Thesis--Universität Hamburg, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Universität Hamburg, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Conventions of Culture-Historical archaeology have persisted in Florida's Indian River Region since the early twentieth century. Traditional ceramic typologies focusing on the superficial stylistic characteristics of pottery have dominated anthropological assessments of Indian River culture during the prehistoric Malabar Period (ca. 1000 BC-AD 1565). Using a practice-oriented approach to analyze technological attributes of St. Johns pottery from Malabar-period assemblages offers an opportunity to examine the communities of practice surrounding craft production as an avenue for elucidating prehistoric cultural identities. This study explores ceramic technology within the Malabar period assemblages of the Fox Lake Sanctuary, and intra-regional and inter-regional site comparisons are quantitatively tested to evaluate variation in technological attributes between assemblages. Statistical results suggest a differentiation between certain technological attributes of St. Johns pottery in Malabar and St. Johns assemblages, notably in the rim thickness and lip morphology of simple form St. Johns Plain vessels.

Archaeological considerations of mobility have primarily focused on the differences in and among the kinds or degrees of mobility itself, rather than addressing the underlying issue of why human settlement patterns were or are mobile. The focus of this study is to address such questions within Darwinian evolutionary theory. Using the concepts of bet-hedging, as used in biology, and waste, as used in archaeology, it is argued that mobility was selectively favored for its population limiting properties. Relative changes in the numbers of projectile points in each assigned class, ordered chronologically by seriation, were taken to indicate relative population change over time. The results of this study suggest, primarily, that rapid, drastic population growth did not occur until the abandonment of mobility in the Gulf Formational period. This result supports the expectations of the hypothesis that was tested and indicates that in this instance mobility is a bet-hedging behavior.

The objective of my research was to compile all known burial data from the Fort Walton culture located in northwest Florida (A.D. 1000 to contact) to determine any patterns in burial practices. A thorough literature review of all published material was conducted to obtain the burial data. I also reviewed burial practices of other contemporaneous late prehistoric cultures in the Southeast, including the Pensacola and Rood cultures. The burial data clearly indicate that Fort Walton burial practices varied greatly; 14 different burial types were identified from all of the sites. A similar pattern is seen among Pensacola, Rood and Mississippian ceremonial centers. However, secondary burials were dominant at mixed Fort Walton/Pensacola and Pensacola sites when compared to classic Fort Walton burial sites. This may have been the result of European contact, which might have changed native burial practices in northwest Florida, as a result of disease and displacement; however, future studies are needed to assess this hypothesis. Caches of pottery and burials capped with pottery appear to be a unique characteristic among Pensacola burial sites. Two major dissimilarities observed at Rood burials were the practice of dyeing teeth and a mass burial with an altar. Of all of the Fort Walton sites, the elite burials from the Lake Jackson site most closely resembles the elite burials discovered at Etowah, Moundville, and Spiro, due to the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC) goods and the elaborate tombs.

With this thesis, I aim to fill a gap in our knowledge of shell artifacts from the northwest part of the state of Florida. It represents a first look at the range of shell artifacts in the collections of the University of South Florida (USF) obtained during the ongoing program of archaeological investigations in the Apalachicola Valley and surrounding region. There are 46 sites in the study area that have been identified as yielding shell artifacts, of which samples from 27 sites are curated in the USF Archaeology Laboratory. The proposed typology is based on an analysis of over 2300 specimens collected from archaeological sites in northwest Florida, including the Gulf Coast, barrier islands, St. Joseph Bay, and the Apalachicola River drainage. Shell artifacts represent one informative set of strategies that pre- and proto-historic Native Americans used to make a living. Despite this recognition, shell artifacts from northwest Florida have thus far received very little attention when compared with collections from south Florida. The paucity of available chert or other stone raw materials probably helped encourage south Florida peoples to utilize marine shell resources more extensively (White, Fitts, Rodriguez, and Smith 2002:16). The USF Apalachicola collection clearly demonstrates that marine shell played an important role in the lives of prehistoric native peoples from the north Gulf Coast as well. Twenty-two artifact types, including adzes, hammers, and dishes have been identified at 46 sites extending as far as 70 river miles inland. It is hoped that the research here presented will provide an opportunity to expand our knowledge of how past peoples lived in their everyday settings and help anthropologists categorize material culture in a more organized fashion. The provisional typology of shell tools is intended as a foundation for future work in the Apalachicola River area and in neighboring regions.

