The cobalt-catalysed oxidative cyclisation of 5-hydroxy alkenes has been demonstrated to be a powerful synthetic tool for the formation of trans-THFs with excellent diastereoselectivity. This thesis describes the utilisation of this methodology in the synthesis of the FG fragment of pectenotoxin-4, allowing the scope of the reaction to be further explored. Introduction: This section introduces the pectenotoxins, a family of structurally complex closed-chain polyether macrolides with promising biological activities. The isolation, structural elucidation, and biological properties of the pectenotoxins are reviewed, along with a summary of previous syntheses towards the FG fragment of pectenotoxin-4. In addition, the cobalt-catalysed oxidative cyclisation of 5-hydroxy alkenes and its application in synthesis is discussed. Results and Discussion: An outline of the synthetic strategy employed in this project and details of the novel retrosynthesis of the C31-C40 fragment of pectenotoxin-4 is described. The synthetic studies carried out towards the synthesis of the FG fragment of pectenotoxin-4 are discussed in detail, with the exploitation of a cobalt-catalysed oxidative cyclisation as the key step to form the trans-THF F-ring. Overall, the FG fragment, which contains six stereogenic centres, was achieved in 18 total synthetic steps (13 longest linear sequence).

In 2006, the secondary metabolite leiodolide A was isolated from a newly discovered deep-sea sponge of the genus Leiodermatium. The 19-membered macrolide represented a new class of mixed polyketide, nonribosomal, peptide synthetase natural products. A total synthesis of leiodolide A is yet to be achieved and is of specific interest, not only for its complex structure and undefined stereochemistry, but also the potent cytotoxic properties it possesses, particularly towards leukaemia, non-small cell lung and ovarian cancers. A synthetic strategy for leiodolide A must be flexible to overcome the currently unresolved stereochemistry and a convergent route towards the synthesis of the molecule required three subunits. Following the earlier synthesis of the C21-C25 vinyl stannane fragment, this work describes the synthesis of the C1-C10 subunit in the both possible diastereomeric forms. The synthesis of the two required C13 epimers of the C11-C20 subunit is also detailed accompanied by an investigation into potential fragment coupling, in preparation for total synthesis.

Reações quimiluminescentes envolvem geralmente a formação de um intermediário de alta energia que pode ocorrer em um ou vários passos seguida pela reação térmica deste intermediário, conduzindo a um produto eletronicamente excitado e consequente liberação da energia de excitação em forma de emissão de fluorescência ou fosforescência. O mecanismo de grande parte das reações orgânicas quimiluminescentes ainda não foi completamente esclarecido, especificamente no que diz respeito ao passo de quimiexcitação, o passo elementar onde a energia \"química\" da reação se transforma em energia de excitação eletrônica. O uso de peróxidos cíclicos (1,2­-dioxetanos e 1,2-­dioxetanodionas) como compostos-­modelo e a observação de sua decomposição quimiluminescente, permitiram a formulação dos mecanismos pelos quais estados excitados eletronicamente se formam nos processos quimiluminescentes. Neste trabalho são apresentadas diversas tentativas de síntese e a síntese de um 1,2-­dioxetano. De modo a obter maiores informações sobre a decomposição unimolecular dos 1,2-­dioxetanos, os parâmetros de ativação para a decomposição térmica unimolecular destes 1,2-dioxetanos foram determinados, demonstrando a alta estabilidade dos compostos e os valores calculados dos parâmetros de ativação mostram que não há a participação de decomposição escura dos dioxetanos. O aumento do grupo substituinte mostra um aumento na estabilidade dos dioxetanos. A decomposição induzida por fluoreto do derivado contendo um substituinte 3-­ sililóxi-­fenila ocorre com altos rendimentos quânticos de quimiluminescência. A velocidade da reação apresenta uma diminuição com o aumento da concentração de água no meio, mostrando a influência da solvatação dos íons fluoretos na reação de desproteção do grupo sililóxi. Os parâmetros de ativação mostram variação com a concentração de água. Também é relatado um estudo mecanístico do sistema peróxi-­oxalato, o único com alta eficiência comprovada que pode envolver o mecanismo CIEEL, com o objetivo de observar o passo de formação do intermediário de alta energia, proposto como a 1,2-dioxetanodiona, envolvendo a saída de dois grupos fenólicos na etapa lenta da reação, monitorados tanto pela cinética de decaimento da emissão, quanto pela absorbância dos grupos de partida fenólicos. Foram sintetizados ésteres assimétricos, simétricos e derivados perácidos, caracterizados por RMN de 13C. Foi utilizada a base não nucleofílica, 2,6­dimetilpiridina (lutidina), para garantir a reação direta do peróxido de hidrogênio com o éster oxálico. Relacionando as constantes de velocidades observadas nos diferentes ésteres assimétricos, simétricos e derivados perácidos pode-­se propor um mecanismo para a saída independente dos fenóis e verificar que 1,2-­dioxetanodiona é o mais provável intermediário de alta energia / Chemiluminescent reactions usually involve the formation of a high energy intermediary, which occurs in one or several steps, followed by the thermal reaction of this intermediary, leading to an electronically excited product, and the liberation of excitation energy by fluorescence or phosphorescence. The mechanism of most of the chemiluminescent organic reactions is not known yet, in special the chemiexcitation step, where the \"chemical\" energy is transformed in electronic excitation energy. The use of cyclic peroxides (1,2-­dioxetanes and 1,2-dioxetanones) as model and the observation of the chemiluminescent decomposition, lead to formulate mechanisms where the electronic excitated states are formed in chemiluminescent process. In this work are presented several attempts of synthesis and one 1,2-dioxetane synthesis. The activated parameters for the thermal unimolecular decomposition of these 1,2-­dioxetanes were determinated, showing the high stability of the compounds and the obtained values shown no dark decomposition process of the 1,2-­dioxetanes. The increase of size of the substituent group leads to a higher stability of 1,2-­dioxetanes. The induced decomposition by fluoride of the derivative containing substituent 3-­phenyl-­silyloxy occurs with high chemiluminescent quantum yields. The rate constant shows a decrease with the increase of the water concentration, which indicates the fluoride solvatation influence on the deprotection of silyloxy group. The activation parameters also show variation with the water concentration. Also is reported a mechanistic study of peroxyoxalate system, the only which high efficiency can involve the mechanism CIEEL, with the aim of observing the formation step of the high energy intermediate, proposed as the 1,2-­ dioxetanodione, involving the departure of two phenolic groups in the slow step of reaction, monitored both by the kinetics of light emission decay, as the absorbance of the leaving phenolic groups. Assymetric esters, symetric esters and peracid derivate were synthesized and characterized by 13C RMN. A non-­nucleophilic base was used, 2,6-­dimethylpyridine (lutidine), to guarantee the direct reaction of hydrogen peroxide with oxalic ester. Relating the rate constants observed in different asymmetric and symmetric esters and peroxyacids derivatives can propose a mechanism for independent phenol release and 1,2-­dioxetanodione verifies that it is most likely the high energy intermediate.

This thesis explores two approaches to fragment-based drug discovery. First, protein target CK2 was chosen due to its importance in the cancer phenotype. A literature fragment, NMR154L, proved to be a promising compound for fragment development, due to its binding at the interface site of the protein rather than the highly conserved ATP pocket. Analogues were synthesised of this fragment leading to a candidate with a better IC50. Additionally, computer modelling of the interface site suggested that a series of spirocyclic compounds would inhibit this protein. These were synthesised and tested in vitro. Results from these tests were analysed and informed the synthesis of new inhibitors with the aid of crystal structures and computer modelling. Secondly, to address the lack of spirocyclic scaffolds in fragment screening libraries a number of diversity-orientated synthetic campaigns were undertaken. The first of these utilised glycine as starting material. Two terminal alkenes were installed. The alkenes were linked and the amino and acidic residues cyclised. This allowed for the formation of a diverse range of spirocyclic scaffolds from this one starting material. Having established chemistry for linking amino and acidic residues a campaign with dehydroalanine was under taken. This would allow for the installation of the second ring by pericyclic chemistry as well as using chemistry previously established. This pericyclic chemistry was also applied to synthesising spirocycles from rings with exocyclic double bonds. These being readily installed from Wittig chemistry, this allowed utilisation of starting materials which contained a cyclic ketone. Of these azetidinone was a good candidate due to the fact it was a commercially available building block and allowed access to spirocycles containing a 4-membered ring; an underrepresented ring size. Finally, computation analysis was carried out on the library to assess it diversity and any potential biological targets which these fragments may inhibit.