O presente estudo descritivo-comparativo refere-se à tradução juramentada de documentos realizada no par de línguas português e italiano. Sendo o ato tradutório um processo complexo, implica em várias etapas a serem cumpridas, desde o recebimento da informação transmitida pela língua de partida, a análise imediata do tradutor de seu conteúdo e objetivo, a pesquisa terminológica a ser realizada nesse documento para a certificação da equivalência/correspondência em realidades situacionais jurídicas e administrativas diferentes e as decisões que ele deve tomar para preencher as lacunas linguísticas provenientes dessa diversidade. Para a realização do seu trabalho, o tradutor juramentado conta com um prazo pré-estabelecido, além de um escasso material lexicográfico bilíngue de apoio. Na maioria das vezes, suas decisões sobre esse árduo percurso são imediatas, pontuais e solitárias. Assim, objetiva-se com este estudo fundamentar a sua prática tradutória em uma teoria dos estudos da tradução, para justificar tais decisões. Ao longo deste trabalho, foram apresentados diversos tipos de documentos que são utilizados na prática de atos civis das pessoas e que, ao transpor continentes, são mediados pelo tradutor juramentado, quando a comprovação de seu teor deve ser atestada e traduzida/vertida, para cumprir determinado objetivo em países estrangeiros que se comunicam. Esses documentos são de valor incontestável desde épocas remotas até os dias atuais. Isso será brevemente relatado no surgimento dos cartórios, que objetivavam o registro dos atos civis dos habitantes de uma comunidade, na criação das Juntas Comerciais, que sempre visaram à fiscalização e ao registro da vida comercial das sociedades, até nossos dias, em que são utilizados para formalizar transações intercontinentais. No discorrer da pesquisa, foi dado um pequeno enfoque para a importância do verbo em contextos jurídicos, estudo este fundamentado na teoria dos Atos de Fala. Visto que o tradutor juramentado é investido de poder para o ofício que executa ao certificar suas traduções, a referida Teoria é relevante ao ser também comprovada na pratica do ato tradutório. A análise comparativa terminológica principal deste estudo foi realizada tomando-se como base dois documentos transcritos no par de línguas português e italiano: o TERMO DE AUDIÊNCIA EM AÇÃO DE DIVÓRCIO DIRETO CONSENSUAL e VERBALE DI COMPARIZIONE DEI CONIUGI ALL´UDIENZA CAMERALE DI DIVORZIO CONGIUNTO. Nela, procurando-se estabelecer o grau de equivalência/correspondência nas línguas português e italiano e a comprovação de semelhanças no uso de sintagmas verbais encontrados no corpo dos dois documentos, constatou-se a existência terminológica total em alguns segmentos e parcial em outros. Fundamentar a prática tradutória em uma teoria da tradução foi de imensa importância para a conclusão deste trabalho, não só pela justificativa das decisões pessoais tomadas pelo tradutor juramentado no processo tradutório, mas pela comprovação teórica desses atos, obtida através dos estudos incansáveis realizados por esses pesquisadores da língua. / This comparative-descriptive study refers to the certified translation of documents held in the pair of Portuguese and Italian languages. Being the Translational Act a complex process, it involves several steps to be complied, since the receiving of the information supplied by the source language, the immediate analysis of the translator of its content and purpose, the terminological research to be held in this document to the certification of the equivalence/correspondence in different legal and administrative situational realities and the decisions he must take in order to fill the linguistic gaps from this diversity. For the completion of a work, the certified translator has a pre-established deadline, and a scarce bilingual lexicographic support material. Most of the time, their decisions on this arduous journey are immediate, timely and lonely. Thus, the objective of this study is to substantiate its translation practice on a theory of translation studies, to justify such decisions. Throughout this work, various types of documents that are used in the practice of civil acts of people and that, when transposing continents, are mediated by a certified translator, when the evidence of its content must be certified and translated to fulfill a particular purpose in foreign countries which communicate to each other, were presented. These documents are of incontestable value since ancient times to the present day. This will be briefly reported in the emergence of registry offices, which aimed the registration of civil acts of the inhabitants of a community, from the creation of Trade Boards, which have always aimed at the supervision and registration of the commercial life of society, to this day, when they are used to formalize intercontinental transactions. In the discourse of the research, it has been given a small focus to the importance of the verb used in legal contexts, being this study based on the Theory of Speech Acts. Since the certified translator is vested with power to the work that he performs when certifying the translations, the referred Theory is also relevant when proven in the practice of the translation act. The main terminological comparative analysis of this study was performed taking base on two documents transcribed in the pair of the Portuguese and Italian languages: TERM OF HEARING IN DIRECT CONSENSUS DIVORCE ACTION and VERBALE DI COMPARIZIONE DEI CONIUGI ALL\'UDIENZA CAMERALE DI DIVORZIO CONGIUNTO. In it, seeking to establish the degree of equivalence / correspondence in the Portuguese and Italian languages and the evidence of similarities in the use of verb phrases found in the body of the two documents, there was total terminological existence in some segments and partial in others. Substantiating the translation practice in a theory of translation was of immense importance to the completion of this work, not only by the background of the personal decisions made by the certified translator in the Translational process, but by the theoretical evidence of these acts, obtained through the tireless studies carried out by these researchers of the language.

