The development of electric vehicle (EV) greatly promotes building a green and sustainable society. The new technology also brings new challenges. With the penetration of electric vehicles, the charging demands are increasing, and how to efficiently coordinate EVs' charging activities is a major challenge and sparks numerous research efforts. In this dissertation, we investigate the EV charging scheduling problem under the public charging and home charging scenarios from different perspectives. First, we investigate the EV charging scheduling problem under a charging station scenario by jointly considering the revenue of the charging station and the service requirements of charging customers. We first propose an admission control algorithm to guarantee the non-flexible charging requirements of all admitted EVs being satisfied before their departure time. Then, a utility based charging scheduling algorithm is proposed to maximize the profit for the charging station. With the proposed charging scheduling algorithm, a win-win situation is achieved where the charging station enjoys a higher profit and the customer enjoys more cost savings. Second, we investigate the EV charging scheduling problem under a parking garage scenario, aiming to promote the total utility of the charging operator subject to the time-of-use pricing. By applying the analyzed battery charging characteristic, an adaptive utility oriented scheduling algorithm is proposed to achieve a high profit and low task declining probability for the charging operator. We also discuss a reservation mechanism for the charging operator to mitigate the performance degradation caused by charging information mismatching. Third, we investigate the EV charging scheduling problem of a park-and-charge system with the objective to minimize the EV battery degradation cost during the charging process while satisfying the battery charging characteristic. A vacant charging resource allocation algorithm and a dynamic power adjustment algorithm are proposed to achieve the least battery degradation cost and alleviate the peak power load, which is beneficial for both the customers and charging operator. Fourth, we investigate the EV charging scheduling problem under a residential community scenario. By jointly considering the charging energy and battery performance degradation during the charging process, we propose a utility maximization problem to optimize the gain of the community charging network. A utility maximized charging scheme is correspondingly proposed to achieve the utility optimality for the charging network. In summary, the research outcomes of the dissertation can contribute to the effective management of the EV charging activities to meet increasing charging demands. / Graduate

Power demands will increase day-by-day because of widely adopting of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in the world and growing population. Finding and managing additional power resources for upcoming demands is a challenge. Renewable power is one of the alternatives. However, to manage and control renewable resources, we need suitable Energy Storage System (ESS). PEVs have a large battery pack that is used mainly to supply electric motor. Moreover, PEV battery could be used as an ESS to store power at a certain time and use it at another time. Nevertheless, it can play the same role with electric power grids, so it can store power at a time and return it at another time. This role might help the grid to meet the growing demands. In this thesis, we propose a charging and discharging coordination algorithm that effectively addresses the problem of power demand on peak time using the PEV’s batteries as a backup power storage, namely, Flexible Charging and Discharging (FCD) algorithm. The FCD algorithm aims to manage high power demands at peak times using Vehicle to Home (V2H) technologies in Smart Grid and PEV’s batteries. Intensive computer simulation is used to test FCD algorithm. The FCD algorithm shows a significant reduction in power demands and total cost, in proportion to two other algorithms, without affecting the performance of the PEV or the flexibility of PEV owner’s trip schedule.

The municipal company Sportfastigheter AB is currently renovating and developing Gränby sportfält, a sports field in Uppsala. Adjacent to the sports field, a parking lot for 700 vehicles is located, where Sportfastigheter AB is preparing to install charging points for electric vehicles (EVs) at some of the places. This bachelor thesis aims to investigate how a public charging solution should be modeled, with the parking lot at Gränby sportfält as a case study. The investigation involves estimating energy demand of visiting EVs, optimizing the ability to satisfy the estimated energy demand, and proposals of business models. A computer-based simulation of a representative week at Gränby sportfält was created as a decision basis for modeling the charging solution and what power capacity to dimension for. The results of this investigation indicates that the most suitable charging solution for Gränby sportfält is a solution with semi-fast chargers and load balancing, which is a type of controlled charging. With load balancing, a lower power capacity can be dimensioned for compared with the same solution without load balancing with savings in costs as a consequence. When investigating for 50 charging points the power capacity proposed to dimension for is 200 kW, which would lead to the possibility of meeting 98.7 % of the total energy demand of connected EVs. However, this study proposes to build the charging points gradually, with an initial installation of 12 charging points. Lastly, this study proposes to use a business model involving sponsoring, and offer the charging for free.

