Abstract: A phenomenological study of chiasmic and haptic embodiment of the world through passage, in order to illustrate the reading of chalked stone inscriptions on South African koppies as “footnotes” to a landscape as text.

Orientador: Doralice Maria Cella / Banca: Kátia Cristina Machado Pellegrino / Banca: Douglas de Araujo / Resumo: Das subfamílias de Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae sensu lato (s.l.), formada por 6.000 espécies e 43 tribos, possui aproximadamente 100 espécies analisadas citogeneticamente e a maioria delas apresentou 2n=18=16+Xyp, o qual é menor que aquele considerado basal para os Polyphaga, 2n=20=18+Xyp. No entanto, alguns grupos de espécies demonstraram manutenção do número diplóide basal e outros, aumento desse número; algumas espécies do último grupo também exibiram variação em relação ao tipo de sistema cromossômico sexual (SCS). Considerando a revisão taxonômica recentemente realizada para as espécies de Cassidinae s.l., a existência de relação filogenética para algumas espécies dessa subfamília, a alta diversidade de espécies desse grupo registrada para a região Neotropical e o baixo número de espécies que tiveram seus cromossomos estudados, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os mecanismos envolvidos na evolução cariotípica dessa subfamília através do estudo de sete espécies da fauna brasileira e da revisão dos dados citogenéticos. Os espécimes foram coletados em Avaré e Rio Claro, SP, Nonoai, RS, e Ponta Grossa, PR. As preparações cromossômicas obtidas de embrião e testículos de machos adultos foram coradas com solução de Giemsa. As espécies Agroiconota inedita (2n=42=40+Xyp), Charidotella (sensu stricto) immaculata (2n=22=20+Xyp), Charidotella (sensu stricto) sexpunctata (2n=22=20+Xyp), e Stolas chalybaea (2n=24=22+Xyp) revelaram número diplóide maior do que aquele estabelecido como basal para os Polyphaga e cromossomos com dois braços. Os cariótipos de Cteisella confusa, Deloyala cruciata, e Metriona elatior mostraram a fórmula cromossômica 2n=18=16+Xyp, considerada modal para os Cassidinae s.l., e cromossomos com dois braços. As sete espécies apresentaram cromossomos sexuais facilmente identificáveis por serem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Among the subfamilies of Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae sensu lato (s.l.) , formed by 6 000 species and 43 tribes, possesses approximately 100 species cytogenetically analyzed and most of them presented 2n=18=16+Xyp, which was smaller than 2n=20=18+Xyp considered basal for Polyphaga. However, some groups of species presented maintenance of the basal diploid number and others showed increase of this number; certain species of the latter group also exhibited variation in the sex chromosome system (SCS). Considering the recent taxonomic revision accomplished for the Cassidinae s.l. species, the existence of phylogenetic relationship for some species of this subfamily, the high diversity of species of this group in the Neotropical region, and the low number of Cassidinae s.l. species karyotyped so far, the aim of the present work was to verify the main mechanisms involved in the karyotype evolution of this subfamily through the study of seven species of the Brazilian fauna and the overview of the cytogenetic data. The individuals were collected in Avare and Rio Claro, SP, Nonoai, RS, and Ponta Grossa, PRo The chromosomal preparations obtained from embryo and testes of adult males were stained with Giemsa solution. The species Agroiconota inedita (2n=42=40+Xyp), Charidotella (sensu stricto) immaculata (2n=22=20+Xyp), Charidotella (sensu stricto) sexpunctata (2n=22=20+Xyp), and Stolas chalybaea (2n=24=22+Xyp) revealed diploid number higher than that established as basal for Polyphaga and biarmed chromosomes. The karyotype of Gteisella confusa, Deloyala cruciata, and Metriona elatior showed the chromosomal formulae 2n=18=16+Xyp considered modal for Cassidinae s.l. and biarmed chromosome. The seven species exhibited easily identified sex chromosomes due to their smallest size in the complement. The analysis of meiotic cells of all the species showed pachytenes with a positively heteropycnotic block... