A casa dos imigrantes japoneses é estudada nesta tese do ponto de vista qualitativo, sendo as construções analisadas não como objetos, mas focadas no processo que decorre das implicações culturais, sociais e técnicas. As moradias construídas em uma área de imigração ainda inexplorada como fronteira agrícola, situada na região do Vale do Ribeira ao sul do estado de São Paulo, surgiram com as famílias que deparavam com a mata virgem. A despeito da situação de pioneirismo e das dificuldades enfrentadas pelas famílias, formou-se um acervo de mais de 500 casas no auge da prosperidade, todas construídas com material local: a terra e a madeira. Partindo do contexto histórico em que se iniciaram a colonização da região e os condicionantes que possibilitaram a criação da colônia, o trabalho analisa os modos de construção de suas moradias e as vicissitudes que possibilitaram a realização desse conjunto arquitetônico. Uma arquitetura espontânea que representa uma categoria expressiva e variada sob os aspectos construtivo, tipológico e programático. Como construíram, quem eram os responsáveis, quais eram os saberes trazidos do oriente e quais eram os saberes locais? O que propiciou sua durabilidade por mais de um século? Respostas a estas questões são buscadas ao longo da pesquisa, a qual também verifica a mescla da técnica japonesa com a influência cabocla e quilombola e investiga os processos originais japoneses para cotejar com os exemplares construídos no Vale do Ribeira. O estudo põe em foco o Tsuchikabe, palavra que literalmente significa parede de terra e que é uma técnica correspondente à taipa de mão no Brasil. Os dados científicos e históricos de caracterização correspondentes serão cotejados para verificar em que medida os saberes orientais foram adotados, adequados e ajustados à realidade brasileira. A relevância da pesquisa está na apresentação dos processos singulares e plurais que ocorreram há um século atrás, na abertura de novas frentes de investigação sobre o tema e na sistematização de informações que podem contribuir tanto na manutenção futura dos patrimônios tombados, como subsidiar a construção de casas mais sustentáveis e duráveis tão demandadas na atualidade. / The Japanese immigrants houses will be studied on this thesis by the qualitative point of view, and the buildings won´t be analyzed as objects, but as processes that occur from cultural, social and technical contexts. The housing built in a yet unexplored area as agricultural frontier, located in Vale do Ribera, in the south of São Paulo State, began with families that faced rain forest. Despite the pioneerism and the inherent difficulties faced by de families, there was an amount of more than 500 houses during the height of prosperity, each of them built with local materials such as wood and earth. Beginning with the historical context when the colonization started, and studying the conditions that allowed the colony settlement, this assignment will analyze the way of building their houses, and the events that propitiate the construction of that spontaneous architectural set representing an expressive and varied category, under a constructive, typological and programmatic aspect. Who built, who was the responsible, what was the knowledge brought from East, and what was the knowledge from the local population? What allowed an over a century staying? The answers to those questions are sought alongside the research, which also analyzes Japanese techniques mixed with Caboclo and Quilombos influences, investigates the Japanese original process in order to compare with the samples found in Vale do Ribera. This study focuses on a technique called Tsuchikabe, that literally means mud wall, which is similar to the Brazilian technique called Taipa de mão (wattle and daub). The scientific and historic data with corresponding characteristics will be collated to measure how much the Eastern knowledge was used, suited and adjusted to the Brazilian reality. The research relevance is to present these singular and plural processes that happened a century ago, to start new work fronts about this theme, to dispose information that could help with the future maintenance of the listed buildings, as well as subsidize the building of more sustainable and durable houses that are so demanded nowadays.

