Cette thèse porte sur l'utilisation de modèles hyperboliques pour la simulation des écoulements diphasiques compressibles, pour trouver des alternatives au modèle bifluide classique. Nous établissons tout d'abord une hiérarchie des modèles diphasiques, obtenue selon des hypothèses d'équilibres des variables physiques entre chaque phase. L'utilisation de développements de Chapman-Enskog permet de relier entre eux les différents modèles existants. De plus, des modèles prenant en compte de petits déséquilibres physiques sont obtenus par des développements à l'ordre un. La deuxième partie de cette thèse porte sur la simulation des écoulements caractérisés par des déséquilibres de vitesses et des équilibres de pression, que nous modélisons de deux manières différentes. Tout d'abord, un modèle à deux vitesses et deux pressions est utilisé, avec l'application de relaxations des vitesses et pressions à temps finis afin d'obtenir un retour à l'équilibre de ces grandeurs. On propose ensuite un nouveau modèle dissipatif à une vitesse et une pression, où l'apparition de termes du second ordre permet de prendre en compte les déséquilibres de vitesse entre les phases. Une méthode numérique basée sur une approche par pas fractionnaires est développée pour ce modèle.

Traducteur au pays des merveilles est une exploration de la traduction de L’écume des jours (1947) de Boris Vian. Les deux traductions du livre, Froth on the Daydream (1967) (Mood Indigo) de Stanley Chapman et Foam of the Daze (2003) de Brian Harper, font l’objet d’une comparaison portant sur les éléments propres à l’écriture de Vian. La première partie porte, de manière générale, sur les tendances des traducteurs et les critiques des textes traduits. La deuxième partie met l’accent sur les références culturelles et leurs traductions dans l’avant-propos et le premier chapitre. Ensuite, trois méthodes de création des néologismes (proposées par Jacques Bens) servent de point de départ à une exploration du langage « vianesque » dans la troisième partie. L’analyse de l’écriture de Boris Vian dans L’écume des jours ainsi que des méthodes des traducteurs, nous permet d’observer les effets de style émanant des trois textes. Traducteur au pays des merveilles explores the translation of Boris Vian’s L’écume des jours (1947). The two translations of the book, Froth on the Daydream (1967) (Mood Indigo) and Foam of the Daze (2003), are compared here in regards to particular elements of Vian’s writing. The first part examines in a general manner, the tendencies of the translators and the critique of the translated texts. The concentration of the second part is on the cultural references from the foreword and the first chapter as well as their translations. Three methods for creating neologisms (put forth by Jacques Bens) then serve as a starting point for the exploration of the “vianesque” language in the third part. By analysing Boris Vian’s writing in L’écume des jours as well as the methods of the translators, we are able to observe the stylistic effects that are produced by the three texts. / Graduate / 0290 / 0679 / angus.celine@gmail.com

When Mark David Chapman assassinated John Lennon in December of 1980, he explained that he had to kill him in order to promote the reading of J. D. Salinger's novel, The Catcher in the Rye. Chapman's belief that he could become Salinger's protagonist, Holden Caulfield, is the genesis for this research. The concept that a person could identify with a novel or character in a novel to such an extent that he or she would commit murder is an extraordinary allegation.In order to further explore this accusation, this research focuses on three novels: Alexandre Dumas, pere's The Count of Monte Cristo, J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, and Stephen King's Rage. Michael Sullivan, Mark David Chapman, John Hinckley, and Scott Pennington read one of these literary works before committing, or attempting to commit, murder.This project traces the cognitive processes of these men in an effort to understand why reading a specific novel lead to a murder. By delving into the minds of these murderers, it can be determined if the novel itself is a motive, an impetus, for the crime, or a scapegoat. / Department of English

Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are an important class of electrical energy storage devices which store energy in the form of electric double layers. The charging mechanism is highly reversible physical adsorption of ions into the porous electrodes, which empower these devices to show a remarkable power performance (15kW/kg) and greater life expectancy (> 1 million cycles). However, they store a small amount of energy (5Wh/kg) when compared with batteries. Optimization of the performance of EDLCs based on porous activated carbons is highly challenging due to complex charging process prevailing in the Nano pores of electrodes. Molecular simulations provide information at the molecular scale which in turn can be used to develop insights that can explain experimental results and design improved EDLCs. The conventional approach to simulate EDLCs places both the electrodes and electrolyte region in a single simulation box. With present day computers, however, this one-box method limits us to system sizes of the order of nanometres whereas