Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 brito_js_me_rcla.pdf: 1673578 bytes, checksum: 68f8f522aa3eb641a0d0a7afee80f242 (MD5) / A geração de resíduos em laboratórios de Instituição de Ensino Superior, em especial os químicos advindos das atividades de ensino e pesquisa, vem ao longo dos anos acumulando problemas de forma diversificada e proporcionalmente desordenada. Diante dessa realidade, o gerenciamento de resíduos em laboratórios de ensino e pesquisa tem um papel muito importante se consideramos que tais resíduos, no longo prazo, agridem de maneira considerável o meio ambiente e que essas instituições são, acima de tudo, unidades formadoras de profissionais, de modo que eles devem ser conscientizados da importância de se preservar o meio em que vivemos. Por tudo isso, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo principal de conhecer os resíduos gerados nos laboratórios do Instituto Federal do Piauí, oriundos das atividades de ensino e pesquisa; além disso, objetivamos também a identificação das atividades realizadas nos laboratórios e os materiais utilizados nas análises; levantamento do descarte em pia pelos alunos e docentes; caracterização e quantificação do resíduo passivo estocado dentro e fora dos laboratórios, entre outros. No que concerne ao gerenciamento de resíduos na instituição, não existe um gerenciamento sistemático dos resíduos, e estes recebem o mesmo manejo dos resíduos domiciliares, no caso dos resíduos sólidos; e os líquidos são dispostos na rede de esgoto da cidade. O conhecimento gerado subsidiará a elaboração de um plano de gerenciamento de seus resíduos, como também servirá de base para elaboração de planos de gerenciamento de outras instituições, além de direcionar políticas públicas de gestão desses resíduos no estado do Piauí e contribuir, não somente para educar ambientalmente os alunos e funcionários dessa instituição, mas a população de forma geral / The generation of residues in laboratories of Higher Education Institution, especially the chemists that work with teaching activities and research, come over the years accumulating problems in a diversified and disordered way. Due to this reality, the administration of residues in teaching laboratories and research has a very important role if we considered that such residues, in a long-term, cause prejudice to the environment where they live. For all it was mentioned before, this research has the aim of knowing the residues generated at the laboratories of the Federal Institute of Education of Piauí, originating from the teaching and research activities. Besides, we also aimed at the identification of the activities accomplished in the laboratories and the materials used in the analyses; rising of the discard in sink for the students and teachers; characterization and quantification of the passive residue stocked inside and outside the laboratories, among other things. Concerning to the administration of residues in the institution, there is no systematic administration of the residues, and they receive the same handling of the home residues, in the case of the solid residues; and the liquids are disposed in the sewerage system of the city. The generated knowledge will subsidize the elaboration of plans of the institutions. Besides to address public politics of administration of those residues in the state of Piauí and to contribute not only to develop ecological sense in the students and employees of the Federal Institute of Education of Piauí, but for the population in general way

Com uma geração quantitativamente muito inferior se comparada às unidades industriais, os laboratórios de universidades e instituições de ensino e pesquisa possuem a problemática da grande diversidade de resíduos químicos, tornando necessária a adoção de diferentes formas de tratamentos para esses volumes. A geração de químicos residuais no CENA/USP não foge a essa regra, o que motivou a implementação de um Programa de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Químicos (PGRQ) que, além de constantemente proporcionar as condições necessárias para o correto manejo e destinação dessas soluções residuais, atua também no desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos mais limpos e em ações que visam a identificação, o tratamento ou reaproveitamento de resíduos. Objetivando aprimorar a gestão de um tipo específico de resíduo, representado por soluções residuais que possuem predominantemente solventes orgânicos em sua composição, dividiu-se a execução das etapas de trabalho desta pesquisa em: diagnosticar o gerenciamento desses resíduos, analisando desde a aquisição dos solventes (reagentes) até a geração das soluções residuais; estabelecer as melhores condições operacionais no sistema de destilação de solventes, avaliando o uso de diferentes temperaturas de aquecimento, tempo de trabalho e consumo de energia; implantar a ferramenta analítica da cromatografia gasosa para avaliação da qualidade dos resíduos segregados e, principalmente, dos solventes recuperados; e realizar uma comparação econômica e ambiental entre duas formas de tratamento possíveis de serem aplicadas a esses resíduos: a destilação e a incineração. Através do diagnóstico realizado, pode-se identificar certa carência nos registros de controle de entrada (aquisição) dos reagentes na Instituição, o que muitas vezes acontece sem o conhecimento do setor de Compras e Almoxarifado. Já com relação às etapas de gerenciamento dos resíduos, apenas alguns problemas pontuais de armazenamento e rotulagem foram observados. Por meio dos testes realizados no sistema de destilação, encontraram-se vantagens e desvantagens com o aumento/diminuição da temperatura usada no processo. A partir do uso da cromatografia gasosa, foi possível obter um controle mais preciso da qualidade do produto recuperado e também constatar a elevada eficiência do processo de destilação na separação do solvente dos demais contaminantes presentes no resíduo. A destilação, além de proporcionar a obtenção de produtos de excelente qualidade, se mostrou ambientalmente mais sustentável e cerca de 12 vezes mais econômica que a incineração / With a generation quantitatively much smaller compared to the industrial units, the laboratories of universities and educational and research institutions have the problem of a great diversity of chemical residues, making it necessary to adopt different forms of treatments for these volumes. The generation of residual chemicals in CENA/USP does not escape this rule, which motivated the implementation of a Chemical Waste Management Program that, in addition to constantly providing the necessary conditions for the correct handling and destination of these residual