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bellucci_fs_me_bauru.pdf: 1672549 bytes, checksum: 747a54cb81f0feea1d7b6de7d89f3600 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar efeitos de escala e tamanho através de medidas de permissividade dielétrica de partículas nanométricas e/ou nanoestruturadas do óxido policátion niobato de potássio dopado com estrôncio (K'Sr IND. 2' N'b IND. 5' 'O IND. 15'), um óxido ferroelétrico da família tetragonal tungstênio bronze (TTB). A determinação da constante dielétrica de nanopartículas foi realizada através da técnica de mistura. Nesta técnica, nanopartículas de permissividade dielétrica desconhecidas são dispersas em um meio de permissividade dielétrica conhecida. A partir da resposta dielétrica da mistura a permissividade dielétrica das nanopartículas foram calculadas utilizando modelagem numérica via circuitos elétricos equivalentes. A fase K'Sr IND. 2' N'b IND. 5' 'O IND. 15, foi preparada por rota química (método poliol modificado), a temperatura de calcinação necessária à obtenção de nanopartículas foi otimizada e partículas nanoestruturadas de K'Sr IND. 2' N'b IND. 5' 'O IND. 15' monofásico foram avaliadas. A caracterização estrutural foi realizada utilizando as técnicas de difratometrica de raiox x (DRX), espectroscopia vibracional de absorção na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e ultravioleta visível (UV/vis) a partir das quais se avaliaram os parâmetros de rede, cristalinidade relativa, tamanho médio de cristalito, volume da cela unitária e energia de gap. Utilizando a técnica de espectroscopia de impedância entre 5 Hz e 3 MHz foram estudadas as propriedades dielétricas das amostras através de medidas de permissividade confirmando a existência de ferroeletricidade nas amostras e foi identificado o efeito de tamanho nas propriedades dielétricas das nanopartículas. / This work aimed the study of size effect through permittivity measurements of nanometric particles and/or nanostructured of niobate oxide K'Sr IND. 2' N'b IND. 5' 'O IND. 15', a ferroelectric oxide belonging to the tetragonal tungsten bronze family (TTB). Determination of nanoparticles dielectric constant was done using the mixture technique. In this technique, nanoparticles of unknown dielectric permittivity are dispersed in a medium of know dielectric permittivity. From the dielectric response of the mixture, the dielectric permittivity of the nanoparticles is calculated using numerical modeling by means of equivalent circuits. The K'Sr IND. 2' N'b IND. 5' 'O IND. 15' phase was prepared using a chemical route (polyol modified method) and the optmization of the temperature calcination was performed aiming to obtain nanoparticles and the resulting nanostructured particles were evaluated. The structural characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Vis spectroscopy allowing the evaluation of cell parameters, relative crystallinity and crystallite size, unitary cell volume and gap energy. The impedance spectroscopy technique in the range from 5 Hz to 3 MHz to study dielectric properties of samples was used. The presence of ferroelectric phase in samples was confirmed and the size effect was identified on nanoparticles.

Reações quimiluminescentes envolvem geralmente a formação de um intermediário de alta energia que pode ocorrer em um ou vários passos seguida pela reação térmica deste intermediário, conduzindo a um produto eletronicamente excitado e consequente liberação da energia de excitação em forma de emissão de fluorescência ou fosforescência. O mecanismo de grande parte das reações orgânicas quimiluminescentes ainda não foi completamente esclarecido, especificamente no que diz respeito ao passo de quimiexcitação, o passo elementar onde a energia \"química\" da reação se transforma em energia de excitação eletrônica. O uso de peróxidos cíclicos (1,2­-dioxetanos e 1,2-­dioxetanodionas) como compostos-­modelo e a observação de sua decomposição quimiluminescente, permitiram a formulação dos mecanismos pelos quais estados excitados eletronicamente se formam nos processos quimiluminescentes. Neste trabalho são apresentadas diversas tentativas de síntese e a síntese de um 1,2-­dioxetano. De modo a obter maiores informações sobre a decomposição unimolecular dos 1,2-­dioxetanos, os parâmetros de ativação para a decomposição térmica unimolecular destes 1,2-dioxetanos foram determinados, demonstrando a alta estabilidade dos compostos e os valores calculados dos parâmetros de ativação mostram que não há a participação de decomposição escura dos dioxetanos. O aumento do grupo substituinte mostra um aumento na estabilidade dos dioxetanos. A decomposição induzida por fluoreto do derivado contendo um substituinte 3-­ sililóxi-­fenila ocorre com altos rendimentos quânticos de quimiluminescência. A velocidade da reação apresenta uma diminuição com o aumento da concentração de água no meio, mostrando a influência da solvatação dos íons fluoretos na