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Radiometric characterisation of vineyard soils, Western Cape, South AfricaMlwilo, Nolasco Anton January 2010 (has links)
Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study is aimed at investigating the feasibility of using the radiometric technique as an alternative to traditional methods for determining soil physico-chemical parameters which are important for terroir characterization. In-situ and ex-situ radiometric analyses of soil from three vineyard blocks of Simonsig Wine Estate in the Stellenbosch district (Western Cape, South Africa) were studied. A mobile MEDUSA gamma-ray detection system comprising a CsI(Na) crystal (length 15 cm, diameter 7 cm) and associated electronics mounted on a portable trolley were used for partial terroir characterisation. Thereafter activity concentrations of 40K, 232Th series and 238U series in soil (top ~30 cm) from the measured MEDUSA spectra (0 - 3 MeV) were extracted by means of the full-spectrum analysis (FSA) method. A lead-shielded HPGe detector was used for analyzing collected soil samples while soil physico-chemical parameters were analysed using standard methods at research and commercial laboratories. / South Africa
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Emissão de gases de efeito estufa em solo cultivado com pastagem (Tifton 85) e irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado / Emission of greenhouse gases from soil cultived with pasture (Tifton 85) and irrigated with treated sewage effluentSantin, Roberta Clemente 21 June 2012 (has links)
Atualmente, os maiores desafios para a humanidade são a iminente escassez de água, o aumento da produção de alimentos e a busca de fontes alternativas de energia. O uso de efluentes de esgoto tratado (EET) para irrigação agrícola pode, além de fornecer água, nutrientes e matéria orgânica para produção agrícola, minimizar o impacto ambiental causado pela sua disposição nos corpos dágua e aumentar a disponibilidade de água para outros fins. Pode ainda, aumentar a produção agrícola em uma mesma área, conservando as áreas florestadas, reduzir as despesas do agricultor com fertilizantes nitrogenados, e atuar na redução dos gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera, pela maior produção de biomassa e pelo acúmulo de carbono no solo através da rizodeposição e deposição de resíduos vegetais. Apesar desses aspectos favoráveis, esta prática interfere no sistema soloplanta- água modificando as entradas e saídas de carbono e nitrogênio de seus diferentes reservatórios Até o presente momento, pouco foi investigado sobre os efeitos da irrigação com esgoto tratado nas emissões de CH4, CO2 e N2O pelo solo. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal quantificar as emissões de CO2, CH4 e N2O, por meio do estudo de um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico Latossólico, cultivado com capim Tifton 85 e irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado produzido por tratamento biológico do esgoto do Município de Lins, SP. Tem ainda como objetivo avaliar mudanças ocorridas na química do solo em relação as concentrações de sódio, carbono e nitrogênio e a produtividade da capim. As principais conclusões foram que (i) o capim Tifton 85 foi mais produtivo nos tratamentos que receberam irrigação com EET, quando comparados àqueles irrigados com água; (ii) a concentração de Na no solo apresentou um aumento significativo independente do tipo de irrigação utilizada (EET ou água); (iii) a irrigação com EET contribuiu para elevar as concentrações de carbono e nitrogênio no solo; (iv) as emissões de N2O e CO2 dependem predominantemente da umidade do solo, da temperatura e das quantidades de fertilizantes nitrogenado mineral aplicados e menos do tipo de água utilizada na irrigação; (v) o CH4 foi o único que não apresentou relação direta de suas emissões com a sazonalidade climática; (vi) as emissões de CO2, N2O e CH4 pelos solos irrigados com EET não diferem de pastagens não irrigadas ou irrigadas com água, sendo mais influenciadas pelas práticas de manejo. Os resultados indicam que a irrigação de culturas com EET é uma pratica sustentável. / Nowadays, the humanity is faced with great challenges such as the impending water shortage, the increase in food production or the search for alternative energy sources. The use of treated sewage effluent (TSE) as water and/or nutrient source for agricultural irrigation, can preserve existing water resources by minimising environmental impacts caused by its discharge to surface waters and increase water availability for other purposes. Moreover, wastewater use can contribute to increase agricultural production, preserving forested areas; reduce costs for nitrogen fertilization, and can diminish greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere due to higher biomass production and carbon accumulation in soil through root and plant residue deposition. Despite these favorable aspects, this practice interferes in the soil-plant-water system by modifying the inputs and outputs of carbon and nitrogen from their different pools. Thus, this study aimed at quantifying CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from a Typic Haplustox cropped with Tifton 85 and irrigated with treated sewage effluent from the wastewater treatment plant (anaerobic and facultative ponds) at the city of Lins, SP and evaluates moreover changes in soil chemistry related to sodium, carbon and nitrogen concentrations and grass productivity. The study revealed that: (i) Tifton-85 was more productive at in treatments with TSE irrigation, compared to potable water irrigation, (ii) the Na concentration in the soil increased significantly regardless of the type of irrigation used (TSE or potable water), (iii) TSE irrigation increased the carbon and nitrogen concentrations in soil, (iv) N2O and CO2 emissions were predominantly dependent on soil moisture, temperature and the quantities of mineral nitrogen fertilizers applied as from the type of water used for irrigation, (v) only CH4 emissions had no direct relation to climate seasonality, and (vi) CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions of TSE irrigated soils did not differ from not irrigated or water irrigated pastures, being mainly affected by different management practices. The results indicate that crop irrigation with TSE can represent is a sustainable agricultural practice.
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Emissão de gases de efeito estufa em solo cultivado com pastagem (Tifton 85) e irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado / Emission of greenhouse gases from soil cultived with pasture (Tifton 85) and irrigated with treated sewage effluentRoberta Clemente Santin 21 June 2012 (has links)
Atualmente, os maiores desafios para a humanidade são a iminente escassez de água, o aumento da produção de alimentos e a busca de fontes alternativas de energia. O uso de efluentes de esgoto tratado (EET) para irrigação agrícola pode, além de fornecer água, nutrientes e matéria orgânica para produção agrícola, minimizar o impacto ambiental causado pela sua disposição nos corpos dágua e aumentar a disponibilidade de água para outros fins. Pode ainda, aumentar a produção agrícola em uma mesma área, conservando as áreas florestadas, reduzir as despesas do agricultor com fertilizantes nitrogenados, e atuar na redução dos gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera, pela maior produção de biomassa e pelo acúmulo de carbono no solo através da rizodeposição e deposição de resíduos vegetais. Apesar desses aspectos favoráveis, esta prática interfere no sistema soloplanta- água modificando as entradas e saídas de carbono e nitrogênio de seus diferentes reservatórios Até o presente momento, pouco foi investigado sobre os efeitos da irrigação com esgoto tratado nas emissões de CH4, CO2 e N2O pelo solo. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal quantificar as emissões de CO2, CH4 e N2O, por meio do estudo de um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico Latossólico, cultivado com capim Tifton 85 e irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado produzido por tratamento biológico do esgoto do Município de Lins, SP. Tem ainda como objetivo avaliar mudanças ocorridas na química do solo em relação as concentrações de sódio, carbono e nitrogênio e a produtividade da capim. As principais conclusões foram que (i) o capim Tifton 85 foi mais produtivo nos tratamentos que receberam irrigação com EET, quando comparados àqueles irrigados com água; (ii) a concentração de Na no solo apresentou um aumento significativo independente do tipo de irrigação utilizada (EET ou água); (iii) a irrigação com EET contribuiu para elevar as concentrações de carbono e nitrogênio no solo; (iv) as emissões de N2O e CO2 dependem predominantemente da umidade do solo, da temperatura e das quantidades de fertilizantes nitrogenado mineral aplicados e menos do tipo de água utilizada na irrigação; (v) o CH4 foi o único que não apresentou relação direta de suas emissões com a sazonalidade climática; (vi) as emissões de CO2, N2O e CH4 pelos solos irrigados com EET não diferem de pastagens não irrigadas ou irrigadas com água, sendo mais influenciadas pelas práticas de manejo. Os resultados indicam que a irrigação de culturas com EET é uma pratica sustentável. / Nowadays, the humanity is faced with great challenges such as the impending water shortage, the increase in food production or the search for alternative energy sources. The use of treated sewage effluent (TSE) as water and/or nutrient source for agricultural irrigation, can preserve