A casa dos imigrantes japoneses é estudada nesta tese do ponto de vista qualitativo, sendo as construções analisadas não como objetos, mas focadas no processo que decorre das implicações culturais, sociais e técnicas. As moradias construídas em uma área de imigração ainda inexplorada como fronteira agrícola, situada na região do Vale do Ribeira ao sul do estado de São Paulo, surgiram com as famílias que deparavam com a mata virgem. A despeito da situação de pioneirismo e das dificuldades enfrentadas pelas famílias, formou-se um acervo de mais de 500 casas no auge da prosperidade, todas construídas com material local: a terra e a madeira. Partindo do contexto histórico em que se iniciaram a colonização da região e os condicionantes que possibilitaram a criação da colônia, o trabalho analisa os modos de construção de suas moradias e as vicissitudes que possibilitaram a realização desse conjunto arquitetônico. Uma arquitetura espontânea que representa uma categoria expressiva e variada sob os aspectos construtivo, tipológico e programático. Como construíram, quem eram os responsáveis, quais eram os saberes trazidos do oriente e quais eram os saberes locais? O que propiciou sua durabilidade por mais de um século? Respostas a estas questões são buscadas ao longo da pesquisa, a qual também verifica a mescla da técnica japonesa com a influência cabocla e quilombola e investiga os processos originais japoneses para cotejar com os exemplares construídos no Vale do Ribeira. O estudo põe em foco o Tsuchikabe, palavra que literalmente significa parede de terra e que é uma técnica correspondente à taipa de mão no Brasil. Os dados científicos e históricos de caracterização correspondentes serão cotejados para verificar em que medida os saberes orientais foram adotados, adequados e ajustados à realidade brasileira. A relevância da pesquisa está na apresentação dos processos singulares e plurais que ocorreram há um século atrás, na abertura de novas frentes de investigação sobre o tema e na sistematização de informações que podem contribuir tanto na manutenção futura dos patrimônios tombados, como subsidiar a construção de casas mais sustentáveis e duráveis tão demandadas na atualidade. / The Japanese immigrants houses will be studied on this thesis by the qualitative point of view, and the buildings won´t be analyzed as objects, but as processes that occur from cultural, social and technical contexts. The housing built in a yet unexplored area as agricultural frontier, located in Vale do Ribera, in the south of São Paulo State, began with families that faced rain forest. Despite the pioneerism and the inherent difficulties faced by de families, there was an amount of more than 500 houses during the height of prosperity, each of them built with local materials such as wood and earth. Beginning with the historical context when the colonization started, and studying the conditions that allowed the colony settlement, this assignment will analyze the way of building their houses, and the events that propitiate the construction of that spontaneous architectural set representing an expressive and varied category, under a constructive, typological and programmatic aspect. Who built, who was the responsible, what was the knowledge brought from East, and what was the knowledge from the local population? What allowed an over a century staying? The answers to those questions are sought alongside the research, which also analyzes Japanese techniques mixed with Caboclo and Quilombos influences, investigates the Japanese original process in order to compare with the samples found in Vale do Ribera. This study focuses on a technique called Tsuchikabe, that literally means mud wall, which is similar to the Brazilian technique called Taipa de mão (wattle and daub). The scientific and historic data with corresponding characteristics will be collated to measure how much the Eastern knowledge was used, suited and adjusted to the Brazilian reality. The research relevance is to present these singular and plural processes that happened a century ago, to start new work fronts about this theme, to dispose information that could help with the future maintenance of the listed buildings, as well as subsidize the building of more sustainable and durable houses that are so demanded nowadays.

Native American societies in the Yazoo Basin during the Mississippian Period (ca. 1000 – 1700 A.D.) extensively built platform mounds often associated with “elite” or “sacred” areas, and exotic or energy expensive artifacts. Excessive energy expenditure, or “waste” behaviors, may be explained with costly signaling and bet-hedging, hypotheses stemming from evolutionary theory. I argue that costly signaling may best explain the waste evident in hierarchical and agricultural Mississippian Period societies of the Mississippi Valley. Consequently, I feel that differing levels of energy expenditure may be evident from the remains of perishable construction excavated from mound summits and off-mound contexts. During that time, wattle and daub was a common method of wall construction in the Yazoo Basin, leaving abundant evidence at Mississippian sites. By studying imprints from preserved daub fragments, the use of specific construction methods can be compared between mound and non-mound contexts and relative energy expenditure assessed.