abstract: Transmission line capacity is an obstacle for the utilities because there is a load increment annually, and new power plants are being connected, which requires an update. Energy router (ER) is a device that provides an additional degree of freedom to the utilities by controlling the reactive power. The ER reactive power injection is demonstrated by changing the line's reactance value to increase its capacity and give the utility a deferral time for the project upgrade date. Changing the reactance manually and attaching Smart Wire's device to the branches have effectively solved the overload in three locations of a local utility in Arizona (LUA) system. Furthermore, electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) have been increasing to meet EV needs, which calls for an optimal planning model to maximize the profits. The model must consider both the transportation and power systems to avoid damages and costly operation. Instead of coupling the transportation and power systems, EVCS records have been analyzed to fill the gap of EV demand. For example, by accessing charging station records, the moment knowledge of EV demand, especially in the lower order, can be found. Theoretically, the obtained low-order moment knowledge of EV demand is equivalent to a second-order cone constraint, which is proved. Based on such characteristics, a chance-constrained (CC) stochastic integer program for the planning problem is formulated. For planning EV charging stations with ER, this method develops a simple ER model to investigate the interaction between the mobile placement of power flow controller and the daily pattern of EV power demand. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2020

Transportsektorn står inför en omställning från förbränningsfordon till eldrivna fordon. Detta är en åtgärd för att minska koldioxidutsläppet inom transportsektorn och därmed reducera klimatpåverkan. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en ökad effektanvändning i form av elbilsladdning påverkar Gävles lokala elnät samt hur olika laddtekniker påverkar elnätet. Bakgrunden till studien grundar sig att elnätsföretaget vill öka medvetenheten om hur elnätets beredskap ser ut för en ökad elbilsladdning. Att undersöka elbilsladdningens påverkan på elnätet är av stor nytta för elnätsföretaget, men även andra som undersöker elbilsladdnings påverkan i elnätet kan ha användning för studien. Ämnet elbilsladdning är mycket aktuellt och många studier undersöker olika delar som berör elbilsladdning. Tidigare studier undersöker även olika typer av laddtekniker och hur smart laddning minska påverkan i elnätet. Smart laddning kan anpassa elbilsladdningen genom att styra den efter olika styrsignaler och sammankoppla hela elnätet. Denna studie undersöker delar av Gävles lokala elnät genom att simulera befintliga mätvärden lågspänningsnätet samt olika typer av elbilsladdning. Studien analyserar effektanvändningen av befintliga mätdata samt belastningsström och spänningsfall i elnätet med varierande lastprofiler i fyra olika områden. Resultatet för denna studie visar att elbilsladdning påverkar elnätet, vilket beror på vilken typ av laddteknik som används samt dimensioneringen av elnätet. Studien visar att elanvändningen i området idag har effekttoppar på eftermiddag och kväll när kunderna består av villakunder men att effekttoppen kan vara mitt på dagen där det finns industrier. Med elbilsladdning ökar belastningen samt spänningsfallet i nätet och en del av säkringarna i nätet löser ut. Laddning med 11 kW mellan kl. 16:00-19:00 samt laddning med effektvakt på 13,8 kW ger störst belastning och spänningsfall. Laddning utan styrning är den laddteknik som påverkar elnätet mest men laddning med effektvakt orsakar också problem. Laddning med 5,5 kW mellan kl. 23:00-06:00 samt när endast 50% av alla kunder laddar med 11 kW mellan kl. 16:00-19:00 är de scenarion som påverkar elnätet minst. Laddning med en låg effekt under natten när grundlasten är som lägst är den laddteknik som är mest gynnsam för elnätet. Studien visar även att nätet klarar en högre belastning av elbilsladdning inom en snar framtid om endast en del av kunderna i nätet använder elfordon. / The transport sector is facing a transition from combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles. Through this action the carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector can be reduced. The purpose of this study is to observe how an increased power use from electric vehicle charging (EVC) affects the local electricity grid in Gävle. The study also addresses how different charging techniques affect the electricity grid. The background of this study is to the increase awareness of the capacity of the electricity grid. There is a need from the electricity grid company to look over the impact on the grid from EVC. This could also be useful for others looking over the impact