The Nigerian banking system is experiencing changes brought about by globalization. Operating in a changing business environment requires that bank leaders evolve strategies to manage and adapt to change. There are direct and indirect costs associated when banks are unable to adapt to change such as bank closures, and loss of economic and business opportunities. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of Nigerian bank leaders regarding strategies they used to manage change in the banking industry. The conceptual framework was based on transformational leadership theory and change management theory. Data were collected from document analysis and semistructured interviews with 30 practitioners in the Nigerian banking industry who have had experience in managing organizational change in the banking industry in Nigeria. Thematic analysis revealed 8 strategies: adoption and application of technology, increased staff training, effective communication, cultural reorientation, customer service quality, cost optimization, deployment of change champions, and adoption of transformational leadership style. The findings from this study may contribute to positive social change by providing policy makers and other bank leaders with more insights on how to manage and adapt to change. Implementing these strategies may help reduce the rate of bank failures and its adverse effects on employees, families, and communities.

As the need for cost-efficient, talented teams continues to grow, leaders often consider the use of globally dispersed teams, also defined as virtual teams. Despite the apparent benefits, the unique needs of virtual team members are often overlooked in general leadership, change management, and retention discussions. Leaders need to understand contributing factors to the attrition of virtual workers. The foundation for this research included theories of employee retention and change management. The research question for this qualitative phenomenological study focused on the lived experiences of current or former virtual financial services workers regarding job retention. Participants were chosen using purposeful sampling resulting in the selection of 15 individuals who had worked on a virtual financial services team within the past 3 years. The researcher used open-ended interview questions to report the lived experiences of virtual team members related to attrition, retention, and change. The researcher used the phenomenological descriptive approach for the analysis. A combination of hand coding and coding software revealed recurring themes. Themes from the results of the study included challenges of the virtual environment, leadership improvements, productivity impacts resulting from disengagement of the leader, and improvement of communication strategies. Suggestions for further research include frequency of communication, leadership training, team member selection, and further theory development for virtual leaders. The impact to positive social change occurs when virtual workers are satisfied in their role, thus impacting their ability to provide for their family, engage more frequently in activities within their community, and contribute to the success of the company.

<p><p>The ability to deal with change gains in importance due to the fast moving environment. The current crisis reveals that it is not sufficient for companies to react. They need to be prepared and implement change continuously. The significance of Change Management is justified as the competence to deal with change can be considered decisive for gaining competitive advantage. Organizations need to change in order to sustain.</p><p>Several theories and concepts exist to increase an organization's efficiency in terms of handling changes. The theoretical framework is settled on four issues within Change Management: change, drivers for change, implementation and roles in an organization. It is of prior importance to identify the nature of the specific change as well as the driving forces for it.</p><p>By this, information for the implementation process is provided. We present strategies for implementing and also steps or ingredients which have to be unconditionally considered. We try to point out some facilitators for implementation such as organizational learning.</p><p>We finally describe four key roles that are  influencing implementation of change. However, we especially focus on leaders and employees and compare top-down and bottom-up implementation.</p><p>We proceed with the same basis of four parts to analyze the discussions we led with change agents.</p><p>Finally we propose key factors we believe that organizations need to lead a change process successfully.</p></p>