the size of a typical EDLC is at least of the order of micrometres. To overcome this system size limitation, a Gibbs-ensemble based Monte Carlo (MC) method was recently developed, where the electrodes are simulated in a separate simulation boxes and each box is subjected to periodic boundary conditions in all the three directions. This allows us to eliminate the electrode-electrolyte interface. The simulation of the bulk electrolyte is avoided through the use of the grand canonical ensemble. The electrode atoms in the electrode are maintained at an equal constant electric potential likewise the case in a pure conductor with the use of the constant voltage ensemble. In this thesis, the Gibbs-ensemble based MC simulations are performed for an EDLC consisting of porous electrodes. The simulations are performed with aqueous electrolytes of type MX and DX2 (where M=Na+, K+; D=Ca+2; X=Cl , F ) for a wide variety of operating conditions. The water is modelled as a continuum background with a dielectric constant value of 30. The electrodes are silicon carbide-derived carbon, whose microstructure generated from reverse MC technique, is used in the simulations. The results from these simulations help us understand the charge storage mechanism, the effect of size and valence of ions on the performance of nonporous carbon based EDLCs when the hydration effects are indignant. The thesis first demonstrates the presence of finite size effects in the simulations performed with the one-box method for KCl electrolyte. The capacitance (ratio of the charged stored on the positive electrode to the voltage applied) values obtained for KCl electrolyte with the one-box method are significantly higher than the corresponding values obtained from the Gibbs-ensemble method. This shows the presence of finite size effects in the one-box method simulations and justices the use of the Gibbs-ensemble based method in our simulations. The fundamental characteristics of aqueous electrolytes in the EDLC are analyzed with the simulation results for KCl electrolyte. In agreement with experiments and modern mean held theory, the capacitance monotonically decreases with voltage (bell-shaped curve) due to overcrowding of ions near the electrode surface. The charge storage mechanism in both the electrodes is mainly a combination of countering (ions oppositely charged to that of the electrode) adsorption and ion exchange, where coins (ions identically charged to that of the electrode) are replaced with countering. However, at higher voltages, the mechanism is predominantly counter ion adsorption because of the scarcity of coins in the electrodes. The mechanism is preferentially more ion exchange for the positive electrode because of its relatively bulky countering, Cl . The shifting of mechanism towards counter ion adsorption at higher voltages and preferential ion exchange process for the positive electrode are in qualitative agreement with the recent experimental results. The constraint of equal electric potential on all the electrode atoms of the amorphous electrode in the simulations resulted in a non-uniform average charge distribution on the electrodes. It shows that the Gibbs-ensemble simulation approach can account for the polarization effects which arises due to a complex topology of the electrodes. In agreement with earlier experiments and simulation studies, the local structure analyses of the electrodes shows that the highly conned ions store charge more efficiently. On the application of voltage difference between the electrodes, the electrolyte ions move towards higher degree of con ned regions of the electrodes indicating the charging process involves local rearrangement and rescuing of electrolyte ions. The thesis also discusses the effect of temperature and bulk concentration on the performance of EDLCs. The Gibbs-ensemble based simulations are performed for the EDLC with varying temperature and bulk concentration for the KCl electrolyte independently. In agreement with the Guo -Chapman theory and experiments, the capacitance decreases with the temperature and increases with the bulk concentration. This is because the concentration of countering in the electrodes decreases with an increase in the temperature but increases with an increase in the bulk concentration. Lastly, the effect of ion size and valency on the performance of EDLCs is analyzed. The capacitance monotonically decreases with voltage (bell-shaped curve) for all the electrolytes, except for NaF, where a maximum is observed at a non-zero finite voltage (camel-shaped curve). The capacitances of NaCl and NaF are greater than that for KCl and KF, respectively. This is because the smaller Na+ ions have more accessibility to narrow con ned regions, where the charge storage efficiency is high. As expected, the capacitance for CaCl2 and CaF2 are highest among their monovalent counterparts, NaCl and KCl; NaF and KF, respectively. This is attributed to the relatively smaller double layer thickness of the bivalent Ca+2 ions. Interestingly, at higher voltages, the capacitance for the bivalent electrolytes approaches the capacitance for the monovalent electrolytes because the concentration of Ca+2 ions in the negative electrode increases sluggishly with voltage due to a strong electrostatic repulsion between Ca+2 ions.