solutions, also acts in the development of cleaner analytical methods and in actions aimed for the identification, treatment or reuse of wastes. Aiming to improve the management of a specific type of waste, represented by residual solutions that have predominantly organic solvents in their composition, the execution of the work steps of this research was divided into: to diagnose the management of this waste, analyzing since the acquisition of solvents (reagents) until the generation of residual solutions; to establish the best operating conditions of the solvent distillation system, evaluating the use of different heating temperatures, working time and energy consumption; to implement the analytical tool of the gas chromatography to evaluate the quality of the segregated residues and, mainly, of the solvents recovered; and to conduct an economic and environmental comparison between two possible forms of treatment to be applied to such waste: distillation and incineration. Through the accomplished diagnosis, a certain deficiency can be identified in the entry control (acquisition) records of the reagents in the Institution, which often happens without the knowledge of the Purchasing and Warehousing sectors. Regarding the stages of waste management, only occasional problems of storage and labeling were observed. Through the tests carried out in the distillation system, advantages and disadvantages were found with increasing/decreasing the temperature used in the process. From the use of gas chromatography, it was possible to obtain a more precise control of the quality of the recovered product and also verify the high efficiency of the distillation process in the separation of the solvent from the other contaminants present in the residue. The distillation, in addition to providing excellent quality products, proved to be environmentally more sustainable and about 12 times more economical than incineration

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T13:39:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CLÁUDIA CRISTINA SOUSA DE PAIVA.pdf: 2910049 bytes, checksum: cbbd52d134cd09ce88ce0b663df5e6aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T13:39:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLÁUDIA CRISTINA SOUSA DE PAIVA.pdf: 2910049 bytes, checksum: cbbd52d134cd09ce88ce0b663df5e6aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-30 / The waste generated in the various human activities must be treated and disposed of properly, which poses a great challenge to public and private administration, especially in urban centers. The residues generated and the amount of water used in the production and hygiene processes of the material used in the laboratory classes of disciplines such as Pharmacology and Cosmetology in Higher Education Institutions (IES) need to be identified and quantified, since only chemically known residues . In this way, this research consists of a diagnosis of the residues generated in the manipulation of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products (PFC) in experimental classes of the course of Pharmacy as well as indication of management. In the region of Greater Goiânia nine Pharmacy courses are in operation, with the Pharmacology and Cosmetology subjects being compulsory in accordance with the National Curricular Guidelines. The research involved the diagnosis of experimental classes, preparation of pharmaceutical and cosmetic forms, raw materials, glassware used, water consumption, personal protective equipment (PPE), waste generated, as well as the analysis of the destination Suitable for processed PFC. The residues generated from a total of twenty eight different formulations elaborated in the classes of the disciplines object of this study were identified. The results show that in each HEI, the experimental classes are carried out semesterly by a total of five student groups, which resulted in the production of 117 L / year of products in liquid form and 135 Kg / year in solid or semi- Products classified as Class IB waste in accordance with NBR 10 004/2004, the purpose of which shall be incineration or co-processing. The results of the research also indicated the need to elaborate waste management programs to be applied in the different disciplines of the Pharmacy course aiming to minimize environmental impacts, as with reuse, and occupational, thus promoting the training of future pharmacists aware of the issues Relevant to its area of activity. / Os resíduos gerados nas diversas atividades humanas devem ser tratados e dispostos adequadamente, o que acarreta um grande desafio para a administração pública e privada, principalmente nos centros urbanos. Os resíduos gerados e a quantidade de água utilizada nos processos de produção e de higienização do material utilizado nas aulas de laboratório de disciplinas como Farmacotécnica e Cosmetologia em Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) necessita ser identificado e quantificado, pois só se trata resíduos quimicamente conhecidos. Desta forma, essa pesquisa se constitui de um diagnóstico dos resíduos gerados na manipulação de produtos farmacêuticos e cosméticos (PFC) em aulas experimentais do curso de Farmácia bem como indicação de gestão. Na região da grande Goiânia encontram-se em funcionamento nove cursos de Farmácia, sendo as disciplinas Farmacotécnica e Cosmetologia obrigatórias de acordo com as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais. A pesquisa envolveu o diagnóstico das aulas experimentais, o preparo das formas farmacêuticas e cosméticas, as matérias-primas, as vidrarias utilizadas, o consumo de água, os equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI), os resíduos gerados, bem como a análise do destino adequado para os PFC processados. Foram identificados os resíduos gerados a partir de um total de vinte e oito diferentes formulações elaboradas nas aulas das disciplinas objeto deste estudo. Os resultados obtidos consideraram que em cada IES, as aulas experimentais são realizadas semestralmente por um total de cinco grupos de aluno, o que resultou na produção de 117 L/ano de produtos na forma líquida e 135 Kg/ano na forma sólida ou semi-sólida, produtos estes classificados como resíduos Classe I B, de acordo com a NBR 10 004/2004, cujo destino deve ser a incineração ou o co-processamento. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram ainda a necessidade de elaboração de programas de gerenciamento de resíduos a ser aplicado nas diferentes disciplinas do curso de Farmácia visando minimizar os impactos ambientais, como com o reuso, e ocupacionais, promovendo assim a formação de futuros farmacêuticos consciente das questões pertinentes a sua área de atuação.