on the electricity grid from EVC. This is a hot topic and lots of other studies look over the different aspects of EVC. Previous studies also examine different types of charging techniques and how smart charging reduces the negative impact on the electricity grid. Smart charging is a way to adjust the EVC by regulating it after different parameters and connecting the entire electrical grid. This study simulates existing measured values of the low-voltage grid in Gävle and various types of EVC. This study examines the power use of existing measurement data as well as load current and voltage drops in the electricity grid with different load profiles in four different areas. Results from this study shot that EVC affects the electricity grid, to what extent depends on the type of charging technology used and the dimensions of the electricity grid. The study shows that electricity use in the area has power peaks in the afternoon and evening with residential customers, but power peaks tend to be in the middle of the day if there are industries in the area. EVC increase the load on the electricity grid, causes voltage drops and a few fuses in the grid to be triggered. Charging with 11 kW between 16:00-19:00 and charging with a power monitor of 13.8 kW create the greatest voltage drops and highest load on the grid. Charging without means of control affects the electricity grid the most but charging with a power monitor also creates problems. Charging with 5.5 kW between 23:00-06:00 as well as when only 50 % of all customers charge with 11 kW between 16:00-19:00 impacts the grid the least. Charging with low power during the night when the base load is at its lowest is the charging technology that is most favorable for the electricity grid. Results also show that the grid can handle a higher load of EVC in the near future if only some of the customers in the network start using electric vehicles.

Using drones for cellular coverage enhancement is a recent technology that has shown a great potential in various practical scenarios. However, one of the main challenges that limits the performance of drone-enabled wireless networks is the limited flight time. In particular, due to the limited on-board battery size, the drone needs to frequently interrupt its operation and fly back to a charging station to recharge/replace its battery. In addition, the charging station might be responsible to recharge multiple drones. Given that the charging station has limited capacity, it can only serve a finite number of drones simultaneously. Hence, in order to accurately capture the influence of the battery limitation on the performance, it is required to analyze the dynamics of the time spent by the drones at the charging stations. In this thesis, we first use tools from queuing theory and stochastic geometry to study the influence of each of the charging stations limited capacity and spatial density on the performance of a drone-enabled wireless network. We then extend our work to rural areas where users are greatly impacted by low income, high cost of backhaul connectivity, and limited resources. Considering the limitation of the electricity supply scarcity in some rural regions, we investigate the possibility and performance enhancement of the deployment of renewable energy (RE) charging stations. We outline three practical scenarios, and use simulation results to demonstrate that RE charging stations can be a possible solution to address the limited on-board battery of UAVs in rural areas, specially when they can harvest and store enough energy.

Renewable energy integration is increasing – alongside it, the main limiting factors of such sources of energy have to be considered. Each source of energy comes with its unique sets of challenges, namely the way that the generation curves behave. These patterns should be considered, if photovoltaics can contribute at a larger rate to the grid. The current non-renewable sources provide a high response rate and great control over voltage/frequency – key parameters of the grid. Proper utilization of renewable energies is key to sustainable systems of the future.The work considers the possibility of regulating the energy flow through the usage of electric vehicles (EV). The thesis proposes a model within which particle swarm optimization is used to derive EV charging rates, which contribute to the overall performance of a controlled household system. Three control strategies are considered – individual, bottom-up and top-down control. The methodologies are introduced and compared in the study.Top-down control proves to be the most stable and most efficient at reducing energy mismatch when compared to other control strategies. It should however be underlined that any control strategy proposed in the study leads to a greater utilization of renewable energy and can greatly benefit any system with EVs and PV energy present.