Byggnadssektorn står för 36 % av utsläppen av CO2 till miljön och ungefär 40 % av världens totala energianvändning. Byggnader med större energieffektivitet och hållbarhet har potential att minska: den slutliga energianvändningen, utsläpp av växthusgaser, materialutvinning och användning av dricksvatten. Det är därför viktigt att utföra åtgärder för befintliga och blivande byggnader samt undersöka alternativa byggnadssätt och material som  kan innebära en minskad energianvändning och en begränsning av miljöpåverkan.   Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka värmeflödesegenskaperna för sexton olika isoleringsmaterial, av vilka fjorton stycken är mindre vanliga i byggnadssammanhang, samt att undersöka hur luftflödet för ett väggparti förbättras av att den lerklinas på en respektive två sidor. Experimenten för värmeflöde utfördes med hjälp av Hotbox-Coldbox metoden. Boxen i studien hade en kammare som kyldes ner och därmed representerade utetemperatur medan den varma temperaturen i lokalen, som boxen stod i, fick representera ett varmt inneklimat. Väggarna undersöktes med hjälp av värmeflödesmätare och temperaturgivare som placerades på väggytorna. Temperaturgivare placerades även upphängd inuti och utanför boxen för att åskådliggöra luftens temperatur inuti boxen och i lokalen.   Samma box användes för lufttäthetsprovningen, då hopmonterad med en fläkt som drog ut luften med ett undertryck ur boxen och skapade en tryckskillnad som innebar att luftflödet genom väggpartiet kunde beräknas med hjälp av en strypfläns.   Den empiriska studiens resultat för värmeflödesmätningen visar och jämför R-värden, lambdavärden (λ) och U-värden för konventionella och alternativa material. De bästa värmeflödesegenskaperna fick cellplasten, följd av mjuk träfiberskiva och klippt halm. Det isoleringsmaterial som presterade sämst i mätningarna var lerhalmen, men då dess dåliga värden troligen härrör från ett konstruktionsfel bör det vara torv som egentligen har sämst värmeisolerande egenskaper.   Resultaten från luftflödesmätningen visar att en vägg med lerklining på båda sidorna av konstruktionen nästan är 2,5 gånger mer lufttät än en vägg med enbart en yta lerklinad och 3,3 gånger bättre än den vägg som inte alls lerklinats.   De slutsatser som kunde dras av arbetet är att en del av de alternativa materialen (klippt halm och mjuk träfiberskiva) har goda möjligheter att agera som substitut för mer konventionella material under förutsättning att det utförs ytterligare forskning av dem. Det som skulle behöva undersökas närmre är, till exempel, deras fuktegenskaper eftersom naturliga material har en högre fuktkänslighet. Vidare bedöms det att lufttätheten förbättras markant av både en- och tvåsidig lerklining, men att den tvåsidiga är att föredra. / The building sector produces 36 % of the CO2 emissions to the environment and claims approximately 40 % of the worlds total energy usage. Buildings have a potential of reducing the net usage of energy, emissions of greenhouse gases, material extraction and usage of drinking water if they were to have a bigger energy efficiency and be more sustainably built. This is why it is of importance to intervene and review alternative ways of constructing buildings and different materials which can result in a reduced energy usage and a limited environmental footprint.   The objectives of this report is to examine the properties of heat flow through sixteen different materials of insulation, fourteen of these are alternative, less conventional. It also investigates how the airflow of a wall will improve by using a technique of wattle and daub on its facade.   The heat flow experiments were conducted with the use of the Hotbox-Coldbox method. The box in the tests had one chamber, which were cooled and thereby representing an outer temperature and the warm temperature in the room surrounding the box represented an inner climate. The walls were studied using heat flow measurers (Hukseflux) and temperature sensors on the inner and outer surfaces of the wall. Temperature sensors were also placed inside and outside the box in order to show the temperature of the air inside the box and in the surrounding room. The same box were used for the investigation of airflow, but then rigged with a fan which blew out the air inside the box. The difference in pressure that was created meant that the airflow through the wall could be calculated by using an orifice plate.   The results of the empirical study visualizes and compares R - values, lambda values (λ) and U - values for conventional and alternative materials. The expanded polystyrene insulation had the best values, followed by the soft board of wood grain and the sheared straw. The material performed the poorest was the straw which was mixed with clay. Though, because its values probably were due to faulty construction of the insulation, the poorest achievement should belong to the peat insulation. The airflow measurement showed a wall with two sides prepared with wattle and daub performed almost 2.5 times better than a wall with only one side prepared and 3.3 times better than a wall with no surface treatment.   Conclusions can be made out of the study that some of the alternative insulation materials (sheared straw and soft board of wood grain) has potential for acting as a substitute for conventional materials, though further research is required. The amount of airflow is deemed to be improved by wattle and daub although it is best if it is applicated on two sides.