Orientador: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez / Banca: Sandra Elisa Contri Pitton / Banca: Tania Maria de Campos Leite / Resumo: A geração de resíduos em laboratórios de Instituição de Ensino Superior, em especial os químicos advindos das atividades de ensino e pesquisa, vem ao longo dos anos acumulando problemas de forma diversificada e proporcionalmente desordenada. Diante dessa realidade, o gerenciamento de resíduos em laboratórios de ensino e pesquisa tem um papel muito importante se consideramos que tais resíduos, no longo prazo, agridem de maneira considerável o meio ambiente e que essas instituições são, acima de tudo, unidades formadoras de profissionais, de modo que eles devem ser conscientizados da importância de se preservar o meio em que vivemos. Por tudo isso, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo principal de conhecer os resíduos gerados nos laboratórios do Instituto Federal do Piauí, oriundos das atividades de ensino e pesquisa; além disso, objetivamos também a identificação das atividades realizadas nos laboratórios e os materiais utilizados nas análises; levantamento do descarte em pia pelos alunos e docentes; caracterização e quantificação do resíduo passivo estocado dentro e fora dos laboratórios, entre outros. No que concerne ao gerenciamento de resíduos na instituição, não existe um gerenciamento sistemático dos resíduos, e estes recebem o mesmo manejo dos resíduos domiciliares, no caso dos resíduos sólidos; e os líquidos são dispostos na rede de esgoto da cidade. O conhecimento gerado subsidiará a elaboração de um plano de gerenciamento de seus resíduos, como também servirá de base para elaboração de planos de gerenciamento de outras instituições, além de direcionar políticas públicas de gestão desses resíduos no estado do Piauí e contribuir, não somente para educar ambientalmente os alunos e funcionários dessa instituição, mas a população de forma geral / Abstract: The generation of residues in laboratories of Higher Education Institution, especially the chemists that work with teaching activities and research, come over the years accumulating problems in a diversified and disordered way. Due to this reality, the administration of residues in teaching laboratories and research has a very important role if we considered that such residues, in a long-term, cause prejudice to the environment where they live. For all it was mentioned before, this research has the aim of knowing the residues generated at the laboratories of the Federal Institute of Education of Piauí, originating from the teaching and research activities. Besides, we also aimed at the identification of the activities accomplished in the laboratories and the materials used in the analyses; rising of the discard in sink for the students and teachers; characterization and quantification of the passive residue stocked inside and outside the laboratories, among other things. Concerning to the administration of residues in the institution, there is no systematic administration of the residues, and they receive the same handling of the home residues, in the case of the solid residues; and the liquids are disposed in the sewerage system of the city. The generated knowledge will subsidize the elaboration of plans of the institutions. Besides to address public politics of administration of those residues in the state of Piauí and to contribute not only to develop ecological sense in the students and employees of the Federal Institute of Education of Piauí, but for the population in general way / Mestre

Com uma geração quantitativamente muito inferior se comparada às unidades industriais, os laboratórios de universidades e instituições de ensino e pesquisa possuem a problemática da grande diversidade de resíduos químicos, tornando necessária a adoção de diferentes formas de tratamentos para esses volumes. A geração de químicos residuais no CENA/USP não foge a essa regra, o que motivou a implementação de um Programa de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Químicos (PGRQ) que, além de constantemente proporcionar as condições necessárias para o correto manejo e destinação dessas soluções residuais, atua também no desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos mais limpos e em ações que visam a identificação, o tratamento ou reaproveitamento de resíduos. Objetivando aprimorar a gestão de um tipo específico de resíduo, representado por soluções residuais que possuem predominantemente solventes orgânicos em sua composição, dividiu-se a execução das etapas de trabalho desta pesquisa em: diagnosticar o gerenciamento desses resíduos, analisando desde a aquisição dos solventes (reagentes) até a geração das soluções residuais; estabelecer as melhores condições operacionais no sistema de destilação de solventes, avaliando o uso de diferentes temperaturas de aquecimento, tempo de trabalho e consumo de energia; implantar a ferramenta analítica da cromatografia gasosa para avaliação da qualidade dos resíduos segregados e, principalmente, dos solventes recuperados; e realizar uma comparação econômica e ambiental entre duas formas de tratamento possíveis de serem aplicadas a esses resíduos: a destilação e a incineração. Através do diagnóstico realizado, pode-se identificar certa carência nos registros de controle de entrada (aquisição) dos reagentes na Instituição, o que muitas vezes acontece sem o conhecimento do setor de Compras e Almoxarifado. Já com relação às etapas de gerenciamento dos resíduos, apenas alguns problemas pontuais de armazenamento e rotulagem foram observados. Por meio dos testes realizados no sistema de destilação, encontraram-se vantagens e desvantagens com o aumento/diminuição da temperatura usada no processo. A partir do uso da cromatografia gasosa, foi possível obter um controle mais preciso da qualidade do produto recuperado e também constatar a elevada eficiência do processo de destilação na separação do solvente dos demais contaminantes presentes no resíduo. A destilação, além de proporcionar a obtenção de produtos de excelente qualidade, se mostrou ambientalmente mais sustentável e cerca de 12 vezes mais econômica que a incineração / With