This diploma thesis deals with design of microprocessor controlled battery charger. Thesis contains circuit diagram of final charger. In this thesist there is created functioning software for control of this battery charger. Charger is than manufactured.

With the increasing shift to the Internet Protocol [3] for all networks and the desire of telecommunications service providers to offer new value to their customers, the need exists to coordinate the delivery of end-to-end quality of service so that providers may offer new services to support their customer’s applications. The key objective of the EuQoS project is to research, integrate, test, validate, and demonstrate end-to-end QoS technologies to support advanced QoS-aware applications over multiple, heterogeneous research, scientific, and industrial network domains. End-to-end quality of service support for multiple applications is a great added value and could become the next major growth spurt in the telecommunications industry. A crucial requirement for the QoS model is that it must not add significant complexity to the existing mechanisms and must be compatible with legacy applications and equipment. Proxy signaling handlers will be used to satisfy the latter constraint. This thesis analyzes possible roaming scenarios and how Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting should be tackled. I seek to provide reasonable solutions and to consider the current environment, always trying to re-use, when possible, the existing architecture and components. / De huvudsakliga målen med EuQoS projektet är att integrera, testa, utvärdera och demonstrera QoS från en ende av kommunikationen till en annan för att stödja avancerade QoS tillämpningar inom multipla nätverksdomäner industrioch forskningsverksamhet. Denna nya teknik är av stort värde och kan komma att bli nästa stora steg i utvecklingen av telekommunikation. Användandet av IPnätverk ökar och i samma takt ökar även efterfrågan av nya och bättre kommunikationstjänster. Därför finns det ett stort behov av QoS hos Internetleverantörerna som ständigt måste tillgodose kundernas önskemål. Det är viktigt att QoS modellen inte komplicerar den redan existerande tekniken. Därför måste den vara kompatibel med befintliga tekniker och utrustning. För att uppfylla dessa krav kommer Proxy signalbehandlare att användas. Den här rapporten behandlar möjliga roaming scenarier och hur AAA bör hanteras. Jag har som mål att presentera rimliga lösningar som tar hänsyn till miljön. För detta används i största möjliga mån redan existerande infrastruktur. / Con la continua evolución de las aplicaciones basadas en el protocolo IP en todas las redes, y el deseo de los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones de ofrecer un valor añadido a sus clientes, cohabita la necesidad de coordinar la entrega de calidad de servicio (QoS) extremo a extremo. De esta forma los proveedores pueden aumentar la oferta de servicios mediante nuevas aplicaciones. El principal objetivo del proyecto EuQoS es investigar, desarrollar, integrar y probar una tecnología independiente de la red de acceso que garantice QoS extremo a extremo. El sistema esta pensado inicialmente para dar soporte a las aplicaciones: VoIP, VoD, video conferencia, y a una aplicación médica llamada MEDIGRAF, sobre múltiples y heterogéneas redes de acceso. Los parámetros que EuQoS tiene en cuenta para la reserva de la calidad de servicio son el ancho de banda, el retardo, la variación del retardo (jitter), y las pérdidas permitidas. Un requisito fundamental para el modelo de QoS es que debe añadir la mínima complejidad posible al existe funcionamiento del sistema y debe ser compatible con el legado de aplicaciones y equipo. Esto se solucionará mediante el uso de señalización a nivel de Proxy. Este proyecto analiza los posibles escenarios de roaming y cómo se debería afrontar la Autenticación, Autorización, y Accounting (AAA) en estas condiciones de itinerancia. En los capítulos iniciales hacen una descripción general del sistema EuQoS, para tener una visión global del proceso de reserva de recursos. Es necesario conocer la estructura completa para lograr una integración mayor y con el menor coste posible. El proyecto EuQoS propone y desarrolla un nuevo mecanismo de QoS que se construye sobre un estado del arte que