reação de desproteção do grupo sililóxi. Os parâmetros de ativação mostram variação com a concentração de água. Também é relatado um estudo mecanístico do sistema peróxi-­oxalato, o único com alta eficiência comprovada que pode envolver o mecanismo CIEEL, com o objetivo de observar o passo de formação do intermediário de alta energia, proposto como a 1,2-dioxetanodiona, envolvendo a saída de dois grupos fenólicos na etapa lenta da reação, monitorados tanto pela cinética de decaimento da emissão, quanto pela absorbância dos grupos de partida fenólicos. Foram sintetizados ésteres assimétricos, simétricos e derivados perácidos, caracterizados por RMN de 13C. Foi utilizada a base não nucleofílica, 2,6­dimetilpiridina (lutidina), para garantir a reação direta do peróxido de hidrogênio com o éster oxálico. Relacionando as constantes de velocidades observadas nos diferentes ésteres assimétricos, simétricos e derivados perácidos pode-­se propor um mecanismo para a saída independente dos fenóis e verificar que 1,2-­dioxetanodiona é o mais provável intermediário de alta energia / Chemiluminescent reactions usually involve the formation of a high energy intermediary, which occurs in one or several steps, followed by the thermal reaction of this intermediary, leading to an electronically excited product, and the liberation of excitation energy by fluorescence or phosphorescence. The mechanism of most of the chemiluminescent organic reactions is not known yet, in special the chemiexcitation step, where the \"chemical\" energy is transformed in electronic excitation energy. The use of cyclic peroxides (1,2-­dioxetanes and 1,2-dioxetanones) as model and the observation of the chemiluminescent decomposition, lead to formulate mechanisms where the electronic excitated states are formed in chemiluminescent process. In this work are presented several attempts of synthesis and one 1,2-dioxetane synthesis. The activated parameters for the thermal unimolecular decomposition of these 1,2-­dioxetanes were determinated, showing the high stability of the compounds and the obtained values shown no dark decomposition process of the 1,2-­dioxetanes. The increase of size of the substituent group leads to a higher stability of 1,2-­dioxetanes. The induced decomposition by fluoride of the derivative containing substituent 3-­phenyl-­silyloxy occurs with high chemiluminescent quantum yields. The rate constant shows a decrease with the increase of the water concentration, which indicates the fluoride solvatation influence on the deprotection of silyloxy group. The activation parameters also show variation with the water concentration. Also is reported a mechanistic study of peroxyoxalate system, the only which high efficiency can involve the mechanism CIEEL, with the aim of observing the formation step of the high energy intermediate, proposed as the 1,2-­ dioxetanodione, involving the departure of two phenolic groups in the slow step of reaction, monitored both by the kinetics of light emission decay, as the absorbance of the leaving phenolic groups. Assymetric esters, symetric esters and peracid derivate were synthesized and characterized by 13C RMN. A non-­nucleophilic base was used, 2,6-­dimethylpyridine (lutidine), to guarantee the direct reaction of hydrogen peroxide with oxalic ester. Relating the rate constants observed in different asymmetric and symmetric esters and peroxyacids derivatives can propose a mechanism for independent phenol release and 1,2-­dioxetanodione verifies that it is most likely the high energy intermediate.

Tertiary thiols are a synthetically challenging class of compounds to prepare asymmetrically. The few reported methods for preparing these species require restrictive functionality to be incorporated into the products or are limited to employing simple carbon electrophiles. This thesis details investigations into the lithiation of N-aryl thiocarbamates. A stereoselective intramolecular arylation within lithiated thiocarbamates has been developed allowing the construction of quaternary stereocentres next to sulfur. Simple deprotection allows the isolation of enantiomerically pure tertiary thiols. A procedure for aryl migration within benzylic thiocarbamates has been developed and optimised. Rearrangement occurs in good yield and excellent stereoselectivity in a wide range of thiocarbamate substrates. Various substitution patterns are tolerated on the migrating aryl ring, the benzylic aryl ring and on the benzylic carbon centre. Extension of this methodology has incorporated an asymmetric alkylation of achiral benzylic thiocarbamates as a method of preparing aryl migration substrates. This allows the asymmetric synthesis of tertiary thiols in 2 steps from simple achiral precursors. Aryl migration has also been found to occur in lithiated allylic thiocarbamates with high stereospecificity, allowing preparation of a wider range of tertiary thiols.