a generation quantitatively much smaller compared to the industrial units, the laboratories of universities and educational and research institutions have the problem of a great diversity of chemical residues, making it necessary to adopt different forms of treatments for these volumes. The generation of residual chemicals in CENA/USP does not escape this rule, which motivated the implementation of a Chemical Waste Management Program that, in addition to constantly providing the necessary conditions for the correct handling and destination of these residual solutions, also acts in the development of cleaner analytical methods and in actions aimed for the identification, treatment or reuse of wastes. Aiming to improve the management of a specific type of waste, represented by residual solutions that have predominantly organic solvents in their composition, the execution of the work steps of this research was divided into: to diagnose the management of this waste, analyzing since the acquisition of solvents (reagents) until the generation of residual solutions; to establish the best operating conditions of the solvent distillation system, evaluating the use of different heating temperatures, working time and energy consumption; to implement the analytical tool of the gas chromatography to evaluate the quality of the segregated residues and, mainly, of the solvents recovered; and to conduct an economic and environmental comparison between two possible forms of treatment to be applied to such waste: distillation and incineration. Through the accomplished diagnosis, a certain deficiency can be identified in the entry control (acquisition) records of the reagents in the Institution, which often happens without the knowledge of the Purchasing and Warehousing sectors. Regarding the stages of waste management, only occasional problems of storage and labeling were observed. Through the tests carried out in the distillation system, advantages and disadvantages were found with increasing/decreasing the temperature used in the process. From the use of gas chromatography, it was possible to obtain a more precise control of the quality of the recovered product and also verify the high efficiency of the distillation process in the separation of the solvent from the other contaminants present in the residue. The distillation, in addition to providing excellent quality products, proved to be environmentally more sustainable and about 12 times more economical than incineration

Thesis (Ph. D. (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo,2016 / Refer to document / University of Limpopo, The Technology Innovation Agency (TIA), The Land Bank Chair of Agriculture ─ University of Limpopo, The Flemish Interuniversity Council (VLIR) and, The Agricultural Research Council - University Collaboration Centre

Farmed Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) (Thunnus maccoyii) is an important export product for South Australia (SA). It is exported to Japan, China, Korea and the United States for the sushi and sashimi markets. The primary purpose of SBT farming in SA is to fatten wild-caught juvenile fish (2-4 years of age with initial mean weights between 12-20 kg) over a period of approximately five months by feeding a selection of baitfish types. Farmers, farm managers and consumers of SBT all have an interest in managing chemical residues that have the potential to biomagnify in the fatty tissue of the farmed SBT fillets. Of particular interest are chemical residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins / dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This research presents the investigations and experimental validation of a predictive model that can be used to address the levels of residues in the fillets of farmed SBT at harvest from feeding (as the source) when applied to SBT aquaculture. An additional industry-focussed aim of this research was to determine if a Longer Term Holding (LTH) farming period, with a duration of an extra 12 months after a typical farming period of approximately five months, could produce SBT with higher condition index (CI) and lipid content, while keeping levels of PCBs and PCDD/Fs low, compared to the typical farming period. The justification for this research is that an adequate quantitative model is essential to help industry achieve targeted concentrations in the final fillet product by making scientific-based decisions on baitfish selection (baitfish strategies for the feeding of SBT), and longer term, to confidently demonstrate to local markets and importing countries that Australia is actively managing levels of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in farmed SBT, to ensure a high quality and safe product is delivered to the consumer. The novelty of this research is underpinned by four integrated stages, and the criteria for an adequate model established. The important criteria included: accurate predictions versus observed data demonstrated through the analysis of residual plots, potential physiological interpretation of model coefficients, parsimony – the model should be as simple as possible (but no simpler) and that the model should be easy to use. Firstly, a logical starting point was the development of a risk framework for residues in SBT. The developed framework was based on conventional principles of microbiological risk assessment highlighted in Codex Alimentarius. The risk framework consists of five governing principles: hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, risk characterisation and model validation. The advantages of the risk framework is that it provides a systematic research approach and permits information to be handled unambiguously, especially important for the niche SBT industry where chemical residue research is carried out for the first time. Secondly, because of a lack of available scientific data in context of this research, commercial-scale experimental field data for levels of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in typical farmed SBT as affected by feeding and growth were collected over 17 months at seven time intervals from Farm Delta Fishing Pty Ltd in 2005/06 (n = 50). Field data from another commercial company, Farm Alpha Fishing Pty Ltd, was collected over the typical farming period specific to this company, spanning 15 weeks at three time intervals in 2006, for validation work (n = 15). The data obtained from Farm Delta Fishing Pty Ltd revealed that whole weight of farmed SBT increased from 18.5 kg to 30.3 kg for a typical farming period, and subsequently to 41.0 kg by the end of the LTH farming period. A maximum mean CI of 24.0 ± 0.5 kg.m⁻³ and a maximum mean lipid content of 17.6 ± 0.5% was achieved at the third time interval of the typical farming period, for the baitfish types and ratios used as feed. There were no significant differences in the CI and lipid between the final harvests of the typical farming and LTH periods, i.e. even after an additional 12 months of farming. PCB and PCDD/F concentrations, however, increased between the final harvests of the typical farming and LTH periods. The data indicated that a typical farming period was sufficient to achieve a maximum CI and lipid content with lower concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the fillets relative to the LTH farming period. For the third stage of this research, a quantitative model was synthesised and applied to the PCB and PCDD/F (2,3,7,8-TeCDF) data detected in farmed SBT fillets. Assimilation efficiencies for PCBs and 2,3,7,8-TeCDF in the fillets of SBT were obtained. An assimilation efficiency, or percentage retention (efficiency expressed as a percentage), in the fillet of SBT is a measure of the uptake of a chemical residue from food (baitfish) to the SBT fillet. For the WHO-PCBs, assimilation efficiencies based on SBT fillets ranged between 19.1 – 35.3 % with the exception of PCB 169. The highest assimilation efficiency of 35.3 %, with a range of 30.4 – 40.3 % (at the 95 % confidence level) was attributed to the most toxic PCB congener, PCB 126. An assimilation efficiency of 39.2 % was determined in SBT fillets for the congener 2,3,7,8-TeCDF, which was higher than the assimilation efficiencies determined for the WHO-PCB congeners. A residual plot as predicted value versus observed value indicated that the predictive model was neither under- or over-parameterised. However, when the predictive model was assessed against the data set from Farm Alpha Pty Ltd, the model over-predicted the actual PCB and PCDD/F concentrations. The over-prediction is attributed to possible overfeeding of SBT farmed by Farm Alpha Fishing Pty Ltd. From a food safety point of view, in the absence of ideal predictions because of a lack of ideal validation data sets, an over-prediction instead of under-prediction is preferred. In the fourth stage, the practical application of the predictive model was demonstrated. Because SBT fillets are retailed as tissue group-specific, i.e. akami (low fat), chu-toro (medium fat) and otoro (high fat) fillets, PCB and PCDD/F analyses were carried out on the three tissue groups for selected SBT (n = 7). Dietary modelling on SBT consumption in humans was carried out using findings from the predictive model and tissue-specific data. The baitfish strategy employed for the feeding of farmed SBT consequently affects dietary exposure to SBT consumers. Exposure to PCBs and PCDD/Fs is approximately seven times lower for the consumption of a skin-free, boneless akami fillet than for a comparable otoro fillet of the same size. This dietary exposure assessment accounted only for consumption of SBT tissue-specific fillets. The experimental field study and modelling work on PCB and PCDD/F concentrations in farmed SBT (fillets) outlined in this thesis importantly directs the need to re-evaluate a specific model to better cater for SBT farming practices where SBT fillets are produced for human consumption. Because conditions that normally pertain to commercial farming of wild-caught fish were studied, findings should be of interest to industries where other species of fish (for food) are farmed in sea-cages in the open ocean. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1342453 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2008

Farmed Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) (Thunnus maccoyii) is an important export product for South Australia (SA). It is exported to Japan, China, Korea and the United States for the sushi and sashimi markets. The primary purpose of SBT farming in SA is to fatten wild-caught juvenile fish (2-4 years of age with initial mean weights between 12-20 kg) over a period of approximately five months by feeding a selection of baitfish types. Farmers, farm managers and consumers of SBT all have an interest in managing chemical residues that have the potential to biomagnify in the fatty tissue of the farmed SBT fillets. Of particular interest are chemical residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins / dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This research presents the investigations and experimental validation of a predictive model that can be used to address the levels of residues in the fillets of farmed SBT at harvest from feeding (as the source) when applied to SBT aquaculture. An additional industry-focussed aim of this research was to determine if a Longer Term Holding (LTH) farming period, with a duration of an extra 12 months after a typical farming period of approximately five months, could produce SBT with higher condition index (CI) and lipid content, while keeping levels of PCBs and PCDD/Fs low, compared to the typical farming period. The justification for this research is that an adequate quantitative model is essential to help industry achieve targeted concentrations in the final fillet product by making scientific-based decisions on baitfish selection (baitfish strategies for the feeding of SBT), and longer term, to confidently demonstrate to local markets and importing countries that Australia is actively managing levels of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in farmed SBT, to ensure a high quality and safe product is delivered to the consumer. The novelty of this research is underpinned by four integrated stages, and the criteria for an adequate