As comunidades tradicionais caiçaras de Ilhabela estiveram sempre inseridas no contexto das transformações regionais, que influenciaram seu modo de vida, fundado na interação com o ambiente costeiro. Atualmente a região do litoral norte paulista atravessa transformações relacionadas à intensificação das atividades turísticas e à realização de grandes obras de infraestrutura logística e de energia. A legislação ambiental e o ordenamento territorial incidentes no município de Ilhabela são fatores que somam a este contexto e impactam nas condições de moradia e de uso e ocupação do território caiçara. Essa dissertação visa analisar as condições de habitação nas comunidades caiçaras da Baía dos Castelhanos; registrar as tipologias habitacionais predominantes; os respectivos processos de construção e suas resultantes. São utilizados referenciais teóricos para conceituar as comunidades tradicionais caiçaras e seu território. É apresentado o conjunto de leis urbanísticas e ambientais que incidem sobre as áreas caiçaras. São abordadas as vilas caiçaras e a produção habitacional local. A partir da análise das condições de moradia são identificados alguns pontos relevantes a serem considerados em planejamentos territoriais e habitacionais, tais como: necessidade de aprimoramento das técnicas construtivas com utilização de recursos ambientalmente, economicamente e socialmente viáveis; de implementação de programas de saneamento ambiental com uso de tecnologias apropriadas; e de regularização fundiária nas comunidades, a fim de viabilizar seu acesso a programas habitacionais. / Ilhabela\'s traditional caiçaras communities were always within the context of regional development that influence their way of life, witch is based on interaction with the coastal environment. Currently the north coast of São Paulo State is going through transformations related to the intensification of tourist activities and the realization of works of logistics infrastructure and energy. Environmental legislation and land use planning that affects Ilhabela city are factors that add up to this context and that impact on living conditions and land use of caiçara\'s territories. This thesis aims to analyze the living conditions in the caiçaras communities of Baía dos Castelhanos; register the predominant housing typologies, the construction process and results. Theoretical framework is used for conceptualizing the traditional caiçaras communities and its territory. The set of urban planning and environmental laws that focus on the native population areas is presented. The caiçaras villages and housing production are addressed. As result of the analysis of housing conditions some points to be considered in territorial and housing planning are identified, as the need for improvement of building techniques with the use of environmentally, economically and socially viable resources, implementation of environmental sanitation programs with use of appropriate technologies and land regularization in the communities, in order to facilitate their access to housing programs.