Nous considérons des systèmes dissipatifs, hors d'équilibre, de faible densité, et constitués d'un grand nombre de particules classiques en interaction. Dans une première partie, nous étudions l'annihilation balistique probabiliste, où les particules ont une trajectoire balistique sauf lorsqu'elles entrent en contact, s'annihilant alors avec probabilité p et subissant une collision élastique avec probabilité (1-p). Nous établissons pour ce système sans loi de conservation une description hydrodynamique résultant de la théorie cinétique. L'analyse de stabilité linéaire de l'état homogène montre alors que l'amplification des fluctuations par la dynamique est un phénomène transitoire. Dans la seconde partie, nous présentons un modèle mésoscopique décrivant le phénomène de brisure spontanée de symétrie observé dans certaines expériences sur la matière granulaire vibrée.

La thèse porte sur les propriétés thermodynamiques, de transport, de diffusion de rayonnement, et diélectriques des mélanges CO2-N2 contaminés par du cuivre, pour des températures de 300 - 30,000 K et des pressions 0.1 - 16 bar. Les motivations de ce travail ainsi qu'un état de l'art sur le remplacement du SF6 et l'influence des vapeurs métalliques dans de tels dispositifs sont présentés dans le chapitre 1. Le chapitre 2 étudie les compositions à l'équilibre calculées à partir de la méthode de minimisation de l'énergie libre de Gibbs, en considérant la présence de phases condensées dans le plasma. A partir de ces compositions, nous présentons les propriétés thermodynamiques comme la densité de masse, l'enthalpie et la chaleur spécifiques à pressions constante. Les corrections de Virial et Debye-Hückel sont prises en compte pour tenir compte de l'effet des ions et des hautes pressions. Dans le chapitre 3, les coefficients de transport (conductivité électrique, viscosité, et conductivité thermique) et les coefficients de diffusion combinés (coefficients de diffusion ordinaires combinés, ceux liés au champ électrique, aux gradients de pression et de température) sont calculés selon la théorie de Chapman-Enskog. Les intégrales de collision nécessaires au calcul de ces coefficients sont obtenues pour les interactions neutre-neutre et neutre-ion à partir d'un potentiel de Lennard-Jones modifié. Dans le chapitre 4, les coefficients d'émission nette (CEN) sont calculés en considérant le rayonnement des raies atomiques, du continuum atomique, des raies moléculaires et du continuum moléculaire. Les élargissements en pression des raies (élargissements de Van der Waals et de résonance), les élargissements Stark, et l'élargissement sont pris en compte dans la détermination d'un facteur de fuite qui permet de simplifier le calcul du coefficient d'émission des raies. Le rayonnement du continuum atomique tient compte de l'attachement radiatif, de la recombinaison radiative et du Bremsstrahlung. Dans le chapitre 5, les propriétés diélectriques de claquage (incluant la fonction de distribution d'énergie des EEDF), le coefficient réduit d'ionisation réduit, le coefficient réduit d'attachement électronique, le coefficient effectif réduit d'ionisation, et le champ critique réduit) du gaz chaud ont été calculés sur la base de l'approximation à deux termes de l'équation de Boltzmann. Les interactions, incluant les collisions élastiques, excitation, ionisation et attachement entre électrons et espèces neutres sont pris en compte dans la résolution de l'équation de Boltzmann. Les sections efficaces d'ionisation de Cu2 et CuO non disponibles dans la littérature ont été calcules selon la méthode DM. La conclusion des travaux et leurs perspectives sont présentés dans le chapitre. / Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a greenhouse gas designated by the Kyoto Protocol because of its extremely high global warming potential (GWP). CO2, N2, and their mixtures have the potential to replace SF6 in certain applications, such as circuit breakers. In these electric apparatus, copper vapour resulting from the heating of electrodes can modify the characteristics of arc plasmas, which must be taken into account when setting up physical models. This dissertation, therefore, investigates the thermodynamic, transport, diffusion, radiation, and dielectric