O Brasil é um dos grandes produtores mundiais de minério de ferro e exporta a maior parte da sua produção. No comércio internacional é importante assegurar a comparabilidade dos resultados analíticos obtidos em diferentes laboratórios. Uma variação de 0,1 % na média do teor de ferro pode aumentar ou diminuir em muito o valor de um grande carregamento de minério. Assim, os sistemas de garantia da qualidade dos laboratórios necessitam de materiais de referência. Este trabalho estudou a preparação de um lote de minério de ferro (pelotizado) como material de referência, certificando os teores de vários constituintes por meio de um programa interlaboratorial. Treze laboratórios participaram do programa e dezoito componentes do minério tiveram seus teores certificados: Fetotal (65,1%), SiO2 (2,76%), Al2O3 (0,46%), TiO2 (0,056%), P (0,026%), S (0,003%), MnO (0,094%), CaO (3,31%), MgO (0,043%), K2O (0,013%), Ba (0,004%), Zn (13 mg/kg), Cu (10 mg/kg), Co (12 mg/kg), Cr (56 mg/kg), Pb (15 mg/kg), Ni (14 mg/kg), V (48 mg/kg). / Brazil is one of the great worldwide iron ore producers and exports most of its production. In the international trade it is important to make sure the comparison of the analytical results among different laboratories. A variation of 0,1% in the average of the iron content can increase or decrease the value of a large ore shipment. Thus, the quality guarantee systems of the laboratories need certified reference materials. The aim of this work was the preparation an amount of iron ore (pellets) as reference material, being certified content of some constituents through an interlaboratory program. Thirteen laboratories participated of the program and eighteen components of the ore had its content certified: Fetotal (65,1%), SiO2 (2,76%), Al2O3 (0,46%), TiO2 (0,056%), P (0,026%), S (0,003%), MnO (0,094%), CaO (3,31%), MgO (0,043%), K2O (0,013%), Ba (0,004%), Zn (13 mg/kg), Cu (10 mg/kg), Co (12 mg/kg), Cr (56 mg/kg), Pb (15 mg/kg), Ni (14 mg/kg), V (48 mg/kg).