As comunidades tradicionais caiçaras de Ilhabela estiveram sempre inseridas no contexto das transformações regionais, que influenciaram seu modo de vida, fundado na interação com o ambiente costeiro. Atualmente a região do litoral norte paulista atravessa transformações relacionadas à intensificação das atividades turísticas e à realização de grandes obras de infraestrutura logística e de energia. A legislação ambiental e o ordenamento territorial incidentes no município de Ilhabela são fatores que somam a este contexto e impactam nas condições de moradia e de uso e ocupação do território caiçara. Essa dissertação visa analisar as condições de habitação nas comunidades caiçaras da Baía dos Castelhanos; registrar as tipologias habitacionais predominantes; os respectivos processos de construção e suas resultantes. São utilizados referenciais teóricos para conceituar as comunidades tradicionais caiçaras e seu território. É apresentado o conjunto de leis urbanísticas e ambientais que incidem sobre as áreas caiçaras. São abordadas as vilas caiçaras e a produção habitacional local. A partir da análise das condições de moradia são identificados alguns pontos relevantes a serem considerados em planejamentos territoriais e habitacionais, tais como: necessidade de aprimoramento das técnicas construtivas com utilização de recursos ambientalmente, economicamente e socialmente viáveis; de implementação de programas de saneamento ambiental com uso de tecnologias apropriadas; e de regularização fundiária nas comunidades, a fim de viabilizar seu acesso a programas habitacionais. / Ilhabela\'s traditional caiçaras communities were always within the context of regional development that influence their way of life, witch is based on interaction with the coastal environment. Currently the north coast of São Paulo State is going through transformations related to the intensification of tourist activities and the realization of works of logistics infrastructure and energy. Environmental legislation and land use planning that affects Ilhabela city are factors that add up to this context and that impact on living conditions and land use of caiçara\'s territories. This thesis aims to analyze the living conditions in the caiçaras communities of Baía dos Castelhanos; register the predominant housing typologies, the construction process and results. Theoretical framework is used for conceptualizing the traditional caiçaras communities and its territory. The set of urban planning and environmental laws that focus on the native population areas is presented. The caiçaras villages and housing production are addressed. As result of the analysis of housing conditions some points to be considered in territorial and housing planning are identified, as the need for improvement of building techniques with the use of environmentally, economically and socially viable resources, implementation of environmental sanitation programs with use of appropriate technologies and land regularization in the communities, in order to facilitate their access to housing programs.

No description available.

This thesis is focused on research of the rondel (circular ditch) located in the Prague- -Ruzyně area, dated to Late Neolithic Era with the Stroked Pottery culture. Quantitative, qualitative and spatial analysis of rondel's object fillings were carried out and the results and interpretation are presented in this thesis. Particularly thanks to Stroke-ornamented pottery analysis, it was possible to determine the relative chronology of the ditches filling. The interpretation of the material analysis and material spatial distribution tried to describe the trends associated with the formative processes and the development of origin of the ditches fillings. This work brings the results of processing of archeological findings and field documentation of a fully explored rondel, situated in the settlement of the Stroked Pottery culture. This work contributes to the understanding of Late Neolithic settlement structure and the rondels in general. Catalogue of findings is included. KEY WORDS: Late Neolithic - Stroked Pottery culture - Circular ditch - spatial analysis - formation processes - pottery - lithics - daub - animal skeletal remains

[ES] El valor de la arquitectura tradicional, entendida como aquella construida por la propia comunidad en base a sus condiciones, necesidades y recursos, reside en parte en las técnicas constructivas empleadas para ello al reflejar todo un proceso de adaptación, optimización y desarrollo de conocimiento durante siglos. Sin embargo, tanto el componente material como inmaterial de la arquitectura tradicional está actualmente amenazada por la industrialización, la despoblación, la pérdida de conocimientos, el abandono, la falta de valoración, etc. Los muros mixtos de madera son una técnica constructiva tradicional donde se combina un armazón de madera con una función principalmente estructural y una gran diversidad de materiales y soluciones para resolver las necesidades de cerramiento, revestimiento y aislamiento de los espacios definidos por el armazón. A pesar de que la arquitectura tradicional española se relaciona en el imaginario colectivo con la arquitectura de tapia y adobe, los muros mixtos de madera constituyen un elemento muy importante de la arquitectura tradicional de algunas zonas del territorio español, cuya gran diversidad y variedad demuestra