Molecular self-assembly or ligand-metal assembly is a process in which several individual molecules and metal ions organize themselves into an ordered arrangement without external stimuli, the defined structures can lead to distinctive electronic and photonic performances. In the meantime, as the scale of materials decreases, various unique properties arise from their minute scaled dimensions, such as surface effect, volume effect, quantum effect and dielectric confinement effect, etc. Therefore, the design and fabrication of the micro- and nanomaterial via the technique of molecular self-assembly or ligand-metal assembly is becoming an emerging research field, for the purpose of meeting the increased demands of multi-functional materials. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the advanced materials prepared by either molecular self-assembly or ligand-metal assembly. We described the interaction nature in detail, and enumerated the applications as well as developments of this scientific field. Furthermore, the detailed classifications as well as previous work of these advanced materials we researched on, such as two dimensional nanosheets, hetero-structured materials and cyclometalated iridium(Ⅲ) complexes were also amply summarized. Two-dimensional nanosheets have always been a research hotspot since graphene was discovered and isolated. In contrast, molecule-based organometallic nanosheets through bottom-up method exhibit more inner structures. In Chapter 2, we constructed two classes of organometallic nanosheets with different intermolecular forces, one is metal-ligand coordination, while the other one is the aromatic (π-π) interaction. Two-dimensional nanosheets with Hg-acetylide linkages, bis(dipyrrinato)metal linkages as well as bis(terpyridine)metal linkages were synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, optical and electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and so on. In addition, the potential applications were explored as well, including the tests of charge mobility and current capacitance. Meanwhile we also investigated the two-dimensional nanosheets self-assembled by aromatic (π-π) interaction. The morphology characterizations, crystal form measurements, besides elemental analyses were conducted. By means of surface control, the hybrid nanosheets could achieve many superior performances, like super hydrophobicity, high conductivity and soft magnetism. In Chapter 3, we firstly mentioned that organic hetero-structured micro- or nanomaterials are widely attractive on account of its extensive applications in lasers, bipolar transistors, field effect transistors and solar cells. In our work, we focus on the diverse microrods assembled from π-conjugated small molecules, especially in the construction of heterogeneous organic heterojunction materials with specific components distribution. Two novel kinds of heterostructure, multilayer core-shell structured heterojunction and heterogeneous rod-tail helix were fabricated and developed both via a stepwise seeded-growth route, in which the different constituents possess different colors of luminescence. Through the media of fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy, the core-shell hetero- structures can be observed, testified and recorded quite distinctly. Furthermore, the prepared method by employing seeded-precursor could give us a revelation about constructing more sophisticated and functional organic luminescent heterogeneous materials. Chapter 4 focuses on the syntheses and characterization of eight cyclometalated iridium(Ⅲ) complexes, Ir(TPY)2(Dipyrrinato), Ir(PIQ)2(Dipyrrinato), Ir(Ligand 1)2(Dipyrrinato), Ir(Ligand 2)2(Dipyrrinato), Ir(Ligand 3)2(Dipyrrinato), Ir(PPY)2 (Dipyrrinato), Ir(m-PPY)2(Dipyrrinato) and Ir(PPY-m)2(Dipyrrinato). As is known, iridium(Ⅲ) complexes can exploit the energy of both 25% singlet and 75% triplet excited states. Due to their highly efficient applications in phosphorescent OLEDs, these materials are considered as one of the potential candidates for flexible display screen as well as clearing luminary. Among those full-color light-emitting iridium(Ⅲ) phosphors, near-infrared (NIR) phosphors are broadly utilized in phototherapy as well as biosensors. Herein, our eight synthetic cyclometalated iridium(Ⅲ) complexes all gave photoluminescence at 680 - 700 nm in solution, which could be attributed to the NIR region. We continuously tune the extensive conjugation on the C^N ligands in order to make longer wavelength emitting phosphors. The HOMO and LUMO of eight synthetic iridium(Ⅲ) phosphors were also calculated according to their cyclic voltamograms (CV). The design and preparation strategy in this thesis can inspire us to develop near-infrared as well as higher-performance organometallic phosphors.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Nitric oxide (NO) plays a vital role as a biological messenger in biological systems. However, NO detection and quantification have always posed significant complications. There is, therefore, a need to develop new materials or technologies that can be used for sampling and determination of NO species in aqueous environments. The use of Schiff base complexes incorporated onto electrodes to make an electrochemical sensor has been explored as an effective method for the determination and quantification of NO in aqueous solutions. The motivation is based on the precedent of denatured cytochrome C as a suitable complexing site for electron-rich species. The ligands and metals complexes used in this work aim to mimic the square planar arrangement of Fe in denatured cytochrome. It is believed that the accessibility of the haem Fe in this configuration is at the heart of the analyte interactions leading to favourable signal transduction. In preparing the Schiff base and corresponding metal complexes, a microwave-assisted synthetic method, was employed. / 2025

No description available.