model established. The important criteria included: accurate predictions versus observed data demonstrated through the analysis of residual plots, potential physiological interpretation of model coefficients, parsimony – the model should be as simple as possible (but no simpler) and that the model should be easy to use. Firstly, a logical starting point was the development of a risk framework for residues in SBT. The developed framework was based on conventional principles of microbiological risk assessment highlighted in Codex Alimentarius. The risk framework consists of five governing principles: hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, risk characterisation and model validation. The advantages of the risk framework is that it provides a systematic research approach and permits information to be handled unambiguously, especially important for the niche SBT industry where chemical residue research is carried out for the first time. Secondly, because of a lack of available scientific data in context of this research, commercial-scale experimental field data for levels of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in typical farmed SBT as affected by feeding and growth were collected over 17 months at seven time intervals from Farm Delta Fishing Pty Ltd in 2005/06 (n = 50). Field data from another commercial company, Farm Alpha Fishing Pty Ltd, was collected over the typical farming period specific to this company, spanning 15 weeks at three time intervals in 2006, for validation work (n = 15). The data obtained from Farm Delta Fishing Pty Ltd revealed that whole weight of farmed SBT increased from 18.5 kg to 30.3 kg for a typical farming period, and subsequently to 41.0 kg by the end of the LTH farming period. A maximum mean CI of 24.0 ± 0.5 kg.m⁻³ and a maximum mean lipid content of 17.6 ± 0.5% was achieved at the third time interval of the typical farming period, for the baitfish types and ratios used as feed. There were no significant differences in the CI and lipid between the final harvests of the typical farming and LTH periods, i.e. even after an additional 12 months of farming. PCB and PCDD/F concentrations, however, increased between the final harvests of the typical farming and LTH periods. The data indicated that a typical farming period was sufficient to achieve a maximum CI and lipid content with lower concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the fillets relative to the LTH farming period. For the third stage of this research, a quantitative model was synthesised and applied to the PCB and PCDD/F (2,3,7,8-TeCDF) data detected in farmed SBT fillets. Assimilation efficiencies for PCBs and 2,3,7,8-TeCDF in the fillets of SBT were obtained. An assimilation efficiency, or percentage retention (efficiency expressed as a percentage), in the fillet of SBT is a measure of the uptake of a chemical residue from food (baitfish) to the SBT fillet. For the WHO-PCBs, assimilation efficiencies based on SBT fillets ranged between 19.1 – 35.3 % with the exception of PCB 169. The highest assimilation efficiency of 35.3 %, with a range of 30.4 – 40.3 % (at the 95 % confidence level) was attributed to the most toxic PCB congener, PCB 126. An assimilation efficiency of 39.2 % was determined in SBT fillets for the congener 2,3,7,8-TeCDF, which was higher than the assimilation efficiencies determined for the WHO-PCB congeners. A residual plot as predicted value versus observed value indicated that the predictive model was neither under- or over-parameterised. However, when the predictive model was assessed against the data set from Farm Alpha Pty Ltd, the model over-predicted the actual PCB and PCDD/F concentrations. The over-prediction is attributed to possible overfeeding of SBT farmed by Farm Alpha Fishing Pty Ltd. From a food safety point of view, in the absence of ideal predictions because of a lack of ideal validation data sets, an over-prediction instead of under-prediction is preferred. In the fourth stage, the practical application of the predictive model was demonstrated. Because SBT fillets are retailed as tissue group-specific, i.e. akami (low fat), chu-toro (medium fat) and otoro (high fat) fillets, PCB and PCDD/F analyses were carried out on the three tissue groups for selected SBT (n = 7). Dietary modelling on SBT consumption in humans was carried out using findings from the predictive model and tissue-specific data. The baitfish strategy employed for the feeding of farmed SBT consequently affects dietary exposure to SBT consumers. Exposure to PCBs and PCDD/Fs is approximately seven times lower for the consumption of a skin-free, boneless akami fillet than for a comparable otoro fillet of the same size. This dietary exposure assessment accounted only for consumption of SBT tissue-specific fillets. The experimental field study and modelling work on PCB and PCDD/F concentrations in farmed SBT (fillets) outlined in this thesis importantly directs the need to re-evaluate a specific model to better cater for SBT farming practices where SBT fillets are produced for human consumption. Because conditions that normally pertain to commercial farming of wild-caught fish were studied, findings should be of interest to industries where other species of fish (for food) are farmed in sea-cages in the open ocean. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1342453 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2008