Fort Walton, the local variant of Mississippian culture in northwest Florida, has long been studied in the Apalachicola River Valley beginning in the early 1900s, most notably by Clarence B. Moore (though he did not call it Fort Walton), and has continued to intrigue archaeologists and collectors alike. Gordon Willey and Richard Woodbury were the first to create a ceramic chronology for the Florida Gulf Coast. Willey continued this work, resulting in the publication of Archeology of the Florida Gulf Coast, an impressive compilation of information on prehistoric cultures, sites, and their ceramic technologies and typologies. This book has continued to be most widely accepted reference for Fort Walton ceramics. This thesis builds on knowledge of ceramic seriations for the Apalachicola River Valley, working toward a more accurate chronology. Two sources of data are utilized in this study. Each comes from the Curlee Site (8Ja7), in Jackson County, Florida, just south of the Jim Woodruff Dam near the top of the Apalachicola River. The first, the Leon Perry Collection, is an unprovenienced collection donated to the University of South Florida. The second, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History Collection, consists of excavated data and materials collected in the late 1970s. Over 10,000 sherds were documented in the Leon Perry Collection. Type, weight, vessel shape, temper, and decorative attributes of each sherd were recorded. The type Fort Walton Incised in this collection revealed several variations of scroll designs increasingly varied through time. Commonalities were found between Lake Jackson Plain and Lake Jackson Incised types. These two should should be consolidated into one ceramic type. Ceramics from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History collection were reexamined by White and Yuellig in the spring of 2006 with consideration toward patterns found in Fort Walton Incised and Lake Jackson types in the Leon Perry Collection. Trends in the stratigraphic distribution of these patterns were documented in order to test whether they could result in better temporal control. This research serves as a case study in how knowledge gained from an unprovenienced collection can shed new light on archaeological data with temporal control.