la capacidad de adaptarse a unas condiciones geográficas, urbanísticas, arquitectónicas y constructivas concretas. Aunque poseen un gran interés a nivel histórico, cultural, etnológico y paisajístico, no se han estudiado al mismo nivel de profundidad que otras técnicas tradicionales españolas ni con el mismo nivel de detalle que se ha alcanzado en otros países con una gran presencia de muros mixtos de madera como Francia, Alemania, Inglaterra, Portugal, Italia, etc. En el contexto español, tanto en los tratados de arquitectura históricos y catálogos de arquitectura popular como en los estudios más recientes, las referencias a los muros mixtos son puntuales, centradas en muchos casos a una región o tipología concreta y sin llegar a profundizar en la forma de construcción. Ante esta situación, la presente investigación pretende ofrecer una visión general de los muros mixtos de madera en el territorio español, señalando la gran diversidad de variantes existentes, profundizando en su estado de conservación y determinando la forma en la que están siendo transformados. Para ello se ha basado en el análisis estadístico de 1.128 casos de estudio documentados repartidos por todo el territorio, cuya caracterización progresiva según diferentes variantes tipológicas, geométricas, materiales y acabados ha permitido reflejar la frecuencia y distribución de cada uno de los tipos identificados, así como señalar la lógica constructiva o razón de ser asociada. La comparación entre las características de las variantes identificadas y las condiciones geográficas, urbanísticas, arquitectónicas y constructivas ha permitido comprender las razones que han motivado su desarrollo y utilización en diferentes contextos. Asimismo, ante el panorama de desprotección y riesgo al que se enfrenta en general la arquitectura tradicional, se han estudiado los mecanismos de degradación y las dinámicas de transformación más frecuentes y se han comparado con las características constructivas para conocer la resiliencia y vulnerabilidad de la técnica en sí misma y las estrategias con las que los propietarios han hecho frente. De esta forma, una vez conocidos los muros mixtos de madera como técnica constructiva, incluyendo su diversidad y su vulnerabilidad, ha sido posible plantear una serie de recomendaciones y líneas guía para su conservación, intervención y puesta en valor. / [CAT] El valor de l'arquitectura tradicional, entesa com aquella construïda per la pròpia comunitat sobre la base de les seues condicions, necessitats i recursos, resideix en part en les tècniques constructives emprades per a això en reflectir tot un procés d'adaptació, optimització i desenvolupament de coneixement durant segles. No obstant això, tant el component material com immaterial de l'arquitectura tradicional està actualment amenaçada per la industrialització, la despoblació, la pèrdua de coneixements, l'abandó, la falta de valoració, etc. Els murs mixtos de fusta són una tècnica constructiva tradicional on es combina una armadura de fusta amb una funció principalment estructural i una gran diversitat de materials i solucions per a resoldre les necessitats de tancament, revestiment i aïllament dels espais definits per l'armadura. Malgrat que l'arquitectura tradicional espanyola es relaciona en l'imaginari col·lectiu amb l'arquitectura de tàpia i tova, els murs mixtos de fusta constitueixen un element molt important de l'arquitectura tradicional d'algunes zones del territori espanyol. La seua gran diversitat i varietat demostra la capacitat d'adaptar-se a unes condicions geogràfiques, urbanístiques, arquitectòniques i constructives concretes. Encara que posseeixen un gran interés a nivell històric, cultural, etnològic i paisatgístic, no s'han estudiat al mateix nivell de profunditat que altres tècniques tradicionals espanyoles ni amb el mateix nivell de detall que s'ha aconseguit en altres països amb una gran presència de murs mixtos de fusta com França, Alemanya, Anglaterra, Portugal, Itàlia, etc. En el context espanyol, tant en els tractats d'arquitectura històrics i catàlegs d'arquitectura popular com en els estudis més recents, les referències als murs mixtos són puntuals, centrades en molts casos a una regió o tipologia concreta i sense arribar a aprofundir en la forma de construcció. Davant aquesta situació, la present investigació pretén oferir una visió general dels murs mixtos de fusta en el territori espanyol, assenyalant la gran diversitat de variants existents, aprofundint en el seu estat de conservació i determinant la forma en la qual estan sent transformats. Per a això s'ha basat en l'anàlisi estadística de 1.128 casos d'estudi documentats per tot el territori, la caracterització progressiva en base a diferents variants tipològiques, geomètriques, materials i acabats ha permés reflectir la freqüència i distribució de cadascun dels tipus identificats, així com assenyalar la lògica constructiva o raó de ser associada. La comparació entre les característiques de les variants identificades i les condicions geogràfiques, urbanístiques, arquitectòniques i constructives ha permés comprendre les raons que han motivat el seu desenvolupament i utilització en diferents contextos. Així mateix, davant el panorama de desprotecció i risc al qual s'enfronta en general l'arquitectura tradicional, s'han estudiat els mecanismes de degradació i les dinàmiques de transformació més freqüents i