict gestational age, to evaluate the development of the fetuses, to establish normality patterns and to assist in diagnosis of gestational abnormalities. Twenty-six brachycephalic female dogs of the English Bulldog breed, aged between one and four and a half years were used. Ultrasound examinations were performed at three gestational moments, at 34, 49 and 60 gestation days, with the ACUSON S2000 / SIEMENS device and a 9.0 MHz matrix and linear multifrequency transducer. Three fetuses of each female were evaluated. The presence of fetal brain mass, its cross-sectional shape, echotexture and echogenicity, presence and measurement of nuchal translucency (TN) were verified. The cerebellum was evaluated in cross-section, verifying its shape, echotexture, echogenicity and length of its major axis. Elastography was applied to the fetal brain and cerebellar tissue to obtain mean velocities and elastograms. The experimental design was randomized in blocks (bitches) with plots subdivided in time (gestational days) and statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures over time. Of the 26 litters studied, 18 had only healthy fetuses, 4 had fetuses with anasarca, 3 had fetuses with abdominal wall defects, and 1 had both types of alterations. The TN was higher (P=0.02... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Le médulloblastome (MB), une tumeur formée à partir du cervelet en développement, est l’un des cancers pédiatriques malins les plus fréquents. Des profils d’expression géniques ont montré l’existence de quatre groupes distincts de MB qui présentent des profils moléculaires et des pronostics différents. Parmi ces groupes, l’un d’entre eux est caractérisé par une activation de la voie de signalisation Sonic Hedgehog (SHH). Ce groupe de MB provient des précurseurs de neurones en grain lors du développement cérébelleux. Les traitements actuels comprennent la chirurgie, la chimiothérapie ainsi que la radiothérapie, ce qui a pour effet d’altérer les capacités cognitives et sociales des survivants. Ainsi, des efforts considérables ont été mis en œuvre dans le but de trouver des cibles thérapeutiques afin de bloquer spécifiquement les mécanismes tumorigéniques sans affecter le développement normal. De récentes analyses à grande échelle ont révélé le rôle crucial de mécanismes épigénétiques, et en particulier dans le groupe SHH, dans lequel la perte de fonction d’un certain nombre de modificateurs chromatiniens a été identifiée. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de ma thèse est d'étudier l'implication de potentiels candidats modificateur chromatinien, à la fois au cours du développement cérébelleux et lors du MB SHH. Nous avons concentré notre étude sur plusieurs modificateurs de la chromatine qui ont été trouvés mutés dans les MB SHH humains. Nous avons commencé l’étude avec trois modificateurs chromatiniens sélectionnés selon (i) leur impact sur la survie, (ii) leur expression au cours du développement du cervelet, (iii) leur expression dans les MB SHH humains et nous sommes finalement concentré sur un.Afin d'étudier ce candidat, un objectif important de ma thèse a été de développer des outils fiables. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé des modèles de souris knock-out conditionnelles et le système CRISPR-cas9 dans le développement cérébelleux postnatal afin d'étudier l'impact de la perte du candidat à la fois dans le développement du cervelet et dans le MB SHH. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes moléculaires contrôlés par ce modificateur de la chromatine. Plus précisément, nous avons défini (i) l’interactome, et (ii) des cibles transcriptionnelles spécifiques qui nous ont aidé à comprendre comment une protéine impliquée dans la modification de la chromatine peut favoriser l’état tumoral. En conclusion, ces travaux permettent de mettre en évidence comment la perte de la fonction de modificateur chromatinien spécifique peut différemment affecter le destin cellulaire dans le développement normal cérébelleux et dans le MB SHH et soulève la question d’une prise en charge plus personnalisée des patients atteints de MB SHH. / Medulloblastoma (MB), a tumor arising from the developing cerebellum, is one of the most common malignant pediatric brain tumors. Gene expression profiling showed the existence of four groups of MB with distinct molecular profiles and patient outcomes. Among these groups, one of them is associated with an activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway.This specific group is thought to arise from cerebellar Granule Neuron Progenitors (GNPs) during cerebellar development. The actual treatment is heavy and consists of surgery, chemotherapy as well as radiotherapy impairing social and cognitive ability of survivors. Thus, considerable effort has been made in order to find drug targets that would specifically block tumorigenic mechanisms without affecting normal development.Recent large scale analysis revealed the crucial role of epigenetic mechanisms, and especially in the SHH group of MB in which loss of function mutation of several chromatin modifiers has been identified. Thus, the main goal of my PhD is to study the involvement of potential candidate chromatin modifiers both during cerebellar development and in SHH MB.We focused our study on several chromatin modifiers that were found mutated in human SHH MB. We began to study three chromatin modifiers that were selected according to (i) their impact on survival, (ii) their expression during cerebellar development, (iii) their expression in human SHH MB and finally we selected one for further functional validation.In order to study this candidate, one important goal of my PhD has been to develop reliable tools. In that context, we developed conditional knock-out mice models and the CRISPR-Cas9 system in postnatal cerebellar development in order to study the impact of the loss of this chromatin modifier both in cerebellar development and SHH MB initiation. Then, we investigated the molecular mechanisms controlled by this chromatin modifier. In particular, we defined (i) the interactome, and (ii) specific target genes that helped us understanding how a protein implicated in chromatin modification can favor tumors. In conclusion, this work provides insights into how the loss of function of a specific chromatin modifier can differentially affect cell fate in the context of normal cerebellar development and in SHH MB, stressing the question of a more personalized patient care.