<p>The main purpose of this essay is to through theories about internal communication, channels to communicate through and change management study how these can be related to the processes at the Swedish Consumer Agency due to its future relocation. The main question within this essay is therefore:</p><p>- How has the internal communication and the change management at the Swedish Consumer Agency developed in comparison with the prescribed theories?</p><p>This essay is divided into three different parts (ideal, reality, ideal/reality) which can be derived to the essays theory, result and analysis chapters. The theories are the ideal while the result describes the internal communication and the change management during the process (the reality). In the analysis chapter, the ideal and the reality are compared to distinguish how the reality has been working in comparison to the ideal.</p><p>The internal communication has mainly been distinguished through the authority’s intranet and the information communicated has comparatively been fast, open, objective and reliable. One of the prerequisites for this is that the authority has been permeated by clear goals and visions. All in all the result shows that the internal communication and the change management have been successful but some flaws have been detected. One of the reasons for this might be that the authority and its co-workers have been exposed in the process due to the fact that it has been enforced and because of its extent.</p> / <p>Det övergripande syftet med föreliggande undersökning är att utifrån teorier om internkommunikation, kommunikationskanaler och förändringsarbete undersöka hur dessa kan sättas i relation till den förändringsprocess som genomförts på Konsumentverket inför dess framtida omlokalisering. För att undersöka detta kommer följande frågeställning behandlas:</p><p>- Hur har Konsumentverkets internkommunikation och förändringsarbete fungerat i jämförelse med de teorier som ligger till grund för uppsatsen?</p><p>Undersökningen består av tre delar (ideal, verklighet, ideal/verklighet) vilka kan härledas till uppsatsens teori-, resultat- och analyskapitel. De teorier uppsatsen bygger på behandlas som idealet medan undersökningens resultat beskriver hur internkommunikationen och förändringsarbetet fungerat i verkligheten. I uppsatsens analys ställs dessa mot varandra för att urskilja verkligheten i relation till idealet.</p><p>Den huvudsakliga internkommunikationen har skett via myndighetens intranät och den information som förmedlats under processen har varit förhållandevis snabb, öppen, saklig och trovärdig. En av förutsättningarna för detta kan ha varit att myndigheten genomsyras av tydliga mål och visioner. Sammantaget har processen varit framgångsrik men vissa brister i kommunikationen har påträffats. Detta kan delvis bero på att myndigheten och dess medarbetare haft en utsatt roll i processen då förändringen varit påtvingad av yttre faktorer samt att den varit mycket omfattande.</p>

The ability to deal with change gains in importance due to the fast moving environment. The current crisis reveals that it is not sufficient for companies to react. They need to be prepared and implement change continuously. The significance of Change Management is justified as the competence to deal with change can be considered decisive for gaining competitive advantage. Organizations need to change in order to sustain. Several theories and concepts exist to increase an organization's efficiency in terms of handling changes. The theoretical framework is settled on four issues within Change Management: change, drivers for change, implementation and roles in an organization. It is of prior importance to identify the nature of the specific change as well as the driving forces for it. By this, information for the implementation process is provided. We present strategies for implementing and also steps or ingredients which have to be unconditionally considered. We try to point out some facilitators for implementation such as organizational learning. We finally describe four key roles that are  influencing implementation of change. However, we especially focus on leaders and employees and compare top-down and bottom-up implementation. We proceed with the same basis of four parts to analyze the discussions we led with change agents. Finally we propose key factors we believe that organizations need to lead a change process successfully.

This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting faculty intention to use course management systems (CMS). The study was conducted in a private university with a mixed-method approach. First, 260 responses to a questionnaire was analysed by using structural equation modeling technique in order to examine the provided model. Second, interviews with selected 14 faculty members were conducted to understand the interrelationships. The findings indicated that, faculty intention to use CMS is mostly related with seeing value in using CMS including both personal and task/course related issues. In addition, the use of CMS should be perceived as easy which is directly influenced by the computer self-efficacy of the instructors. Discrimination of perceived personal benefits and task/course related usefulness is found to be important. Course/task related perceived usefulness is found to be weak without perceiving them personally beneficial. Availability of training and support is found to be weakly related to initial intention, however it appeared as an important variable for continuing to use CMS. &lsquo / Communicating the vision through leadership&rsquo / , &lsquo / promoting CMS&rsquo / , and &lsquo / sharing experiences and real life examples&rsquo / emerged as powerful approaches to facilitate use of CMS. Institutional policies regarding issues like &lsquo / academic freedom&rsquo / should be considered carefully while supporting the use of CMS. Moreover, to support institutional change it is important to be aware of the existence of different faculty profiles, which should be considered separately in relevant decisions.