Syfte: Runt om i Sveriges 290 kommuner jobbar byggnadsinspektörer med att tillämpa Plan- och bygglagen (PBL). Inom lagstiftningen förekommer begreppet sakkunniga, där man i lagändringen 2011 införde krav på certifiering. Majoriteten av alla certifieringsområden för sakkunniga som skulle ha införts uteblev och i nuläget saknas möjlighet att tillämpa lagen som den var menad. Studien undersöker därför hur byggnadsinspektörerna hanterar avsaknaden av certifieringsområden och personer utan certifiering. Målet med studien är att utreda hur kommunernas byggnadsinspektörer skapar mening till tolkningen av begreppet sakkunnig och hur det används vid tillämpningen av Plan- och bygglagen. Metod: Studien har följt en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer med nio byggnadsinspektörer i sex olika kommuner. Intervjuerna är konfidentiella. Till metoderna hör också en inledande litteraturstudie. Intervjusvaren har antecknats, generaliserats och jämförts genom metoden komparation. Resultat: I samtliga kommuner förekommer det en blandning av certifierade sakkunniga och de som saknar certifiering. Alla byggnadsinspektörer tolkar begreppet sakkunnig som en certifierad person, men vissa avviker ibland från att använda certifierade personer. Det som påverkar byggnadsinspektörernas tolkning av begreppet sakkunnig är främst det sociala arbetsklimatet och de kollegor som man har. Det kan konstateras att hanteringen är en spegling av inspektörernas meningsskapande och att de flesta kommuner hanterar avsaknaden av certifierade personer genom att se det rimliga i situationen. Konsekvenser: Den problematik som studien framställer besannades via intervjuerna med byggnadsinspektörerna. PBL tillämpas inte som den ska med certifierade sakkunniga, då det saknas föreskrifter för flera områden samt att det saknas certifierade personer i vissa kommuner. Inspektörerna upplever dock inte något större problem med hanteringen, eftersom de täcker upp lagens brister och avsaknad av certifieringsområden genom att tillämpa den äldre plan- och bygglagen (ÄPBL), och gör egna bedömningar. Inspektörerna hanterar det på ett pragmatiskt och rimligt sätt snarare än lagmässigt korrekt. Begränsningar: Studien begränsas till att undersöka sakkunniga inom ramen för PBL. Eftersom certifierade kontrollansvariga har en annorlunda roll jämfört med andra sakkunniga behandlas de inte i denna studie. / Purpose: Throughout the 290 municipalities in Sweden, building inspectors work with applying the Planning and Building Act (PBL).  Within the legislation the term “expert” (in Swedish “sakkunnig”) is present, where the amendment in the law 2011 introduced a requirement for certification. The majority of all certification areas for experts that should have been introduced were left out and at present there is no possibility of applying the law as it was intended. The study therefore investigates how the building inspectors handle the absence of certification areas and persons without certifications. The aim of the study is to investigate how the municipalities building inspectors make sense of the interpretation of the term expert and how it is used in the application of the Planning and Building Act. Method: The study has been following a qualitative method in the form of interviews with nine building inspectors in six different municipalities. The interviews are confidential. The method also includes an initial literature study. The interview answers has been noted, generalized and compared by the method of comparison. Findings: In all the municipalities there is a mixture of certified experts and those who lack certification. All the building inspectors interpret the term expert as a certified person, but sometimes they deviate from using certified persons. The influence on building inspectors’ interpretation of the term expert is foremost the social work environment and the colleagues that one has. It can be stated that the handling is a reflection of the building inspectors’ sensemaking and that most municipalities handle the absence of certified persons by looking at the reasonableness in the situation. Implications: The problem that the study describes has come true through interviews with the building inspectors. PBL is not applied as it should be with certified experts, because there is a lack of regulations for more areas and a lack of certified persons in some municipalities. The building inspectors however do not experience a major problem with the handling because they cover the laws deficiencies and lack of certification areas by applying the older Planning and Building Act (ÄPBL), and making their own assessments. The inspectors handle it in a pragmatic and reasonable manner rather than legally correct. Limitations: The study is limited to investigate experts within the framework of PBL. Because certified persons in charge of inspections have a different role compared to other experts, they are not included in this study.

The thesis examines how resource-poor smallholder farmers in Mexico are integrated into a Global Value Chain. Most Global Value Chains depend on production located in developing countries. In agriculture, Global Value Chain tend to concentrate production in large enterprises and exclude smallholder farmers. The logic of Global Value Chains is to reduce the cost of production by allocating low value activities, such as production of commodities to developing countries to take advantage of cheap labour cost. High value activities such as branding, marketing and product development remain in high income countries. The thesis consists of the in-depth case study of San Francisco Produce/Peninsula Organics (SFP/PO) Global Value Chain. It is located throughout Southern Baja Peninsula in Mexico and San Francisco California, U.S.A. It sells organic certified produce to the American market, particularly California and east coast. SFP/PO was founded by a social entrepreneur and has been functioning for over 30 years. This Global Value Chain has an explicit social purpose. It focuses on integrating smallholder farmers into agricultural production. This value chain requires farmers to adopt organic production. The methods consisted of semi-structured interviews. In total, 50 interviews were conducted in Mexico to farmers that belong to the value chain in 9 co-operatives and 3 single farmers. The interviews focused on how farmers learned organic production to meet quality requirements of global buyers. The analysis uses three perspectives to explain the integration of smallholder farmers into SFP/PO and the development of organic production capabilities. First Global Value Chains are used to describe the network, connections and production activities smallholder farmers and global buyer carry out. The study sheds light on how the value chain achieves its social aims by using global markets and providing external inputs to improve farmers' livelihoods. Second, using Technological Capabilities the study explains the skills farmers need to develop to participate in the value chain. Third, a Communities of Practice perspective is used to explain how social learning is involved in developing production capabilities. The research explains how farmers collectively define competence and how they display three different levels of participation in the value chain, periphery, medium and full participation. And fourth, using the theory of Knowing in Action, the research explores co-learning between novice and expert farmers and the interactions among farmers that results in co-innovation to develop new technical solutions and crop varieties. The thesis presents a case of a value chain which is motivated by social purpose to improve livelihoods of smallholder farmers. The study demonstrates that there is a change of ethos, where global value chain integrates farmers into agricultural production. These data highlight the importance of social structures which allow farmer-to-farmer connections which enhance novice farmer skills enabling interactions where there is respect, and negotiation of knowledge. These interactions take indigenous farmers' knowledge into account in ways that can be acknowledged and harnessed in the form of practices and techniques to produce globally marketable products.