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 julio_m_me_rcla.pdf: 410641 bytes, checksum: 5821353ab69f004e70a5c9c055e996e8 (MD5) / Das subfamílias de Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae sensu lato (s.l.), formada por 6.000 espécies e 43 tribos, possui aproximadamente 100 espécies analisadas citogeneticamente e a maioria delas apresentou 2n=18=16+Xyp, o qual é menor que aquele considerado basal para os Polyphaga, 2n=20=18+Xyp. No entanto, alguns grupos de espécies demonstraram manutenção do número diplóide basal e outros, aumento desse número; algumas espécies do último grupo também exibiram variação em relação ao tipo de sistema cromossômico sexual (SCS). Considerando a revisão taxonômica recentemente realizada para as espécies de Cassidinae s.l., a existência de relação filogenética para algumas espécies dessa subfamília, a alta diversidade de espécies desse grupo registrada para a região Neotropical e o baixo número de espécies que tiveram seus cromossomos estudados, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os mecanismos envolvidos na evolução cariotípica dessa subfamília através do estudo de sete espécies da fauna brasileira e da revisão dos dados citogenéticos. Os espécimes foram coletados em Avaré e Rio Claro, SP, Nonoai, RS, e Ponta Grossa, PR. As preparações cromossômicas obtidas de embrião e testículos de machos adultos foram coradas com solução de Giemsa. As espécies Agroiconota inedita (2n=42=40+Xyp), Charidotella (sensu stricto) immaculata (2n=22=20+Xyp), Charidotella (sensu stricto) sexpunctata (2n=22=20+Xyp), e Stolas chalybaea (2n=24=22+Xyp) revelaram número diplóide maior do que aquele estabelecido como basal para os Polyphaga e cromossomos com dois braços. Os cariótipos de Cteisella confusa, Deloyala cruciata, e Metriona elatior mostraram a fórmula cromossômica 2n=18=16+Xyp, considerada modal para os Cassidinae s.l., e cromossomos com dois braços. As sete espécies apresentaram cromossomos sexuais facilmente identificáveis por serem... / Among the subfamilies of Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae sensu lato (s.l.) , formed by 6 000 species and 43 tribes, possesses approximately 100 species cytogenetically analyzed and most of them presented 2n=18=16+Xyp, which was smaller than 2n=20=18+Xyp considered basal for Polyphaga. However, some groups of species presented maintenance of the basal diploid number and others showed increase of this number; certain species of the latter group also exhibited variation in the sex chromosome system (SCS). Considering the recent taxonomic revision accomplished for the Cassidinae s.l. species, the existence of phylogenetic relationship for some species of this subfamily, the high diversity of species of this group in the Neotropical region, and the low number of Cassidinae s.l. species karyotyped so far, the aim of the present work was to verify the main mechanisms involved in the karyotype evolution of this subfamily through the study of seven species of the Brazilian fauna and the overview of the cytogenetic data. The individuals were collected in Avare and Rio Claro, SP, Nonoai, RS, and Ponta Grossa, PRo The chromosomal preparations obtained from embryo and testes of adult males were stained with Giemsa solution. The species Agroiconota inedita (2n=42=40+Xyp), Charidotella (sensu stricto) immaculata (2n=22=20+Xyp), Charidotella (sensu stricto) sexpunctata (2n=22=20+Xyp), and Stolas chalybaea (2n=24=22+Xyp) revealed diploid number higher than that established as basal for Polyphaga and biarmed chromosomes. The karyotype of Gteisella confusa, Deloyala cruciata, and Metriona elatior showed the chromosomal formulae 2n=18=16+Xyp considered modal for Cassidinae s.l. and biarmed chromosome. The seven species exhibited easily identified sex chromosomes due to their smallest size in the complement. The analysis of meiotic cells of all the species showed pachytenes with a positively heteropycnotic block... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Chez les animaux à vision binoculaire, la vision tridimensionnelle permet la perception de la profondeur grâce à l'intégration de l'information visuelle en provenance des deux yeux. La première étape de cette intégration est rendue possible anatomiquement par la ségrégation des axones controlatéraux et ipsilatéraux des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGR) au niveau du chiasma optique. Les axones controlatéraux croisent la ligne médiane au chiasma en route du nerf optique vers le cerveau. À l’inverse, les axones ipsilatéraux s'écartent du chiasma et continuent dans le tractus optique ipsilatéral, en évitant la ligne médiane vers leurs cibles cérébrales. Les mécanismes moléculaires à la base de ce phénomène ne sont pas complètement compris. Les études présentées dans cette