existing water resources by minimising environmental impacts caused by its discharge to surface waters and increase water availability for other purposes. Moreover, wastewater use can contribute to increase agricultural production, preserving forested areas; reduce costs for nitrogen fertilization, and can diminish greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere due to higher biomass production and carbon accumulation in soil through root and plant residue deposition. Despite these favorable aspects, this practice interferes in the soil-plant-water system by modifying the inputs and outputs of carbon and nitrogen from their different pools. Thus, this study aimed at quantifying CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from a Typic Haplustox cropped with Tifton 85 and irrigated with treated sewage effluent from the wastewater treatment plant (anaerobic and facultative ponds) at the city of Lins, SP and evaluates moreover changes in soil chemistry related to sodium, carbon and nitrogen concentrations and grass productivity. The study revealed that: (i) Tifton-85 was more productive at in treatments with TSE irrigation, compared to potable water irrigation, (ii) the Na concentration in the soil increased significantly regardless of the type of irrigation used (TSE or potable water), (iii) TSE irrigation increased the carbon and nitrogen concentrations in soil, (iv) N2O and CO2 emissions were predominantly dependent on soil moisture, temperature and the quantities of mineral nitrogen fertilizers applied as from the type of water used for irrigation, (v) only CH4 emissions had no direct relation to climate seasonality, and (vi) CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions of TSE irrigated soils did not differ from not irrigated or water irrigated pastures, being mainly affected by different management practices. The results indicate that crop irrigation with TSE can represent is a sustainable agricultural practice.
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Adubações orgânicas e manejo de adubo verde nos atributos químicos e biológicos do solo e na cultura da alface em sistema de cultivo orgânico / Organic fertilization and green manure managenent on chemical and biological soil properties and on lettuce growth in organic systemOliveira, Luciana Cleci de 29 June 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Due the lack of informatios about fertilization on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in organic growth, this work aimed to study the effect of organic fertilizers on chemical and biological character of soil and on lettuce productivity. The green manure velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) received two types of management: incorporation into the soil or not incorporation. These both areas received the solid organic fertilizer bovine manure, commercial organic fertilizer and organic compound and a control treatment without fertilization. The samples were obtained at the time of management of velvet bean, and at 15, 55 and 105 days after this process, representing the moments of the distribution of fertilizes, plant and harvest of lettuce, respectively. Were evaluated chemical and biological characteristics of soil, and agronomic characteristics of the lettuce cultivar Vanda. The results showed that the commercial organic fertilizer followed by the organic compound, provided that highest amorents of organic matter, P, K, Ca, Mg, CTC, pH and V, and the two types of management of velvet bean, incorporated or not has similar results. For microbial biomass, better results were fownd with velvet bean not incorporated into soil plus treatment with organic compound. The population of bacteria was increased in the area where velvet bean was incorporated, except for the treatment with organic compound. For fungi, not incorporated velvet bean associated with commercial organic fertilizer provided the higher rate of population. The incorporation of velvet bean associated with organic compound increased the population of mycorrhizal fungi. The bovine manure associated with the incorporation of velvet bean and treatment with organic compound without incorporation of velvet bean increased the population of saprophytic nematodes. The area of aerial part, number of leaves and total fresh and dry weights of aerial part of lettuce, higher values were observed without the incorporation of velvet bean associated with the use of commercial organic fertilizer or bovine manure treatmentes / Em função da carência de informações técnicas sobre adubação da cultura da alface (Lactuca sativa L.), em sistema de cultivo orgânico, este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar práticas mais convenientes de adubação que auxiliem na manutenção da fertilidade do solo e produtividade da cultura. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas onde o adubo verde mucuna preta (Mucuna aterrima) recebeu dois tipos de manejo: incorporação ao solo seguida do levantamento de canteiros, e não incorporação. As subparcelas receberam os adubos orgânicos sólidos: esterco bovino, adubo orgânico comercial e composto além da testemunha sem adubação, com cinco repetiçiões, sendo utilizada a alface cultivar Vanda. As épocas de avaliação ocorreram no momento do manejo da mucuna, e aos 15, 55 e 105 dias após esse manejo, representando momentos da distribuição dos adubos, plantio e colheita da alface, respectivamente. Foram avaliadas características químicas e biológicas do solo, e características fitométricas da planta. Pelos resultados observou-se que o adubo orgânico comercial seguido do composto, foram os que proporcionaram índices superiores de matéria orgânica, P, K, Ca, Mg, CTC, V e pH, e o manejo diferenciado do adubo verde, com ou sem incorporação possibilitou resultados semelhantes. Para a biomassa microbiana, resultados superiores foram observados com a mucuna sem incorporação e o tratamento com composto. A população de bactérias foi aumentada para o manejo da mucuna com incorporação, exceto para o tratamento composto. Para fungos, o manejo sem incorporação associado ao adubo orgânico comercial proporcionou maiores índices populacionais. O manejo com incorporação associado ao composto se mostraram favoráveis para aumento da população de fungos micorrízicos. O esterco bovino associado a incorporação da mucuna e o tratamento com composto sem incorporação da mucuna aumentaram a população de nematóides saprófitas. Para a área de projeção de saia, número de folhas e massa fresca e seca totais da parte aérea, foram observados valores superiores sem a incorporação da mucuna preta e para os tratamentos adubo orgânico comercial e esterco bovino
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A Middle Woodland House and Houselot: Evidence of Sedentism from the Patton Site (33AT990), the Hocking River Valley, Southeastern OhioWeaver, Sarah A. January 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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Etude microclimatique et pédologique de l'effet de lisière en Cuvette centrale congolaise: impact écologique de la fragmentation des écosystèmes :cas des séries Yangambi et Yakonde à la région de Yangambi, R.D. CongoAlongo Longomba, Sylvain 05 July 2013 (has links)
L’occupation du sol en zone forestière de Yangambi dans la Cuvette centrale congolaise (RDC) change rapidement et la fragmentation forestière liée à l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis est devenue l’un des processus dominant la dynamique paysagère. La présente étude s’est fixée comme objectif de suivre une approche microclimatique en transects pour déterminer la zone de lisière entre les jachères herbeuses et les forêts denses, et ce, afin de mieux comprendre les réponses des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol aux changements d’occupation du sol et à la fragmentation forestière. Deux zones les plus appréciées par les paysans pour leurs exploitations agricoles ont été choisies en fonction des unités pédologiques existantes :la série Yangambi et la série Yakonde. Des échantillons non perturbés du sol de 0-10, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm et perturbés de 0-20 cm ont été prélevés dans les différentes occupations de sols après la détermination de la zone de lisière. Notre démarche a consisté à comparer les propriétés de sols identiques au plan de leur pédogenèse, sous jachère herbeuse, sous lisière et sous couvert forestier, de façon à quantifier l’effet de lisière sur les propriétés des sols, pour mieux connaître les conséquences édaphiques de la fragmentation des forêts par l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis. <p>Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la zone de lisière entre les jachères et les forêts denses a une largeur de 70 m pour la série Yangambi et 68 m pour la série Yakonde. Les variations microclimatiques de la lisière en terme de température de l’air, sont intermédiaires (moyenne, minima et maxima) entre celles des jachères herbeuses et des forêts denses. La fragmentation des forêts par l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis modifie profondément les propriétés physico-chimiques de sols dans les couches superficielles. Un des effets de changements d’occupation du sol et de la fragmentation est la présence d’horizons superficiels à texture sableuse au niveau des jachères herbeuses et des lisières forestières. La densité apparente et la conductivité hydraulique ont subit une importante dégradation sous les jachères herbeuses. A l’inverse, la lisière forestière assure une bonne structure conservatrice du sol (faible densité apparente et bonne