Farmed Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) (Thunnus maccoyii) is an important export product for South Australia (SA). It is exported to Japan, China, Korea and the United States for the sushi and sashimi markets. The primary purpose of SBT farming in SA is to fatten wild-caught juvenile fish (2-4 years of age with initial mean weights between 12-20 kg) over a period of approximately five months by feeding a selection of baitfish types. Farmers, farm managers and consumers of SBT all have an interest in managing chemical residues that have the potential to biomagnify in the fatty tissue of the farmed SBT fillets. Of particular interest are chemical residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins / dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This research presents the investigations and experimental validation of a predictive model that can be used to address the levels of residues in the fillets of farmed SBT at harvest from feeding (as the source) when applied to SBT aquaculture. An additional industry-focussed aim of this research was to determine if a Longer Term Holding (LTH) farming period, with a duration of an extra 12 months after a typical farming period of approximately five months, could produce SBT with higher condition index (CI) and lipid content, while keeping levels of PCBs and PCDD/Fs low, compared to the typical farming period. The justification for this research is that an adequate quantitative model is essential to help industry achieve targeted concentrations in the final fillet product by making scientific-based decisions on baitfish selection (baitfish strategies for the feeding of SBT), and longer term, to confidently demonstrate to local markets and importing countries that Australia is actively managing levels of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in farmed SBT, to ensure a high quality and safe product is delivered to the consumer. The novelty of this research is underpinned by four integrated stages, and the criteria for an adequate model established. The important criteria included: accurate predictions versus observed data demonstrated through the analysis of residual plots, potential physiological interpretation of model coefficients, parsimony – the model should be as simple as possible (but no simpler) and that the model should be easy to use. Firstly, a logical starting point was the development of a risk framework for residues in SBT. The developed framework was based on conventional principles of microbiological risk assessment highlighted in Codex Alimentarius. The risk framework consists of five governing principles: hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, risk characterisation and model validation. The advantages of the risk framework is that it provides a systematic research approach and permits information to be handled unambiguously, especially important for the niche SBT industry where chemical residue research is carried out for the first time. Secondly, because of a lack of available scientific data in context of this research, commercial-scale experimental field data for levels of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in typical farmed SBT as affected by feeding and growth were collected over 17 months at seven time intervals from Farm Delta Fishing Pty Ltd in 2005/06 (n = 50). Field data from another commercial company, Farm Alpha Fishing Pty Ltd, was collected over the typical farming period specific to this company, spanning 15 weeks at three time intervals in 2006, for validation work (n = 15). The data obtained from Farm Delta Fishing Pty Ltd revealed that whole weight of farmed SBT increased from 18.5 kg to 30.3 kg for a typical farming period, and subsequently to 41.0 kg by the end of the LTH farming period. A maximum mean CI of 24.0 ± 0.5 kg.m⁻³ and a maximum mean lipid content of 17.6 ± 0.5% was achieved at the third time interval of the typical farming period, for the baitfish types and ratios used as feed. There were no significant differences in the CI and lipid between the final harvests of the typical farming and LTH periods, i.e. even after an additional 12 months of farming. PCB and PCDD/F concentrations, however, increased between the final harvests of the typical farming and LTH periods. The data indicated that a typical farming period was sufficient to achieve a maximum CI and lipid content with lower concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the fillets relative to the LTH farming period. For the third stage of this research, a quantitative model was synthesised and applied to the PCB and PCDD/F (2,3,7,8-TeCDF) data detected in farmed SBT fillets. Assimilation efficiencies for PCBs and 2,3,7,8-TeCDF in the fillets of SBT were obtained. An assimilation efficiency, or percentage retention (efficiency expressed as a percentage), in the fillet of SBT is a measure of the uptake of a chemical residue from food (baitfish) to the SBT fillet. For the WHO-PCBs, assimilation efficiencies based on SBT fillets ranged between 19.1 – 35.3 % with the exception of PCB 169. The highest assimilation efficiency of 35.3 %, with a range of 30.4 – 40.3 % (at the 95 % confidence level) was attributed to the most toxic PCB congener, PCB 126. An assimilation efficiency of 39.2 % was determined in SBT fillets for the congener 2,3,7,8-TeCDF, which was higher than the assimilation efficiencies determined for the WHO-PCB congeners. A residual plot as predicted value versus observed value indicated that the predictive model was neither under- or over-parameterised. However, when the predictive model was assessed against the data set from Farm Alpha Pty Ltd, the model over-predicted the actual PCB and PCDD/F concentrations. The over-prediction is attributed to possible overfeeding of SBT farmed by Farm Alpha Fishing Pty Ltd. From a food safety point of view, in the absence of ideal predictions because of a lack of ideal validation data sets, an over-prediction instead of under-prediction is preferred. In the fourth stage, the practical application of the predictive model was demonstrated. Because SBT fillets are retailed as tissue group-specific, i.e. akami (low fat), chu-toro (medium fat) and otoro (high fat) fillets, PCB and PCDD/F analyses were carried out on the three tissue groups for selected SBT (n = 7). Dietary modelling on SBT consumption in humans was carried out using findings from the predictive model and tissue-specific data. The baitfish strategy employed for the feeding of farmed SBT consequently affects dietary exposure to SBT consumers. Exposure to PCBs and PCDD/Fs is approximately seven times lower for the consumption of a skin-free, boneless akami fillet than for a comparable otoro fillet of the same size. This dietary exposure assessment accounted only for consumption of SBT tissue-specific fillets. The experimental field study and modelling work on PCB and PCDD/F concentrations in farmed SBT (fillets) outlined in this thesis importantly directs the need to re-evaluate a specific model to better cater for SBT farming practices where SBT fillets are produced for human consumption. Because conditions that normally pertain to commercial farming of wild-caught fish were studied, findings should be of interest to industries where other species of fish (for food) are farmed in sea-cages in the open ocean. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1342453 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2008