incorpora los siguientes mecanismos: Monitorización y Medición, Control de Admisión, Gestión de Fallos, Señalización y Negociación de Servicio, Seguridad y AAA, Charging, Ingeniería de Tráfico y Optimización de Recursos. Con el fin de conocer lo que anteriormente otros habían hecho en este campo, antes de escribir una sola línea de este proyecto, llevé a cabo una extensa búsqueda de documentación. Parte de la información utilizada en este documento ha sido extraída de las entregas públicas del proyecto EuQoS hechas a la Comisión Europea. Además de la bibliografía mostrada en las referencias, Ericsson tiene sus propios informes técnicos e implementaciones de protocolos como el protocolo de iniciación de sesión (SIP) y DIAMETER, que se han consultado en varias ocasiones y han contribuido a lo largo de la investigación. Existe una enorme similitud entre la arquitectura del sistema y la de IMS. De esta manera, algunos de los conceptos aplicados a la hora de desarrollar una solución para el caso de roaming para EuQoS se basan en los flujos de señalización utilizados en IMS y en los anteproyectos de nuevos RFCs.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Electric vehicles (EVs) face a major issue before becoming the norm of society, that is, their lack of range when it comes to long trips. Fast charging stations are a good step forward to help make it simpler for EVs, but it is still not as convenient when compared to vehicles with an internal combustion engine (ICE). Plenty of infrastructure changes have been proposed in the literature attempting to tackle this issue, but they typically tend to be either an expensive solution or a difficult practical implementation. This dissertation presents two solutions to help increase the range of EVs: a novel wireless charging method and a multi-motor architecture for EVs. The first proposed solution involves the ability for EVs to charge while en route from another vehicle, which will be referred to from here on as vehicle-to-vehicle recharging (VVR). The aim of this system is to bring an innovative way for EVs to charge their battery without getting off route on a highway. The electric vehicle can request such a service from a designated charger vehicle on demand and receive electric power wirelessly while en route. The vehicles that provide energy (charger vehicles) through wireless power transfer (WPT) only need to be semi-autonomous in order to ``engage'' or ``disengage'' during a trip. Also, a novel method for wireless power transfer will be presented, where the emitter (TX) or receiver (RX) pads can change angles to improve the efficiency of power transmission. This type of WPT system would be suitable for the VVR system presented in this dissertation, along with other applications. The second solution presented here will be an architecture for EVs with three or more different electric motors to help prolong the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The key here is to use motors with different high efficiency regions. The proposed control algorithm optimizes the use of the motors on-board to keep them running in their most efficient regions. With this architecture, the powertrain would see a combined efficiency map that incorporates the best operating points of the motors. Therefore, the proposed architecture will allow the EV to operate with a higher range for a given battery capacity. The state-of-the-art is divided into four subsections relevant to the proposed solutions and where most of the innovations to reduce the burden of charging EVs can be found: (1) infrastructure changes, (2) device level innovations, (3) autonomous vehicles, and (4) electric vehicle architectures. The infrastructure changes highlight some of the proposed systems that aim to help EVs become a convenient solution to the public. Device level innovations covers some of the literature on technology that addresses EVs in terms of WPT. The autonomous vehicle subsection covers the importance of such technology in terms of safety and reliability, that could be implemented on the VVR system. Finally, the EV architectures covers the current typologies used in EVs. Furthermore, modeling, analysis, and simulation is presented to validate the feasibility of the proposed VVR system, the WPT system, and the multi-motor architecture for EVs.