s'han comparat amb les característiques constructives per a conéixer la resiliència i vulnerabilitat de la tècnica en si mateixa i les estratègies amb les quals els propietaris han fet front. D'aquesta manera, una vegada coneguts els murs mixtos de fusta com a tècnica constructiva, incloent-hi la seua diversitat i la seua vulnerabilitat, ha sigut possible plantejar una sèrie de recomanacions i línies guia per a la seua conservació, intervenció i posada en valor. / [EN] The value of traditional architecture understood as the architecture built by the local community based on its conditions, needs and resources, lies partly in its construction techniques. Those techniques reflect a whole process of adaptation, optimisation and development of knowledge over centuries. However, tangible and intangible components of traditional architecture are currently threatened by some factors such as industrialisation, depopulation, loss of knowledge, neglect or lack of appreciation. Half-timbered walls are a traditional construction technique that combines a timber frame with a mainly structural function and a wide range of materials and solutions to meet the enclosure needs, cladding and insulation of the spaces defined by the frame. Despite the fact that traditional Spanish architecture is associated in the collective imagination with the architecture of adobe and adobe, half-timbered walls are an essential element of the traditional architecture of certain areas of Spain, whose great diversity and variety demonstrate the ability to adapt to specific geographical, urbanistic, architectural and constructive conditions. Although their historical, cultural, ethnological and landscape value, they have not been studied at the same level of depth as other traditional techniques found in Spanish vernacular architecture, nor with the same level of detail as in other countries with a significant presence of half-timbered walls such as France, Germany, England, Portugal or Italy. In the Spanish context, whether in historical architectural treatises and catalogues of popular architecture or in more recent studies, references to half-timbered walls are occasional. The few specific studies tend to focus on a specific region or typology without giving a general view or going into the form of construction in depth. Given this situation, the present research aims to provide an overview of half-timbered walls in Spain, pointing out the great diversity of existing variants, examining their state of conservation and determining how they are being transformed. To this end, it has been based on the statistical analysis of 1,128 documented case studies spread throughout the territory. The progressive characterisation based on different typological, geometric, material and finish variants has made it possible to reflect the frequency and distribution of each of the identified types and point out the associated constructive logic or reason for their existence. Comparing the characteristics of the identified variants and the geographical, urban, architectural and constructive conditions has made it possible to understand the reasons behind their development and use in different contexts. Likewise, given the panorama of lack of protection and risk faced by traditional architecture in general, the mechanisms of degradation and the most frequent dynamics of transformation have been studied and compared with the construction characteristics in order to understand the resilience and vulnerability of the technique itself and the strategies used by the owners to overcome them. In this way, once half-timbered walls as a construction technique are known, including their diversity and vulnerability, it has been possible to propose a series of recommendations and guidelines for their conservation, intervention and enhancement. / Hueto Escobar, A. (2023). Los muros mixtos de madera en España. Estudio de una técnica tradicional para su puesta en valor y conservación [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195845

Prehistoric cultures are often studied by intrasite artifact variation and quantity without much consideration of how prehistoric populations interacted locally and regionally. Archaeologists can identify and study patterns associated with activities within a specified radius in order to gain an understanding of cultural operations. Identifying a social framework for a prehistoric society allows the investigation of group organization such as status differentiation, shared rituals, and the construction and maintenance of earthworks and living areas. That facilities were constructed for specialized use within a community is evidenced by the presence of earthworks and mounds at many sites (Lewis et al. 1998:16-17). Less well understood is how community patterns reflect social organization. The purpose of this thesis is to better document the number and distribution of structures at Lyon’s Bluff, a Mississippian to Protohistoric-period mound site in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi. The focus will be on the last part of the occupation at the site, i.e., on materials recovered from the plowzone. A method employing molluscan remains and sedimentological evidence is used that allows for the delineation of structure locales using plowzone samples. Additional evidence is provided by artifact distributions and geophysical (magnetic gradiometer) data.