O presente estudo descritivo-comparativo refere-se à tradução juramentada de documentos realizada no par de línguas português e italiano. Sendo o ato tradutório um processo complexo, implica em várias etapas a serem cumpridas, desde o recebimento da informação transmitida pela língua de partida, a análise imediata do tradutor de seu conteúdo e objetivo, a pesquisa terminológica a ser realizada nesse documento para a certificação da equivalência/correspondência em realidades situacionais jurídicas e administrativas diferentes e as decisões que ele deve tomar para preencher as lacunas linguísticas provenientes dessa diversidade. Para a realização do seu trabalho, o tradutor juramentado conta com um prazo pré-estabelecido, além de um escasso material lexicográfico bilíngue de apoio. Na maioria das vezes, suas decisões sobre esse árduo percurso são imediatas, pontuais e solitárias. Assim, objetiva-se com este estudo fundamentar a sua prática tradutória em uma teoria dos estudos da tradução, para justificar tais decisões. Ao longo deste trabalho, foram apresentados diversos tipos de documentos que são utilizados na prática de atos civis das pessoas e que, ao transpor continentes, são mediados pelo tradutor juramentado, quando a comprovação de seu teor deve ser atestada e traduzida/vertida, para cumprir determinado objetivo em países estrangeiros que se comunicam. Esses documentos são de valor incontestável desde épocas remotas até os dias atuais. Isso será brevemente relatado no surgimento dos cartórios, que objetivavam o registro dos atos civis dos habitantes de uma comunidade, na criação das Juntas Comerciais, que sempre visaram à fiscalização e ao registro da vida comercial das sociedades, até nossos dias, em que são utilizados para formalizar transações intercontinentais. No discorrer da pesquisa, foi dado um pequeno enfoque para a importância do verbo em contextos jurídicos, estudo este fundamentado na teoria dos Atos de Fala. Visto que o tradutor juramentado é investido de poder para o ofício que executa ao certificar suas traduções, a referida Teoria é relevante ao ser também comprovada na pratica do ato tradutório. A análise comparativa terminológica principal deste estudo foi realizada tomando-se como base dois documentos transcritos no par de línguas português e italiano: o TERMO DE AUDIÊNCIA EM AÇÃO DE DIVÓRCIO DIRETO CONSENSUAL e VERBALE DI COMPARIZIONE DEI CONIUGI ALL´UDIENZA CAMERALE DI DIVORZIO CONGIUNTO. Nela, procurando-se estabelecer o grau de equivalência/correspondência nas línguas português e italiano e a comprovação de semelhanças no uso de sintagmas verbais encontrados no corpo dos dois documentos, constatou-se a existência terminológica total em alguns segmentos e parcial em outros. Fundamentar a prática tradutória em uma teoria da tradução foi de imensa importância para a conclusão deste trabalho, não só pela justificativa das decisões pessoais tomadas pelo tradutor juramentado no processo tradutório, mas pela comprovação teórica desses atos, obtida através dos estudos incansáveis realizados por esses pesquisadores da língua. / This comparative-descriptive study refers to the certified translation of documents held in the pair of Portuguese and Italian languages. Being the Translational Act a complex process, it involves several steps to be complied, since the receiving of the information supplied by the source language, the immediate analysis of the translator of its content and purpose, the terminological research to be held in this document to the certification of the equivalence/correspondence in different legal and administrative situational realities and the decisions he must take in order to fill the linguistic gaps from this diversity. For the completion of a work, the certified translator has a pre-established deadline, and a scarce bilingual lexicographic support material. Most of the time, their decisions on this arduous journey are immediate, timely and lonely. Thus, the objective of this study is to substantiate its translation practice on a theory of translation studies, to justify such decisions. Throughout this work, various types of documents that are used in the practice of civil acts of people and that, when transposing continents, are mediated by a certified translator, when the evidence of its content must be certified and translated to fulfill a particular purpose in foreign countries which communicate to each other, were presented. These documents are of incontestable value since ancient times to the present day. This will be briefly reported in the emergence of registry offices, which aimed the registration of civil acts of the inhabitants of a community, from the creation of Trade Boards, which have always aimed at the supervision and registration of the commercial life of society, to this day, when they are used to formalize intercontinental transactions. In the discourse of the research, it has been given a small focus to the importance of the verb used in legal contexts, being this study based on the Theory of Speech Acts. Since the certified translator is vested with power to the work that he performs when certifying the translations, the referred Theory is also relevant when proven in the practice of the translation act. The main terminological comparative analysis of this study was performed taking base on two documents transcribed in the pair of the Portuguese and Italian languages: TERM OF HEARING IN DIRECT CONSENSUS DIVORCE ACTION and VERBALE DI COMPARIZIONE DEI CONIUGI ALL\'UDIENZA CAMERALE DI DIVORZIO CONGIUNTO. In it, seeking to establish the degree of equivalence / correspondence in the Portuguese and Italian languages and the evidence of similarities in the use of verb phrases found in the body of the two documents, there was total terminological existence in some segments and partial in others. Substantiating the translation practice in a theory of translation was of immense importance to the completion of this work, not only by the background of the personal decisions made by the certified translator in the Translational process, but by the theoretical evidence of these acts, obtained through the tireless studies carried out by these researchers of the language.

