Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8337458 bytes, checksum: 6418a75dca756790257aecdb25414305 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The SRTM-DEM has been widely used for deriving drainage networks and for several different environmental studies. However, sometimes it is not possible to work with the original spatial resolution of the available DEM, mainly when the study area is large owing to the increase in computational cost, requiring the DEM to be resampled to a coarse resolution. According to the method used for deriving coarse-resolution drainage networks, the quality of the result can be quite different. The wrong choice of the method together with the inherent loss of information within this process may result in a river drainage network incoherent relative to an available network considered as correct. For this reason, this research aimed at identifying the errors present in flow paths and in the physical characteristics of four large-scale watersheds (Paraíba (20.000 km2), São Francisco (640.000 km2), Tapajós (500.000 km2) and Uruguai (207.000 km2)) and its major tributaries in both qualitative and quantitative ways. The comparisons between the drainage networks extracted from DEMs with different spatial resolutions and using different methods (DEM resampling, direct upscaling, multi-step upscaling) were carried out relatively to a high-resolution drainage network obtained from processing the original SRTM-DEM for the qualitative analysis, while for the quantitative analysis the drainage network manually digitized over ETM+/ LANDSAT 7 satellite images was used. The flow paths obtained through the methods of DEM resampling showed strong incoherencies mostly when the change in scale was large, and these errors influenced the area and shape of watersheds and also the quality of the derived drainage network, being stronger for the larger watersheds. The drainage networks obtained through the flow directions upscaling were of better quality because they reproduced more closely the high-resolution network. The multi-step upscaling method showed the better performance for three of the four study areas. The quantitative analysis relative to area and mean distance measured between the DEM-derived drainage network and that one obtained from LANDSAT images showed to be coherent to the qualitative analysis, indicating the multi-step upscaling method as the one of better performance, and the resampling procedure as the worst one. The results in terms of watershed areas comparison were coherent to the visual inspection, showing that the upscaling process reproduced quite well the values obtained in the high resolution, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The direct upscaling procedure obtained the best performance while the resampling method resulted in the largest inconsistencies regarding these two aspects, resulting in watershed delimitation totally different from the actual, mostly for Sao Francisco and Tapajos watersheds, in which the change in scale was larger. The influence of the methods used and of the change in scale over the length and sinuosity of river reaches was detected, sometimes resulting that the result was not very well presented. This can be highlighted when the numerical analysis is compared to the qualitative analysis for results obtained with the resampling procedure. However, although inconsistencies were presented for some river reaches, the upscaling procedure was able to have the largest number of river reaches with the best results. It can be concluded that independent on the characteristics of the watershed to be studied, the resampling procedure is not an adequate method for obtaining coarse-resolution drainage networks. The flow directions upscaling procedure is the most recommend method to be used in this situation, and the multi-step version of this method is the one with best performance when evaluating the flow paths for the study cases of this research. / O MDE do SRTM tem sido largamente utilizado na derivação da rede drenagem e aplicado a diversos tipos de estudos ambientais. No entanto, muitas vezes não é possível trabalhar com a sua resolução original. Isso ocorre quando o estudo é aplicado a grandes áreas e devido ao elevado processamento computacional é necessário a mudança de escala para baixa resolução. Dependendo do método utilizado para a derivação da rede de drenagem obtida de baixa resolução, pode-se adquirir um produto de melhor ou de pior qualidade. A escolha incorreta do método aliada a perda de informação existente nesse processo pode resultar em uma rede incoerente quando comparada a uma rede de drenagem considerada como referência. Esta pesquisa identificou erros nos traçados e nas características físicas de quatro bacias hidrográficas (Paraíba (20.000 km2), São Francisco (640.000 km2), Tapajós (500.000 km2) e Uruguai (207.000 km2)) e nos seus principais afluentes de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. As comparações das redes extraídas das imagens do SRTM em diferentes escalas e métodos (reamostragem, upscaling direto, upscaling gradual) foram realizadas em relação à rede de drenagem de alta resolução obtida do MDE para as análises qualitativas e para as comparações quantitativas com a rede vetorizada das imagens do ETM+/ LANDSAT 7. Verificou-se que os traçados da drenagem obtidos por reamostragem apresentaram várias incoerências principalmente quando a mudança de escala foi maior, esses erros refletiram sobre área, formato de bacias e traçados da rede de drenagem. Os erros foram mais graves nas bacias de maior área de drenagem. Já as redes de drenagem obtidas por upscaling de direções de fluxo foram de melhor qualidade para mudança de escala por essas se apresentarem mais coerentes com a drenagem de alta resolução. O método de upscaling gradual foi o que apresentou melhor desempenho em três bacias das quatro analisadas. As análises quantitativas referentes a área e distância média entre as redes de drenagem, extraída do MDE, e a vetorizada da imagem LANDSAT, apresentaram-se coerentes com as análises qualitativas, apontando o método de upscaling de direções de fluxo na modalidade gradual com melhor desempenho e o método de reamostragem com os piores resultados. Observou-se que as áreas das bacias mostraram-se coerentes com a análise visual, indicando que os métodos de upscaling nas modalidades direta e gradual se aproximaram mais das bacias de alta resolução e apresentaram valores muito próximos entre si, tanto qualitativamente quanto quantitativamente. A modalidade direta de upscaling foi a que apresentou melhor desempenho e o procedimento de reamostragem foi o que apresentou mais incoerências. Por se descaracterizar das bacias de referência, principalmente para o São Francisco e Tapajós para as quais se trabalhou com mudança de escala maior. Percebeu-se que a influência dos métodos e da mudança de escala sobre os valores dos comprimentos e sinuosidade dos rios, algumas vezes repercutiram sobre a métrica gerada não conseguindo expressar a real qualidade da rede de drenagem analisada, mascarando o resultado. Isso pode ser evidenciado quando confrontado a análise estatística e a qualitativa para o método de reamostragem. No entanto, apesar de encontrar alguns rios com essas incoerências, os upscaling direto e gradual conseguiram apresentar um maior número de rios com melhor desempenho. Conclui-se que independente das características das bacias estudadas, o método de reamostragem do MDE não é o procedimento mais adequado na obtenção de redes de drenagem de baixa resolução espacial. O método de upscaling de direções de fluxo nas modalidades direta e gradual são mais indicados para essa finalidade, sendo o gradual o que apresentou melhor desempenho na avaliação dos traçados para as bacias estudadas nesta pesquisa.