Omorganiseringar sker ofta när organisationer stöter på motgång och därför är tvungna att göra någon form av förändring. Det saknas i dagsläget forskning hur en förändring uppfattas ur en medarbetsarutgångspunkt. Denna studie har utförts vid SCA Timber ABs fem markandsavdelningar och syftet med denna studiehar varit att ge en multidimensionell bild av en förändringsledning ur ett medarbetar- och ledningsperspektiv samt att ta reda på hur de kan kontrasteras. De teorier som har använts har verkat som en grund för, och har väglett analysen. Studien har varit av kvalitativ typ och den metod som har använts bygger på en narrativ ansats. Affärscheferna har visat sig vara nästan helt nöjda med hur de arbetar i dagsläget, medan affärsassistenterna har en del önskemål gällande oönskade arbetsmoment. Det är bland annat önskvärt med en bättre introduktion för nyanställda. Vidare har det visat sig att ett par affärsassistenter har nämnt att det vore önskvärt med en person som kan verka som coach för affärsassistenterna och hjälpa dem i det dagliga arbetet. Två av affärscheferna har nämnt att de skulle önska att det fanns två olika profiler av affärsassistenter. Kontraster som har identifierats i denna studie är bland annat att affärsassistenterna har kommit med mer konkreta förbättringsförslag, medan affärscheferna istället har nämnt mer omfattande förbättringsförslag. Det har i denna studie visat sig att medarbetare troligtvis är mer positiva till förändringar än vad som förväntas. Det är därför viktigt att ledningen vågar prata med medarbetarna för att få höra deras tanker och åsikter innan eventuella förändringar. I denna studie var affärsassistenterna dock medvetna om att de inte riskerade att bli uppsagda. Det skulle därför vara av intresse att vidare se på en förändring av en högre grad än i denna studie då risken finns att ett förändringsmotstånd då skulle kunna identifieras. / Reorganizations are common when organizations face adversities and therefore have to make some sort of change. There is a lack of research regarding how change is perceived from an employee perspective. This study has been carried out at SCA Timber's five marketing departments and the aim has been to provide a multi-dimensional view of a change management from an employee and a leader perspective and to see how they can be contrasted. The theories used have served as a basis for, and has guided the analysis. This study has been of a qualitative type and a narrative method has been used. The empirical material has been collected through interviews and conversations. It has shown that the business managers more or less are pleased with their ways of working, but that the business assistants have some desires regarding improvements. They wish that there would be abetter introduction for new employees. Something a couple of business assistants have mentioned is that they would like to have a person working as a coach for the business assistants and help them with everyday work. Two of the business managers have mentioned that they would wish that there were two types of business assistant roles. One of the contrasts identified in this study is that the business assistants have had more concrete suggestions regarding improvements while the business managers have suggested more comprehensive improvements. It has been shown in this study that employees probablyaremore positive to changes than expected. It is therefore important that the management dares to talk to the employees so that they will get to hear their thoughts and opinions before possible changes. In this study the business assistants knew that no downsizing would be done, and it may also have affected their positive attitude towardsa possible change. It would therefore be of interest to see how employees would react if they knew that a change could mean that they would lose their jobs, since it could also mean that the risk of a negative attitude towards a change could be higher.

Knowledge Management (KM) helps extend the knowledge of individuals or groups across organisations in ways that directly affect performance. Further, it is a formalised and integrated approach to identify and manage an organisation's knowledge assets. The study is an exploratory investigation of the implementation of IT-based Knowledge Management Systems. It is also a comparative study of the Kuwait and UK public sectors with the specific aim of building a best practice model for KM implementation in conjunction with IT. This includes examination of the relevant literature, a comprehensive analysis of case studies of KM implementation in 91 organisations presented in the literature, in order to arrive at the most critical factors of KM implementation and their degree of criticality, and an exploratory survey of 68 organisations both in the UK and Kuwait relating to their experiences in implementing initiatives such as KM and the role of IT in that process. In view of the intensive and extensive data for interdependence relationships between variables, statistical techniques were used, and in-depth studies of 16 leading organisations, to understand how the KM implementation processes and the critical factors identified were addressed and implemented. This study identifies critical factors of success in KM domain that applicable to Kuwaiti organisations. These factors were categorised under four different headings: (1) Technology, (2) KM processes, (3) Change management, (4) Top management commitment. A generic holistic model for effective KM implementation is proposed.