breakdown properties of CO2-N2 mixtures contaminated by copper at temperatures of 300 - 30,000 K and pressures of 0.1 - 16 bar. The equilibrium compositions are calculated using the minimization of Gibbs free energy with consideration of condensed species. Copper vapour is found to condense at temperatures below 3000 K. Based on the compositions, the thermodynamic properties, including mass density, specific enthalpy, and specific heat at constant enthalpy, are determined according to their definitions. The Debye-Hückel corrections are also considered in the calculation of compositions and thermodynamic properties. The transport coefficients (including electrical conductivity, viscosity, thermal conductivity) and combined diffusion coefficients (including the combined ordinary diffusion coefficient, combined electric field diffusion coefficient, combined temperature diffusion coefficient and combined pressure diffusion coefficient) are calculated based on the Chapman-Enskog theory. The newly developed Lennard-Jones like phenomenological model potential is adopted to describe the neutral-neutral and neutral-ion interactions in determining collision integrals. The net emission coefficients (NEC) of gas mixtures are calculated with considering atomic lines and continuum and molecular bands and continuum. The pressure broadening (Van der Waals broadening and the resonance broadening), Stark broadening, and Doppler broadening are taken into account in the determination of escape factors. The continuum radiation of atoms is described by radiative attachment, radiative recombination, and Bremsstrahlung. The dielectric breakdown properties (including EEDF, reduced ionization coefficient, reduced electron attachment coefficient, reduced effective ionization coefficient, and reduced critical electric field strength) of hot gas mixtures are calculated based on the two-term approximation of the Boltzmann equation. The interactions, including elastic, excitation, ionization and attachment collisions, between electrons and neutral species are taken into account in solving the Boltzmann equation. The ionization cross sections of Cu2 and CuO which are unavailable in literatures are calculated using the DM method. Compared with SF6-Cu mixtures, CO2-N2-Cu mixtures present much different thermophysical, radiation, and dielectric breakdown properties. As an arc quenching gas, CO2-N2-Cu mixtures have lower ??Cp and thermal conductivity at low temperatures but present higher ??Cp, thermal conductivity, and NEC in the medium temperature range. As an insulating medium, the hot CO2-N2-Cu mixtures have much poorer dielectric strength below 2000 K, whereas above 2000 K, they present better dielectric breakdown performance than SF6-Cu mixtures.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:05:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLEBS.pdf: 1626270 bytes, checksum: c18112f89ed0a1eea09a198885cf2c2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Abstract In this dissertation we will study how extended Poisson process can be applied to construct discrete probabilistic models. An Extended Poisson Process is a continuous time stochastic process with the state space being the natural numbers, it is obtained as a generalization of homogeneous Poisson process where transition rates depend on the current state of the process. From its transition rates and Chapman-Kolmogorov di¤erential equations, we can determine the probability distribution at any …xed time of the process. Conversely, given any probability distribution on the natural numbers, it is possible to determine uniquely a sequence of transition rates of an extended Poisson process such that, for some instant, the unidimensional probability distribution coincides with the provided probability distribution. Therefore, we can conclude that extended Poisson process is as a very ‡exible framework on the analysis of discrete data, since it generalizes all probabilistic discrete models. We will present transition rates of extended Poisson process which generate Poisson, Binomial and Negative Binomial distributions and determine maximum likelihood estima- tors, con…dence intervals, and hypothesis tests for parameters of the proposed models. We will also