L’ESS porte en elle des promesses de développement et d'émancipation citoyenne à l'échelle des territoires et des sociétés (Eynaud 2015 ; Laville, 2016 ; Laville, Young et Eynaud, 2015 ; Valéau, 2016). L'objectif général de cette thèse est de tenter de mieux comprendre ce qui permet le changement d'échelle de l'économie sociale et solidaire (ESS), c'est-à-dire l'institutionnalisation de logiques économiques, sociales et solidaires pérennes portée par les acteurs agissant en réseau. Suivant une démarche qualitative de type théorisation ancrée, sur la base de l'approche établie par Desjeux (2004), nous avons procédé à une analyse chronologique du cas de La Réunion de 2000 à 2016. L'analyse des articulations entre lesniveaux macro, micro et méso socioéconomiques nous a permis de mettre en évidence les changements dans les relations entre ces échelles et le caractère contingent des possibilités d'action institutionnelle en réseau. / SSE bears the promise of socioeconomic development and citizen emancipation at the territorial and societal level (Eynaud 2015; Laville, 2016; Laville, Young & Eynaud, 2015; Valéau, 2016). The overall objective of this dissertation is to better understand the factors that allow SSE to operate on a larger scale, i.e. institutionalizing sustainable social and solidarity rationality promoted by actors gathering in networks. Based on qualitative grounded theory, drawing on Dejeux’s (2004) method, we provide a chronological analysis of the case of Reunion from 2000 to 2016. The examination of the articulation between macro, micro and meso socioeconomic levels highlights the changes in in the relationships between them and the contingent nature of the possibility for networks to take institutional action.

The aim of this study was to explore the role of feedback in managing resistance to organisational change. A general systems theoretical model of individual resistance to change was developed. It describes the origin, function and outcomes of individual resistance to planned organisational change. The role of feedback within this process was identified as a central one and feedback was therefore identified as an important point of leverage in managing resistance to change. The survey feedback approach was adopted in a retail organisation undergoing significant change. Staff were asked to respond to a survey on their experience of the change. Results were analysed and then fed back to them during group discussions. The process was repeated. It was concluded that the survey feedback approach significantly contributed to a reduction in resistance to change and that both survey feedback approach and the model of individual resistance to change merit further investigation. / Industrial Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