conductivité hydraulique). Le sol des forêts denses présente des bonnes propriétés physiques et de ce fait, est pris comme référence à partir duquel les effets de dégradation physique du sol peuvent être appréciés. <p>Le potentiel chimique du sol (pH, phosphore assimilable, le taux de saturation en bases et la CECE) est meilleur au niveau des jachères herbeuses et des lisières forestières par rapport aux forêts denses suite à la pratique du brûlis qui permet de restituer au sol une fraction de la minéralomasse forestière par les cendres. Les teneurs en carbone et azote totaux du sol ont été significativement plus élevées sous les lisières forestières que sous les jachères herbeuses et les forêts denses. Les résultats de l’indice de Kamprath ont montré que, les lisières, en plus de contribuer à l’accroissement de carbone organique du sol, tendent à diminuer la toxicité aluminique de sols étudiés. A l’inverse, l’étude a mis en évidence une toxicité aluminique plus élevée sous la jachère herbeuse de la série Yangambi que sous la lisière. En parallèle, nous avons observé une baisse des teneurs en fer sous toutes les jachères et les lisières forestières. <p>Les pratiques de jachères cultivées et d’agroforesterie s’avèrent incontournables pour enrichir ces sols en matière organique, limiter l’érosion liée au brûlis afin de freiner le lessivage des nutriments, éviter le compactage du sol et assurer le maintien à long terme d’une bonne structure conservatrice du sol.<p><p>In the forest zone of Yangambi, located in the Central Congo Basin (DRC), land use is changing rapidly and forest fragmentation due to slash and burn agriculture has become one of the dominant processes of landscape dynamics. This study's main goal is to apply a microclimatic approach in transects to determine the edge area between the fallow grasslands and dense forests, and, in order to better understand the responses of the soil physico-chemical properties to changes in land use and forest fragmentation. Two most popular areas used by farmers have been selected on the basis of the existing soil units: the Yangambi and Yakonde series. Undisturbed soil samples at depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm and the disturbed at 0-20 cm were collected from different the land use types after detecting the edge area. Our approach was to compare the properties of identical soils based on their genesis, under grass fallow, edge and forest cover, so as to quantify the effect of edge on the soil properties, to better understand the edaphic consequences of the forest fragmentation by slash and burn shifting cultivation. <p>The results showed that the edge area between fallow and dense forests has a width of 70 m for the Yangambi series and 68 m for the Yakonde series. Microclimatic variations of the edge in terms of air temperature are intermediate (average, minimum and maximum) between grass fallows and dense forests. The fragmentation of forests by slash and burn shifting cultivation profoundly modifies the physico-chemical properties of soils in the surface layers. One of the effects of changes in land use and fragmentation was the presence of surface layers with more sandy texture in the fallow grassland and forest edges. Bulk density and hydraulic conductivity undergo an important degradation under grass fallows. In contrast, the forest edge ensures a maintenance of the soil structure (low bulk density and good hydraulic conductivity). Dense forest soil has thus good physical properties and therefore is taken as the reference from which the effects of soil physical degradation can be appreciated. <p>The chemical potential of the soil (based on pH, available phosphorus, base saturation and CECE) is better in the grass fallows and forest edges compared to dense forests due to the practice of slash and burn which allows restoration by adding nutrients to the soil through the ashes. The carbon and total nitrogen in the soil were significantly higher under forest edges than in fallow grasslands and dense forests. The results of the-Kamprath index shows the edges, in addition to contributing to an increase in soil organic carbon, tend to decrease the aluminium toxicity of studied soils. By contrast, the study revealed a higher aluminium toxicity under fallow grassland on the Yangambi series that under the edge and the forest. In parallel, we observed a decrease in iron contents in all fallow lands and forest edges. <p>The practices of cultivated fallows and agroforestry are proving unavoidable for enriching these soils in organic material, to reduce erosion related to slash and burn in order to curb the leaching of nutrients, to avoid soil compaction and to maintain a long-term well developed soil structure.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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