perform a bayesian analysis of such models with informative and noninformative prioris, presenting posteriori summaries and comparing these results to those obtained by means of classic inference. / Nesta dissertação veremos como o proceso de Poisson estendido pode ser aplicado à construção de modelos probabilísticos discretos. Um processo de Poisson estendido é um processo estocástico a tempo contínuo com espaço de estados igual ao conjunto dos números naturais, obtido a partir de uma generalização do processo de Poisson homogê- neo onde as taxas de transição dependem do estado atual do processo. A partir das taxas de transição e das equações diferenciais de Chapman-Kolmogorov pode-se determinar a distribuição de probabilidades para qualquer tempo …xado do processo. Reciprocamente, dada qualquer distribuição de probabilidades sobre o conjunto dos números naturais é pos- sível determinar, de maneira única, uma seqüência de taxas de transição de um processo de Poisson estendido tal que, para algum instante, a distribução unidimensional do processo coincide com a dada distribuição de probabilidades. Portanto, o processo de Poisson es- tendido se apresenta como uma ferramenta bastante ‡exível na análise de dados discretos, pois generaliza todos os modelos probabilísticos discretos. Apresentaremos as taxas de transição dos processos de Poisson estendido que ori- ginam as distribuições de Poisson, Binomial e Binomial Negativa e determinaremos os estimadores de máxima verossimilhança, intervalos de con…ança e testes de hipóteses dos parâmetros dos modelos propostos. Faremos também uma análise bayesiana destes mod- elos com prioris informativas e não informativas, apresentando os resumos a posteriori e comparando estes resultados com aqueles obtidos via inferência clássica.

Since the development of interactive music software in the 1980s, a new genre of works for clarinet and computer has emerged. The rapid proliferation of interactive music resulted in a great deal of experimentation, creating a lack of standardization in both the composition and performance of this repertoire. In addition, many performers are reluctant to approach these works due to unfamiliarity with the genre and its technical and musical considerations. Performance practice commonly refers to interpretation of a written score, but the technology involved in interactive music requires a broader definition of performance practice; one that also addresses computer software, coordination between the performer and computer system, and technology such as microphones and pedals. The problems and potential solutions of interactive music performance practice are explored in this paper through review of the relevant published literature, interviews with experts in the field, and examination of musical examples from works for clarinet and computer by Lippe, May, Pinkston, Rowe, and Welch. Performance practice considerations of interactive music fall into the categories of notation, technology, collaboration, interpretation, and rehearsal. From the interviews and the literature, it is clear that the performance of interactive music requires specific knowledge and skills that performers may not encounter in other genres of contemporary music, including microphone technique, spatialization, sound processing, and improvisation. Performance practice issues are often mediated by close collaboration between performers and composers, but they can inhibit the accessibility of these works to new performers, and may be detrimental to the long-term viability of interactive music. Recommendations for resolving these issues are directed at both composers and performers of interactive music. A listing of over one hundred interactive works for clarinet and computer is also included.

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In a single capture-recapture problem, two new Wilson methods for interval estimation of population size are derived. Classical Chapman interval, Wilson and Wilson-cc intervals are examined and compared in terms of their expected interval width and exact coverage properties in two models. The new approach performs better than the Chapman in each model. Bayesian analysis also gives a different way to estimate population size.