The scenario of Brazilian education has been improving year on year, according to official figures. However, with regard to the teaching of science and practical classes, especially in public schools, there is still a long way to go. In view of this, and seeking help to illustrate the current state of public schools regarding the existence and use of school laboratories, whether in science or computer, we proposed that this work aims to: make a diagnosis of the situation of public schools elementary schools in the cities of Barra do Quaraí and Uruguaiana located on the western border of Rio Grande do Sul, in relation to the presence and use of school laboratories, both computer science and propose the effective use of space, especially the science lab, suggesting appropriate management techniques and waste treatment practices from lessons and suggest the implementation of a project for a science lab in the School Hall Elementary School October 22, located in Barra do Quaraí. To perform the first phase were carried out visits to 35 schools, state and municipal, urban and rural areas. During his visit to the 1430 questionnaire were applied students, 46 teachers and 37 administrators. Of all the schools surveyed, was found the following situation: have 16 science lab and computer lab are 34 (only one state school does not have either). Where permitted, the spaces were visited in order to see the facilities and infrastructure. With the data collected it was possible to detect positive and negative aspects of the use or nonuse of the laboratories for each category, as well as evaluating the importance of these activities and these spaces represent the school life of students and the group of teachers and administrators. These data served as a basis for the production of the second phase, which was the production of two booklets, one containing the proposal and suggested the use of experimental activities and the other dealing with the issue of waste and safety when conducting the practical classes. The third phase involved the preparation of the proposed deployment of the laboratory. The data analysis, and result in a manuscript, also allowed to profile all those involved in research as well as the vision of the same when it comes to practical classes. Thus, the booklets are a way to encourage the use of laboratories and assist teachers in planning classroom practices. Also, addressing the issue of waste, we seek to answer questions about the proper disposal of waste and waste resulting from the experimental activities. Each of the materials produced with this work counts as a contribution and response to each school that agreed to participate. / O cenário da educação brasileira vem melhorando ano a ano, conforme os índices oficiais. Entretanto, no que se refere ao ensino de ciências e aulas práticas, especialmente nas escolas públicas, ainda há um longo caminho a percorrer. Em vista disso, e buscando contribuir para ilustrar a situação atual das escolas públicas no que tange à existência e uso dos laboratórios escolares, sejam eles de ciências ou de informática, propusemos este trabalho que tem como objetivos: elaborar um diagnóstico da situação das escolas públicas de ensino fundamental nas cidades de Uruguaiana e Barra do Quaraí, localizadas na fronteira oeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no que se refere à presença e uso de laboratórios escolares, tanto de ciências quanto de informática, propor a utilização efetiva dos espaços, especialmente do laboratório de ciências, sugerindo técnicas adequadas de gestão e tratamento de resíduos oriundos das aulas práticas e sugerir a implantação de um projeto de um laboratório de ciências na Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental 22 de Outubro, localizada na cidade de Barra do Quaraí. Para realização da primeira fase foram realizadas visitas a 35 escolas, estaduais e municipais, de zona urbana e rural. Durante essa visita foram aplicados questionários a 1430 alunos, 46 professores e 37 gestores. Do total das escolas pesquisadas, foi encontrada a seguinte situação: 16 possuem laboratório de ciências e 34 possuem laboratório de informática (somente uma escola estadual não apresenta nenhum dos dois). Sempre que permitido, foram visitados os espaços com a finalidade de conhecer as instalações e infraestrutura. Com os dados coletados foi possível detectar aspectos positivos e negativos do uso ou não dos laboratórios para cada categoria, bem como avaliar a importância que essas atividades e esses espaços representam na vida escolar dos alunos e para o grupo de professores e gestores. Tais dados serviram também de subsídios para a elaboração da segunda fase, que foi a confecção de duas cartilhas, uma contendo a proposta de uso e sugestão de atividades experimentais e outra tratando a questão dos resíduos e da segurança durante a realização das aulas práticas. A terceira fase compreendeu a elaboração da proposta de implantação do laboratório. A análise dos dados, além de resultar em um manuscrito, também permitiu traçar o perfil de todos os envolvidos na pesquisa, bem como da visão dos mesmos no que tange às aulas práticas. Sendo assim, as cartilhas representam um meio de incentivar o uso dos laboratórios e auxiliar os professores no planejamento das aulas práticas. Igualmente, abordando a questão dos resíduos, busca-se sanar dúvidas quanto à eliminação correta dos resíduos e rejeitos que resultam das atividades experimentais. Cada um dos materiais produzidos com a realização deste trabalho conta como contribuição e resposta a cada escola que aceitou participar da pesquisa.