Purpose of Review: Interactions between microorganisms can alter subsequent disease outcomes. Human papilloma virus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) establish human genital co-infections, and CT infection is a co-factor for HPV-induced cervical cancer. This review focuses upon (i) data indicating that clinically significant interactions occur and (ii) proposed mechanisms underlying these outcomes. Recent Findings: Epidemiological surveys indicate that (i) simultaneous HPV/CT genital co-infections are common; (ii) CT co-infection accelerates HPV-induced cytopathology; and (iii) HPV infection facilitates CT infection. Single-infection studies suggest specific molecular mechanisms by which co-infection alters clinical outcomes, including (i) HPV E6/E7 protein modification of host cell pathways enhances CT replication or immune evasion and (ii) CT-mediated host cell or neutrophil dysfunctions promote HPV-mediated neoplasia. Summary: There are multiple avenues for future dissection of HPV/CT interactions. Moreover, the known and potential health consequences of co-infection highlight the need for improving current HPV vaccines and developing an effective CT vaccine.

Cancer metastasis is a highly complex process and is of great clinical importance since majority of cancer related mortality is associated with metastatic disease rather than primary tumor. The fact that cancer metastasis can develop years or even decades after primary tumor diagnosis, makes this process even more complex and therefore its understanding is of vital importance. Cervical cancer (CxC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and cause of death among gynecologic cancers worldwide. In this chapter, our aim is to provide a broad overview of risk factors, modes of metastasis and major molecular factors and signaling pathways involved in the progression and metastasis of CxC. The understanding of these factors will enhance the knowledge of CxC pathogenesis and targeting these pathways would help combat against CxC and its metastasis.

Pap smear screening detects cervical cancer in its earliest stages, yet thousands of women in the United States die annually from this disease. Social networking websites commonly provide information about recommended health screenings. In this quantitative study, the Health Belief Model provided the theoretical framework to determine if the use of social networking websites affected nurses' decisions to receive Pap smear screening. A convenience sample of nurses was used, with the rationale that they were knowledgeable of and receptive to participating in a relevant health study. A total of 2,336 registered nurses practicing in Durham, North Carolina were invited to participate in the study. Over a period of 4 weeks, 107 participants responded to questions from the Health Belief Questionnaire and Pew Internet and American Life survey through an electronic questionnaire. Chi-square analysis determined the association between the receipt of Pap smear screening and the use of a social networking website use. Logistic regression further analyzed this association with age as a covariate. Nearly all participants reported having a Pap smear screening within the last 12 months. However, the lack of significant results showed that social networking website use was not a factor for higher screening rates. Despite the non-significant findings, the participants nevertheless reported a high use of social networking websites. These findings indicate that such platforms can be used to educate women on the importance of Pap smear screening. The study's implications for positive social change are to use such sites to more effectively, to promote and educate on the importance of Pap smear screening.

This study applied the constructs of the health belief model (HBM) to assess women's knowledge and attitudes (i.e., perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers) regarding cervical cancer, HPV, and the HPV vaccine and determine whether they predict women's intentions to receive the HPV vaccine. Women aged 18 to 26 years were surveyed from a convenience sample, and were primarily well-educated White women. Using Polytomous Universal Model (PLUM) ordinal regression, it was determined that the constructs of this model could not predict women's intentions of receiving the HPV vaccine.

Introduction: Globally approximately 570,000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer during the year 2018 making the condition the fourth most common cancer in women. Studies indicate that migrant women are screened for cervical cancer to a lower extent than nonmigrant women, which is a problem that requires attention. Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe migrants' experiences of cervical cancer screening. The aim was specified with two questions: What do migrant women experience as hindering regarding screening for cervical cancer? What do migrant women experience as facilitating regarding screening for cervical cancer? Method: A descriptive design with a literature review was used, twelve scientific qualitative articles were reviewed and analysed. Results: The four main themes were: barriers related to the healthcare system, sociocultural barriers, barrier at the individual level, and factors that promote participation in cervical cancer screening. The results showed that the main barriers were insufficient knowledge, language barriers and cultural barriers. Facilitating factors included cultural adaption and increased dissemination of information. Conclusion: In order to also suit immigrant women development of the screening programmes in the countries included in the bachelor thesis (Sweden, Norway, Finland, USA and Canada) is needed.

This is a non-final version of an article published in final form in International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. Final publication is available at http://journals.lww.com/ijgc/Pages/default.aspx / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19557号 / 医博第4064号 / 新制||医||1013(附属図書館) / 32593 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 武藤 学, 教授 平岡 眞寛, 教授 古川 壽亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20232号 / 医博第4191号 / 新制||医||1019(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 戸井 雅和, 教授 武田 俊一, 教授 鈴木 実 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21628号 / 医博第4434号 / 新制||医||1033(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 溝脇 尚志, 教授 平井 豊博, 教授 森田 智視 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Bakgrund: Livmoderhalscancer är en gynekologisk sjukdom vilken påverkar kvinnors livskvalitet. För att utveckla förståelse för kvinnors vårdbehov, är det viktigt att sjuksköterskor tar ansvar för att främja kvinnors hälsa. Sjuksköterskor behöver ha kompetens att utgå ifrån individens livsmiljö samt bemöta kvinnor på ett individuellt sätt vilket baseras på personcentrerad vård.  Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med livmoderhalscancer. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har genomförts enligt Fribergs beskrivning. Underlaget till resultatet utgörs av tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Databaserna Cinahl complete och PubMed användes. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fyra huvudteman: Behov av att hantera förändringar i vardagen; Behov av stöd, kunskap och information; Behov av stöd för att kunna hantera sina känslor samt Behov av stöd gällande sexualitet och närhet.  Slutsats: Utifrån litteraturöversikten konkluderas att kvinnor som lever med livmoderhalscancer haft begränsade resurser på grund av kulturella aspekter, kunskap samt att sjuksköterskan tar hänsyn till den sociala aspekter för att påvisa samband mellan kvinnors upplevelser, livsmiljö samt främja kvinnors hälsa. / Background: Cervical cancer is a gynecological disease that affects women's quality of life. To develop a pre-understanding of women's medical needs it is important that nurses take responsibility for promoting women's health. Nurses need to have the competence to understand the individual's living environment and to treat women in an individual way, which is based on person-centered care. Aim: The aim with the literature review was to describe women's experience to live with cervical cancer.   Method: A literature review was conducted according to Friberg and analysis methods. The basis of results is performed by ten qualitative scientific articles. The Cinahl complete and PubMed databases were used. Results: The result presented into four main themes; the need to deal with changes everyday, the need to support, knowledge and information, the need to deal with emotions and the need for support regarding sexuality and relationships Conclusion: A literature review concludes that women living with cervical cancer have experienced a lack of information about the disease and limited resources of cultural difference. It is important that the nurse sees a connection between women's experience and their living environment.

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