The aim of this study was to explore the role of feedback in managing resistance to organisational change. A general systems theoretical model of individual resistance to change was developed. It describes the origin, function and outcomes of individual resistance to planned organisational change. The role of feedback within this process was identified as a central one and feedback was therefore identified as an important point of leverage in managing resistance to change. The survey feedback approach was adopted in a retail organisation undergoing significant change. Staff were asked to respond to a survey on their experience of the change. Results were analysed and then fed back to them during group discussions. The process was repeated. It was concluded that the survey feedback approach significantly contributed to a reduction in resistance to change and that both survey feedback approach and the model of individual resistance to change merit further investigation. / Industrial Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

Il existe en France des centaines de friches industrielles polluées par du goudron de houille, un mélange récalcitrant de composés tels que les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques. Lorsque la zone non saturée des sols est fortement contaminée, elle est usuellement excavée et remblayée. Cette thèse porte sur un traitement alternatif permettant une valorisation potentielle des sols sur site : l’oxydation chimique in situ, qui a déjà montré des résultats encourageants au laboratoire mais n’a que très peu été testée en grandeurs réelles. Les recherches ont donc été menées autour de trois échelles – bibliographie, laboratoire et pilote – afin de déterminer s’il existait un traitement oxydant répondant à des critères techniques, économiques et environnementaux acceptables pour être appliquée à l’échelle de la friche. La phase laboratoire a montré que l’ajout d’un soutien thermique augmentait significativement l’efficacité du traitement, i) par augmentation de la disponibilité de la pollution par préchauffage de la terre dans le cas du permanganate, ou ii) par activation thermique de l’oxydant dans le cas du persulfate. A l’échelle du pilote, une mise en contact homogène entre l’oxydant et la pollution n’a été possible que par noyage partiel de la terre avec les solutions oxydantes concentrées. L’activation du persulfate s’est révélée délicate à mettre en œuvre, le chauffage de solutions concentrées ayant mené à une décomposition parasite de l’oxydant. Au contraire, l’utilisation de solutions concentrées de permanganate a conduit à une dégradation des polluants encore plus élevée qu’au laboratoire grâce à la forte exothermicité de la réaction / In France, hundreds of brownfields are currently polluted with coal tar, a complex and recalcitrant mixture of organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. When the unsaturated zone of soils is highly contaminated, it is commonly excavated and backfilled. This work deals with an alternative treatment, in situ chemical oxidation, that allows a potential reuse of soils directly on site. This technique has already provided encouraging results at the lab scale but has rarely been tested in the field. Research was made around three scales – bibliography, laboratory and pilot – in order to respond to the main problem: is there an oxidative treatment able to meet technical, economic and environmental criteria quite acceptable to be applied at brownfield level? The laboratory research phase showed that the addition of a moderate thermal support significantly increased treatment effectiveness, by i) an increase in pollutant availability by soil preheating in the case of permanganate, or ii) a thermal activation of the oxidant in the case of persulfate. At the pilot scale, a homogeneous contact between the oxidant and the pollutants was possible only by a partial flooding of the soil with the concentrated oxidizing solutions. The persulfate activation turned out to be difficult to implement because heating concentrated solutions led to a parasite decomposition of the oxidant. On the contrary, the use of concentrated solutions of permanganate led to an even higher degradation than in the laboratory, as a result of the strong exothermicity of the reaction

This PhD thesis deals with the use of structural methods of objects identification for industrial robots operation. First, the present state of knowledge in the field is described, i.e. the whole process of objects recognition with the aid of common methods of the syntactic analysis. The main disadvantage of these methods is that is impossible to recognize objects whose digitalized image is corrupted in some ways (due to excessive noise or image disturbances), objects are therefore deformed. Further, other methods for the recognition of deformed objects are described. These methods use structural description of objects for object recognition, i.e. methods which determine the distance between attribute descriptions of images. The core part of this PhD thesis begins in Chapter 5, where deformation grammars, capable of description of all possible object deformations, are described. The only complication in the analysis is the ambiguity of the deformation grammar, which lowers the effectiveness of the analysis. Further, PhD thesis deals with the selection and modification of a proper parser, which is able to analyze a deformation grammar effectively. Three parsers are described: the modified Earley parser, the modified Tomita parser and the modified hybrid LRE(k) parser. As for the modified Earley’s parser, ways of its effective implementation are described. One of the necessary parts of the object recognition is providing the invariances, which this PhD thesis covers in detail, too. Finally, the results of described algorithms are mentioned (successfulness and speed of deformed objects recognition) and suggested testing environment and implemented algorithms are described. In conclusion, all determined possibilities of deformation grammars and their results are summarized.