Purpose: The thesis determined how policy implementation and change management can be improved in Nigeria, with the health insurance scheme as the basis for narrative exploration. It sets out the similarities and differences in assumptions between supra-national organisations such as the World Bank and World Health Organisation on policy implementation and change management and those contained in the Nigerian national health policy; and those of people responsible for implementation in Nigerian organisations at a) the federal or national level and b) at sub-federal service delivery levels of the health insurance scheme. The study provides a framework of the dimensions that should be considered in policy implementation and change management in Nigeria, the nature of structural and infrastructural problems and wider societal context, and the ways in which conceptions of organisations and the variables that impact on organisations' capability to engage in policy implementation and change management differ from those in the West. Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative approach in the form of a case study was used to track the transformation of a policy into practice through examining the assumptions and expectations about policy implementation of the organisations financing the policy's implementation through an examination of relevant documents concerning policy, strategy and guidelines on change management and policy implementation from these global organisations, and the Nigerian national health policy document. The next stages of field visits explored the assumptions, expectations and experiences of a) policy makers, government officials, senior managers and civil servants responsible for implementing policy in federal-level agencies through an interview programme and observations; and b) those of sub-federal or local-level managers responsible for service-level policy implementation of the health insurance scheme through an interview programme. Findings - There are conflicts between the rational linear approaches to change management and policy implementation advocated by supra-nationals, which argue that these processes can be controlled and managed by the rational autonomous individual, and the narratives of those who have personal experience of the quest for 'health for all'. The national health policy document mirrors the ideology of the global organisations that emphasise reform, efficiencies and private enterprise. However, the assumptions of these global organisations have little relevance to a Nigerian societal and organisational context, as experienced by the senior officials and managers interviewed. The very nature of organisations is called into question in a Nigerian context, and the problems of structure and infrastructure and ethnic and religious divisions in society seep into organisations, influencing how organisation is enacted. Understandings of the purpose and function of leadership and the workforce are also brought into question. Additionally, there are religion-based barriers to policy implementation, change management and organisational life which are rarely experienced in the West. Furthermore, in the absence of future re-orientation, the concept of strategy and vision seems redundant, as is the rationale for a health insurance scheme for the majority of the population. The absence of vision and credible information further hinder attempts to make decisions or to define the basis for determining results. Practical implications: The study calls for a revised approach to engaging with Nigerian organisations and an understanding of what specific terms mean in that context. For instance, the definitions and understanding of organisations and capacity are different from those used in the West and, as such, bring into question the relevance and applicability of Western-derived models or approaches to policy implementation and change management. A framework with four dimensions - societal context, external influences, seven organisational variables and infrastructural/structural problems - was devised to capture the particular ambiguities and complexities of Nigerian organisations involved in policy implementation and change management. Originality/value: This study combines concepts in management studies with those in policy studies, with the use of narrative approaches to the understanding of policy implementation and change management in a Nigerian setting. Elements of culture, religion and ethical values are introduced to further the understanding of policy making and implementation in non-Western contexts.

The main purpose of this essay is to through theories about internal communication, channels to communicate through and change management study how these can be related to the processes at the Swedish Consumer Agency due to its future relocation. The main question within this essay is therefore: - How has the internal communication and the change management at the Swedish Consumer Agency developed in comparison with the prescribed theories? This essay is divided into three different parts (ideal, reality, ideal/reality) which can be derived to the essays theory, result and analysis chapters. The theories are the ideal while the result describes the internal communication and the change management during the process (the reality). In the analysis chapter, the ideal and the reality are compared to distinguish how the reality has been working in comparison to the ideal. The internal communication has mainly been distinguished through the authority’s intranet and the information communicated has comparatively been fast, open, objective and reliable. One of the prerequisites for this is that the authority has been permeated by clear goals and visions. All in all the result shows that the internal communication and the change management have been successful but some flaws have been detected. One of the reasons for this might be that the authority and its co-workers have been exposed in the process due to the fact that it has been enforced and because of its extent. / Det övergripande syftet med föreliggande undersökning är att utifrån teorier om internkommunikation, kommunikationskanaler och förändringsarbete undersöka hur dessa kan sättas i relation till den förändringsprocess som genomförts på Konsumentverket inför dess framtida omlokalisering. För att undersöka detta kommer följande frågeställning behandlas: - Hur har Konsumentverkets internkommunikation och förändringsarbete fungerat i jämförelse med de teorier som ligger till grund för uppsatsen? Undersökningen består av tre delar (ideal, verklighet, ideal/verklighet) vilka kan härledas till uppsatsens teori-, resultat- och analyskapitel. De teorier uppsatsen bygger på behandlas som idealet medan undersökningens resultat beskriver hur internkommunikationen och förändringsarbetet fungerat i verkligheten. I uppsatsens analys ställs dessa mot varandra för att urskilja verkligheten i relation till idealet. Den huvudsakliga internkommunikationen har skett via myndighetens intranät och den information som förmedlats under processen har varit förhållandevis snabb, öppen, saklig och trovärdig. En av förutsättningarna för detta kan ha varit att myndigheten genomsyras av tydliga mål och visioner. Sammantaget har processen varit framgångsrik men vissa brister i kommunikationen har påträffats. Detta kan delvis bero på att myndigheten och dess medarbetare haft en utsatt roll i processen då förändringen varit påtvingad av yttre faktorer samt att den varit mycket omfattande.