thèse montrent que Boc, le récepteur de Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) dans le guidage axonal, est enrichi dans les CGRs ipsilatérales de la rétine en développement. La présence de Shh sur la ligne médiane, et le mode d'expression complémentaire du récepteur nous ont conduit à émettre l'hypothèse que Shh pourrait repousser les axones ipsilatéraux au niveau du chiasma en activant le récepteur Boc. Conformément à cette hypothèse, nous avons constaté que seulement les CGR exprimant Boc se rétractent in vitro en réponse à Shh et que cette réponse est perdue dans les CGR mutantes pour Boc. In vivo, nous démontrons que Boc est requis pour la ségrégation normale des axones ipsilatéraux au niveau du chiasma optique et, inversement, que l'expression ectopique de Boc dans les CGR contralatérales empêche leurs axones de traverser le chiasma optique. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que Shh repousse les axones ipsilatéraux au niveau du chiasma optique par son récepteur Boc. Cette première partie de notre travail identifie un nouveau couple ligand-récepteur requis pour la ségrégation des axones au niveau du chiasma optique. Une interaction moléculaire impliquée dans cette ségrégation implique l’éphrine-B2 et ses récepteurs EphB (EphB1). Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, nous montrons, in vivo, en utilisant des souris doubles et quadruples mutantes pour les récepteurs Boc, EphB1 ou les trois récepteurs EphB, que l’abrogation des deux voies de signalisation Shh et éphrine-B2 conduit à l'absence de projections ipsilatérales. Ceci indique que les deux signalisations agissent de façon indépendante dans des voies parallèles. De manière intéressante, ces souris mutantes ont été utilisées comme modèle génétique pour démontrer des défauts dans la perception de la profondeur de champs chez des animaux dépourvus de projections visuelles ipsilatérales. Ainsi, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse démontrent pour la première fois que la formation des projections rétiniennes ipsilatérales est essentielle à l’établissement de la vision binoculaire et dépend des voies induites par les récepteurs d’éphrine-B2 et Shh. / In animals with binocular vision, three dimensional vision allows perception of depth through the integration of visual information from both eyes. The first step of this integration is possible anatomically with the segregation of contralateral and ipsilateral axons at the optic chiasm. Contralateral axons cross the chiasm midline as they progress from the optic nerve to the optic tract. In contrast, ipsilateral axons deviate from the chiasm and continue in the ipsilateral optic tract. The molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not completely understood. The studies presented in this thesis show that the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) receptor Boc is enriched in ipsilateral RGCs of the developing retina. Together with the presence of Shh at the midline, this complementary expression pattern led us to hypothesize that Shh might repel ipsilateral RGC axons at the chiasm. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that only Boc positive RGC axons retract in vitro in response to Shh and that this response is lost in Boc mutant RGCs. In vivo, we show that Boc is required for the normal segregation of ipsilateral axons at the optic chiasm and, conversely, that Boc expression in contralateral RGCs prevents their axons from crossing the optic chiasm. Taken together, these results suggest that Shh repels ipsilateral RGC axons at the optic chiasm via its receptor Boc. This first part of this thesis identifies a novel receptor required for the segregation of axons at the optic chiasm. The other couple ligand-receptor involved in this segregation is the Ephrin-B2/EphB signalling. In the second part of this thesis, I show that in vivo, the abrogation of both signalling pathways using quadruple knockout mice of the receptor Boc and three EphB receptors led to the absence of ipsilateral projections, indicating that Shh and ephrinB2 signalling act independently in two parallel pathways. More importantly, these animals, used as a new genetic model to perform visual tests, had a diminished ability to perceive depth. Thus, this thesis demonstrates for the first time that the establishment of ipsilateral retinal projections, essential for accurate binocular vision and perception of depth, is made possible by the combination of EphB and Shh signalling.