Native American societies in the Yazoo Basin during the Mississippian Period (ca. 1000 – 1700 A.D.) extensively built platform mounds often associated with “elite” or “sacred” areas, and exotic or energy expensive artifacts. Excessive energy expenditure, or “waste” behaviors, may be explained with costly signaling and bet-hedging, hypotheses stemming from evolutionary theory. I argue that costly signaling may best explain the waste evident in hierarchical and agricultural Mississippian Period societies of the Mississippi Valley. Consequently, I feel that differing levels of energy expenditure may be evident from the remains of perishable construction excavated from mound summits and off-mound contexts. During that time, wattle and daub was a common method of wall construction in the Yazoo Basin, leaving abundant evidence at Mississippian sites. By studying imprints from preserved daub fragments, the use of specific construction methods can be compared between mound and non-mound contexts and relative energy expenditure assessed.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-17T16:48:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marlon Borges Pestana.pdf: 87887729 bytes, checksum: 74cddc228ed3b0cba3dd27d7af2e7ae0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T16:48:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marlon Borges Pestana.pdf: 87887729 bytes, checksum: 74cddc228ed3b0cba3dd27d7af2e7ae0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A área de pesquisa se estende por 16,0 km a partir dos 21L 0323756E 8298272N até os 21L0317212E 8307359N. O ambiente é de cerrado, limitado ao sul pelo bioma do Pantanal matogrossense, ao norte pela floresta amazônica. No espaço da pesquisa existem três tipos de vegetação característica: a floresta aluvial, em neossolo quartzarênico, na planície de inundação; a savana arbórea densa ou cerradão, em argissolo vermelho-amarelo eutrófico, no terraço fluvial; e a savana arbórea aberta em galeria ou campo cerrado, em solo podzólico com a presença de um horizonte de cascalho a cerca de 0,60 m de profundidade, na meia encosta. O estudo de 34 sítios cerâmicos aponta para três formas de implantação: o predominante é em cima da borda do terraço fluvial, distante entre 30,0 e 80,0 m do rio, com 40,0 a 65,0 m de tamanho, espessura estratigráfica entre 20,0 e 40,0 cm e de 5,0 a 10,0 cm abaixo da superfície; a 2ª ocorre na planície de inundação, entre 20,0 e 45,0 m distante da linha d?água, com 20,0 a 45,0 m de tamanho, uma camada arqueológica variando entre 20,0 e 60,0 cm, a partir de 10,0 a 20,0 cm da superfície; e a 3ª, na meia encosta, afastada entre 120,0 e 340,0 m da margem do rio Jauru, com 10,0 a 15,0 m de extensão, predominantemente superficial, eventualmente com uma camada arqueológica entre 5,0 e 10,0 cm a partir da superfície. O resultado da análise do material e da implantação dos sítios indica a presença de diferentes culturas; ele foi comparado com as culturas ceramistas da área propostas em trabalhos anteriores que se referem à tradição Uru, característica dos cerrados do Brasil Central, à tradição Descalvado característica da borda setentrional do Pantanal e à tradição Descalvado/Pantanal, característica do ambiente alagado. O estudo pretendeu dar uma contribuição para uma área hoje ambiental e socialmente de fronteira, comprovando a existência, no passado arqueológico, da mesma característica. Observando o povoamento por cultivadores é possível separar claramente dois sistemas de assentamento. Ambos ocuparam os vários ambientes disponíveis, mas de forma diferenciada. O ambiente de Cerrado, entre o Pantanal e a Amazônia, oferece uma combinação de clima, solo e vegetação que produz um espaço favorável ao estabelecimento de populações que realizam cultivos nas áreas mais florestadas ao longo do rio ou em manchas isoladas de floresta, ao mesmo tempo em que exploram os abundantes recursos do Cerrado. O sistema que usa cerâmica temperada com areia é semelhante à ocupação denominada por diversos pesquisadores da área de tradição Descalvado. O sistema que usa cerâmica temperada com cariapé é semelhante à ocupação denominada por diversos pesquisadores da área de tradição Uru. A tradição Descalvado costuma ser atribuída a grupos da família lingüística Arawak. A tradição Uru costuma ser atribuída a grupos da família lingüística Macro-Jê. / The study area extends over 16.0 km from 21L 0323756E 8298272N 8307359N 0317212E up to 21L 0317212E 8307359N. The environment is closed, bounded on the south by biome Pantanal, to the north by Amazon. In the research area there are three types of characteristic vegetation: alluvial forest in Psament, the floodplain, dense wooded savanna or cerrado, red - Ultisol in fluvial terrace and open wooded savanna or cerrado grassland in gallery in podzolic soil with the presence of a horizon of gravel at about 0.60 m depth in the hillside. The study of 34 ceramic sites points to three ways of implementation: the predominant is on the edge of the river terrace, far between 30.0 and 80.0 m from the river, with 40.0 to 65.0 m in size, thickness stratigraphic between 20.0 cm and 40.0 and 5.0 at 10.0 cm below the surface; the 2nd is in the flood plain, between 20.0 and 45.0 m away from the waterline, with 20.0 to 45.0 m in size, an archaeological layer varying between 20.0 and 60.0 cm , from 10.0 to 20.0 inches from the surface; and 3rd, the hillside away between 120.0 and 340.0 m from the bank of the river Jauru, with 10.0 15.0 m in length predominantly superficial, possibly with an archaeological layer between 5.0 and 10,0 cm from the surface. The result of the analysis of the material and the deployment of sites indicates that different types of sites represent different cultures; it was compared with the cultures of the proposed area potters in previous papers related to Uru tradition, characteristic of savannas of central Brazil, the tradition Descalvado characteristic of the northern edge of the Pantanal and Descalvado/Pantanal wetland environment characteristic of tradition. This study attempts to make a contribution to an environmental area today and socially border, proving that archaeological past she would have the same feature. Watching the settlement by growers is possible to separate clearly two systems of settlement. Both occupied the various environments available, but differently. The environment Cerrado, Pantanal and the Amazon between, offering a combination of climate, soil and vegetation that produces favorable to the establishment of populations that carry crops in more wooded areas along the river or in isolated patches of forest area, while in exploiting the abundant resources of the Cerrado. The system uses tempered pottery with sand is similar to the occupation called by various researchers in Descalvado tradition. The system uses tempered pottery with cariapé is similar to the occupation called by various researchers in Uru tradition. The Descalvado tradition is often attributed to groups of Arawak linguistic family. The Uru tradition is often attributed to groups of Macro-Jê linguistic family.

This investigation into the origin of a collection of nineteenth century lanternslides revealed evidence of the social, intellectual and cultural importance of various scientific societies in Oxford, and the contributions made by those involved, particularly the creator of the lanternslides, H. M. J. Underhill, (1855–1920). Evidence gathered from primary sources showed a fluidity of relationships between the supposed ‘town and gown’ in late nineteenth century Oxford which consisted of a community of citizens, amateurs and academics, all of whom were linked by a growing interest in the real and mythological British past. Following a discussion of the key intellectual and social influences in Britain during the latter half of the nineteenth century, including the implications of the emerging evidence of an ancient human past, the thesis focuses on individual case studies. They illustrate the roles of overlooked or neglected individuals whose work contributed to the growth of today’s discipline of British prehistory. Several people, now forgotten, including Underhill were contemporaries of Arthur Evans and Edward Tylor whose social circumstances made it easier for them to become prominent academics. The results of this research indicate that a new approach is required in the history of archaeology; one that would draw attention to the vital contributions made by forgotten or overlooked individuals, societies and popular publications. Further attention to these issues will shed new light on the way that prehistoric archaeology moved from an antiquarian pastime to an academic discipline between 1850 and 1900.