No description available.

In this study, certified nursing assistants (CNAs) who work regularly with long-term care residents with dementia were interviewed to investigate whether they considered providing social and emotional support to people with dementia an important part of their jobs. They were given an online survey, then each participated in an in-person interview that was recorded and later transcribed and analyzed for common themes. Through data analysis, I found that the participating CNAs unanimously considered social support to be an important aspect of caring for someone with dementia, and several personal values were associated with this perspective. They also reported the trainings they had received in preparation for dementia care were largely not sufficient to prepare them for interacting effectively with the residents. Additionally, they cited various other barriers that impede their ability to provide the social support they feel is necessary to provide. Overall, this sample of CNAs did not provide great diversity, and future research should compare these results to more diverse groups.

Elder bullying is on the rise and occurs in many contexts such as senior living communities and nursing homes, causing concern for the well-being of the residents by families, staff, themselves, and society in general. Although research has been limited, it does reveal that resident-to-resident bullying in nursing homes is a problem warranting further scholarly attention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of certified nursing assistants (CNAs) regarding resident-to-resident bullying in nursing homes. The theory of reasoned action and the theory of reflective equilibrium provided a conceptual lens from which to explore and describe the importance of the CNAs' attitudes and behavior when recognizing, observing, and addressing bullying incidences. A phenomenological research design was employed. Using open-ended questions, 10 CNAs were individually interviewed. One major discovery of the study was that 100% of the CNAs interviewed indicated that they experienced resident-to-resident bullying and that it was a major problem in the nursing home. The findings of this study presented many possibilities for positive social change across all levels, from individuals and families to nursing home organizations and society as a whole, but most importantly, it increased awareness about bullying across nursing homes as the ultimate goal was for the improvement on the quality of life experienced by residents in nursing homes.

According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), approximately 1.3 million U.S. residents are residing in nursing homes. CMS enforced regulations in the Nursing Home Reform Act. Training in the use of restraints in nursing homes is monitored through the CMS standards. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a correlation between training standards of health care practitioners and their use of restraints in nursing homes based on the patterns of citations by RNs and CNAs. Data were collected from Kansas, Louisiana, and Ohio within the CMS Nursing Home Data Compendium. The key research question examined differences in standard training requirements, policies, and citations regarding restraint use in the selected states. The theoretical framework for this study was the social influence theory. The results of the analysis of variance indicated that between 2008 and 2012, there were significant differences in policy and standards requirements for the training of registered nurses and certified nursing assistants regarding restraint use; there was also a relationship between the training of staff and the number of citations of restraint use in Kansas, Louisiana, and Ohio. There were significant (p < .02) variations throughout the 3 states regarding the policies, procedures, and training expectations. The positive social change that could result from these findings is the standardization of training that may help decrease restraint use and become the foundation of more respectful and caring practices in nursing homes.

There is a worldwide shortage of direct care workers who help older adults in their own homes. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that owners of home health care businesses can use to retain adequate direct care workers for their businesses. Five home care agency owners from Wake County, North Carolina, participated. Each owner had successfully implemented strategies to ensure adequate caregivers to sustain the business. Human relations theory was used to address the business problem. Data collection involved interviewing the 5 owners of home care agency businesses in their offices. Through a process of methodological triangulation, observations and documentary evidence supplemented data collected through semistructured interviews. Deductive and inductive coding were used to arrange and identify 3 emergent themes: company reputation, training and career development, and the role of government. The results of this study may contribute to social change because home care agency owners and other business owners can use the findings to improve on their treatment of low income workers which may help eradicate discrimination to ethnic minorities.