La domanda alla base di questa tesi è semplice: quale tipologia di relazione ci potrebbe essere tra scienza e filosofia in pedagogia dopo le recenti scoperte delle neuroscienze? C’è una contrapposizione o una integrazione reciproca? La tradizionale contrapposizione storica è confermata o si può parlare di complementarità reciproca? Con l’obiettivo di mostrare l’interdipendenza reciproca tra questi campi del sapere, attraverso il metodo fenomenologico, la sezione α fa un’analisi teoretica di alcune teorie estratte dalle ricerche di Antonio Damasio. La sezione β esamina gli stessi problemi ma attraverso la fenomenologia di Merleau-Ponty, introducendo alcuni concetti: la “carne” (chair), il “chiasma” e la “reversibilità”, concetti chiave per poter pensare la relazione tra gli le cose, gli enti, le discipline e la pedagogia. I risultati mostrano che non si tratta di sacrificare la pedagogia alla scienza o alla filosofia, né di sacrificare la scienze e la filosofia alla pedagogia, perché questi campi del sapere sono ontologicamente legati tra loro. I risultati aprono a nuove prospettive di ricerca: quali sono le conseguenze di una relazione in chiasma in pedagogia? Possiamo estendere questa particolare relazione alle altre discipline? / The question at the basis of this thesis is simple: which typology of relationship there may be between science and philosophy in education after the most recently neuroscience discoveries? Is there contradiction or an integration? Is the historical and traditional opposition confirmed or we could talk about a possible integration? In order to show the reciprocal interdependence between these fields, using a phenomenological method, the α section does a theoretic analysis of some assertions taken from Antonio Damasio’s researches. The β section looks trough the Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology the same problems and introduces some concepts: the “flesh” (chair), the “chiasma” and “reversibility”, central ideas in order to think the relationship between things, beings, disciplines and education. Results show that it is neither a question of sacrificing education to science and philosophy, nor philosophy and science to education, since these fields are ontologically bound together. In conclusion results open further new questions: what are the consequences of “chiasma” relationship in education? Could we extend this particular relationship to other disciplines?

Chez les animaux à vision binoculaire, la vision tridimensionnelle permet la perception de la profondeur grâce à l'intégration de l'information visuelle en provenance des deux yeux. La première étape de cette intégration est rendue possible anatomiquement par la ségrégation des axones controlatéraux et ipsilatéraux des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGR) au niveau du chiasma optique. Les axones controlatéraux croisent la ligne médiane au chiasma en route du nerf optique vers le cerveau. À l’inverse, les axones ipsilatéraux s'écartent du chiasma et continuent dans le tractus optique ipsilatéral, en évitant la ligne médiane vers leurs cibles cérébrales. Les mécanismes moléculaires à la base de ce phénomène ne sont pas complètement compris. Les études présentées dans cette thèse montrent que Boc, le récepteur de Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) dans le guidage axonal, est enrichi dans les CGRs ipsilatérales de la rétine en développement. La présence de Shh sur la ligne médiane, et le mode d'expression complémentaire du récepteur nous ont conduit à émettre l'hypothèse que Shh pourrait repousser les axones ipsilatéraux au niveau du chiasma en activant le récepteur Boc. Conformément à cette hypothèse, nous avons constaté que seulement les CGR exprimant Boc se rétractent in vitro en réponse à Shh et que cette réponse est perdue dans les CGR mutantes pour Boc. In vivo, nous démontrons que Boc est requis pour la ségrégation normale des axones ipsilatéraux au niveau du chiasma optique et, inversement, que l'expression ectopique de Boc dans les CGR contralatérales empêche leurs axones de traverser le chiasma optique. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que Shh repousse les axones ipsilatéraux au niveau du chiasma optique par son récepteur Boc. Cette première partie de notre travail identifie un nouveau couple ligand-récepteur requis pour la ségrégation des axones au niveau du chiasma optique. Une interaction moléculaire impliquée dans cette ségrégation implique l’éphrine-B2 et ses récepteurs EphB (EphB1). Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, nous montrons, in vivo, en utilisant des souris doubles et quadruples mutantes pour les récepteurs Boc, EphB1 ou les trois récepteurs EphB, que l’abrogation des deux voies de signalisation Shh et éphrine-B2 conduit à l'absence de projections ipsilatérales. Ceci indique que les deux signalisations agissent de façon indépendante dans des voies parallèles. De manière intéressante, ces souris mutantes ont été utilisées comme modèle génétique pour démontrer des défauts dans la perception de la profondeur de champs chez des animaux dépourvus de projections visuelles ipsilatérales. Ainsi, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse démontrent pour la première fois que la formation des projections rétiniennes ipsilatérales est essentielle à l’établissement de la vision binoculaire et dépend des voies induites par les récepteurs d’éphrine-B2 et Shh. / In animals with binocular vision, three dimensional vision allows perception of depth through the integration of visual information from both eyes. The first step of this integration is possible anatomically with the segregation of contralateral and ipsilateral axons at the optic chiasm. Contralateral axons cross the chiasm midline as they progress from the optic nerve to the optic tract. In contrast, ipsilateral axons deviate from the chiasm and continue in the ipsilateral optic tract. The molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not completely understood. The studies presented in this thesis show that the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) receptor Boc is enriched in ipsilateral RGCs of the developing retina. Together with the presence of Shh at the midline, this complementary expression pattern led us to hypothesize that Shh might repel ipsilateral RGC axons at the chiasm. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that only Boc positive RGC axons retract in vitro in response to Shh and that this response is lost in Boc mutant RGCs. In vivo, we show that Boc is required for the normal segregation of ipsilateral axons at the optic chiasm and, conversely, that Boc expression in contralateral RGCs prevents their axons from crossing the optic chiasm. Taken together, these results suggest that Shh repels ipsilateral RGC axons at the optic chiasm via its receptor Boc. This first part of this thesis identifies a novel receptor required for the segregation of axons at the optic chiasm. The other couple ligand-receptor involved in this segregation is the Ephrin-B2/EphB signalling. In the second part of this thesis, I show that in vivo, the abrogation of both signalling pathways using quadruple knockout mice of the receptor Boc and three EphB receptors led to the absence of ipsilateral projections, indicating that Shh and ephrinB2 signalling act independently in two parallel pathways. More importantly, these animals, used as a new genetic model to perform visual tests, had a diminished ability to perceive depth. Thus, this thesis demonstrates for the first time that the establishment of ipsilateral retinal projections, essential for accurate binocular vision and perception of depth, is made possible by the combination of EphB and Shh signalling.

Karyotype analysis of selected species from arachnid orders Amblypygi and Uropygi Whip spiders (Amblypygi) and whip scorpions (Uropygi) represent relict arachnid orders which has been found already at Upper Carboniferous strata. Although cytogenetic data from amblypygids and uropygids might be important to reconstruct karyotype evolution of arachnids, cytogenetics of these orders is almost unknown. Presented study is aimed in analysis of karyotype and meiosis in 16 species of Amblypygi and 4 species of Uropygi. Both groups are characterized by considerable range of diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 24 - 86 in Amblypygi and 36 - 66 in Uropygi). Analysed species does not exhibit morfologically differentiated sex chromosomes. Differentiation of sex chromosomes on molecular level was revealed in amblypygid Paraphrynus mexicanus by comparative genome hybridization. Obtained data indicate XY/XX sex chromosome system in this species. Comparison of karyotype data indicates reduction of chromosome numbers during evolution of both orders. In Amblypygi, this reduction was accompanied by increase of number of biarmed chromosomes. This trend is not apparent in Uropygi. Karyotypes of most analysed amblypygids and uropygids are also characterized by low amount of heterochromatin. Most studied species exhibit two pairs...