Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

Orientador: Edir Nepomuceno da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T13:16:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_AndreaTroller_D.pdf: 1260936 bytes, checksum: df21a83a56a9b358c3745669a0ae4ab3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A salmonelose humana é epidêmica no mundo todo. O consumo de ovos in natura crus ou parcialmente cozidos está associado a esta ocorrência, principalmente quando possuem defeitos de casca e são submetidos a estocagem inadequada. Os trabalhos com contaminação experimental de ovos de galinha geralmente utilizam grandes inóculos e a imersão de ovos em culturas bacterianas puras. Este trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar metodologia de contaminação de ovos com casca íntegra ou com defeitos que se aproximam da realidade operacional de granjas e entrepostos de ovos a fim de avaliar alguns riscos de contaminação por Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) e Escherichia coli em ovos de consumo, a partir da simulação de condições reais como contaminação pós lavagem, lavagem manual, oscilação de temperatura em ovos submetidos a diferentes condições de armazenagem, bem como verificar indicadores de perda de qualidade como a perda de peso e mudanças de pH. Também foi verificado o comportamento destes dois microrganismos em albúmen e gema de ovos de galinha submetidos a duas temperaturas de armazenagem. Os microrganismos estudados tem sua viabilidade diminuida na superfície de ovos com casca íntegra ou com defeitos quando os mesmos são submetidos a temperatura de 30°C, enquanto que a 8°C eles permanecem viáveis na casca. A temperatura de 30°C é responsável pela tendência maior de invasão dos microrganismos no conteúdo interno de ovos de galinha. Foi possível verificar, também, que há uma maior perda de peso em ovos armazenados a 30°C, independentemente da qualidade da casca. O pH de albúmen e gema aumentou ao longo do tempo, independentemente da forma de armazenagem, entretanto a velocidade de alteração do pH do albúmen foi maior na temperatura mais alta / Abstract: Human salmonelosis is epidemic all over the world. Food containing raw and partially coocked eggs is associated with this occurrence. Mainly when they have shell defects and/or are submitted to inadequate storage. The researches with experimental hem eggs contamination use big innocua and dipping eggs into bacterial cultures. This research had as objective, by using egg shell contamination methodology, evaluate some risks of contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli in consumption eggs. It was done by simulation of real operacional system, in an egg grading plant, like post-washing and post-manual washing contamination, oscillation of storage temperature; and by submitting eggs under different temperatures, as well as verifying loss of quality as the loss of weight and changes of pH. Also, the behavior SE and E. coli was verified in albumen and yolk that were submitted by 8° and 30°C. The results were that SE and E. coli decresase their viability on the egg surface, in intact and in imperfect shells, when the eggs were stored by 30°C, while that 8°C they remain viable on the surface. By 30°C, the bacteria can penetrate more easily in the egg contens. It was possible to verify that thre are a bigger loss of weight in the eggs stored at 30°C, independently of the shell quality. The pH of the albumen and the yolk increased, independently of the storage temperature, however the speed of alteration of pH of albumen it was bigger in the highest temperature / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-154).

Polybrominated flame retardants (BFRs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analysed in eggs of various wild bird species from industrialised areas in South Africa. Eggs were collected during the 2008 – 2009 breeding season, homogenised and sent to the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science (NVH) for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The concentration, contamination profile, and risk assessment were conducted for each pollutant class, while effects of species-specific variation, feeding guild, and feeding habitat were investigated. Levels of BFRs ranged between 2.6 – 44 ng g-1 wet mass (wm). The predominant congeners were BDE-153, -154, - 183 and -47. Results indicated species, in close contact to humans, had higher levels of BFRs, even at lower trophic levels. Therefore, diet was not the primary route of exposure. High concentrations and the occurrence of nona-PBDE congeners and HBCD indicated exposure to current use BFRs. There were measurable levels of OCPs and PCBs in all eggs analysed. Median OCP concentration ranged from 4.2 – 623 ng g-1 wm. DDE was the predominant compound in all species with the exception of the Crowned Lapwing (Vanellus coronatus) where chlordanes were predominant. This may indicate a species-specific attribute in the metabolic efficiency or diet of the genus, since these findings have been reported elsewhere in literature. Congener profiles indicated historic sources of lindane and DDT, while low levels of p,p’-DDT in al species indicate long-range or atmospheric transport. Even though levels of p,p’-DDE were approaching toxicological thresholds, no eggshell thinning was evident. Concentrations of OCPs and PCBs showed an increase with increasing tophic level. PCB concentrations ranged between 0.9 – 296.4 ng g-1 wm. When studying the metabolic potential of PCBs, metabolic groups showed good agreement with the biodegradability of the individual congeners. Phenobarbital-type (PB-type) inducer PCBs were prevalent, indicating the predominance of less toxic PCB congeners. However, non-ortho PCBs were not analysed. These congeners aslo could impact on the toxic potential of PCBs in wild bird eggs. Principle component analysis (PCA) indicated that variances within datasets could be attributed to congener profiles within species as they were affected by exposure, diet, position in the food web, and association with human activities. Although the individual groups of organohalogens were below no observed effect levels (NOELs), negative effects could occur through interactions of various compounds with each other, as well as the unique exposure profiles of South African bird populations. To assess the dietary exposure of low-income human populations living close to large industries, the occurrence of organohalogens was investigated in backyard chicken eggs. Levels of dioxins in these eggs were above the European Union (EU) recommended limits, whereas BFRs and OCPs levels were below levels of concern. Nevertheless, areas where DDT is actively applied to dwellings for malaria control should be urgently investigated. The presence of measureable levels of all the compounds considered, indicate an environment seriously impacted by anthropogenic activity that in the long term could negatively affect both the environment and human health, if it has not already done so. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Polybrominated flame retardants (BFRs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analysed in eggs of various wild bird species from industrialised areas in South Africa. Eggs were collected during the 2008 – 2009 breeding season, homogenised and sent to the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science (NVH) for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The concentration, contamination profile, and risk assessment were conducted for each pollutant class, while effects of species-specific variation, feeding guild, and feeding habitat were investigated. Levels of BFRs ranged between 2.6 – 44 ng g-1 wet mass (wm). The predominant congeners were BDE-153, -154, - 183 and -47. Results indicated species, in close contact to humans, had higher levels of BFRs, even at lower trophic levels. Therefore, diet was not the primary route of exposure. High concentrations and the occurrence of nona-PBDE congeners and HBCD indicated exposure to current use BFRs. There were measurable levels of OCPs and PCBs in all eggs analysed. Median OCP concentration ranged from 4.2 – 623 ng g-1 wm. DDE was the predominant compound in all species with the exception of the Crowned Lapwing (Vanellus coronatus) where chlordanes were predominant. This may indicate a species-specific attribute in the metabolic efficiency or diet of the genus, since these findings have been reported elsewhere in literature. Congener profiles indicated historic sources of lindane and DDT, while low levels of p,p’-DDT in al species indicate long-range or atmospheric transport. Even though levels of p,p’-DDE were approaching toxicological thresholds, no eggshell thinning was evident. Concentrations of OCPs and PCBs showed an increase with increasing tophic level. PCB concentrations ranged between 0.9 – 296.4 ng g-1 wm. When studying the metabolic potential of PCBs, metabolic groups showed good agreement with the biodegradability of the individual congeners. Phenobarbital-type (PB-type) inducer PCBs were prevalent, indicating the predominance of less toxic PCB congeners. However, non-ortho PCBs were not analysed. These congeners aslo could impact on the toxic potential of PCBs in wild bird eggs. Principle component analysis (PCA) indicated that variances within datasets could be attributed to congener profiles within species as they were affected by exposure, diet, position in the food web, and association with human activities. Although the individual groups of organohalogens were below no observed effect levels (NOELs), negative effects could occur through interactions of various compounds with each other, as well as the unique exposure profiles of South African bird populations. To assess the dietary exposure of low-income human populations living close to large industries, the occurrence of organohalogens was investigated in backyard chicken eggs. Levels of dioxins in these eggs were above the European Union (EU) recommended limits, whereas BFRs and OCPs levels were below levels of concern. Nevertheless, areas where DDT is actively applied to dwellings for malaria control should be urgently investigated. The presence of measureable levels of all the compounds considered, indicate an environment seriously impacted by anthropogenic activity that in the long term could negatively affect both the environment and human health, if it has not already done so. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The eggs are of great nutritional value. Its biochemical composition indicates the source of proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals. However, undesirable chemical compounds can form part of this constitution. The pesticides, when applied irregularly, can represent a serious health risk to consumers if detected above the maximum residue limits, can be identified in egg white and yolk. The objective of this study was to develop and to validate an analytical method for matrix solid phase dispersion and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for determination of atrazine, pirimicarb, lindane, permethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, ethion, bifenthrin and alachlor in chicken eggs (Gallus gallus domesticus) marketed in the city of Aracaju-SE, Brazil. Among the sorbents were tested: silica, neutral alumina, Florisil® and C18. The various combinations matrix/dispersant/co-column were analyzed. The system: matrix of lyophilized egg (0,25 g)/dispersant Florisil® (1,5 g)/auxiliary column C18 (0,5 g) was more efficient. The acetonitrile (10 mL) was chosen as the eluting solvent. The recoveries (n = 3) ranged from 69,6 a 103,8% with relative standard deviation ranging from 16,2 a 45,5%. The validation of the analytical method was performed through the following parameters: the selectivity, it s showing that the method is selective for all pesticides; the linearity, in terms of linear coefficient of the calibration curve, above 0,99 for all pesticides, for a given concentration range from 0,01 to 2,0 μg g-1; the sensibility, with the pesticide bifenthrin as the more sensitive and less sensitive to cypermethrin; the limits of detection and quantification limits in the intervals of 0,003 to 0,015 μg g-1 and 0,01 to 0,05 μg g-1, respectively; the recovery (n = 3), to levels 0,5, 1,0 and 1,5 μg g-1 ranged from 61,6 to 95%; the accuracy in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD) in the range of 0,13 to 29,92%; and application in real samples that showed in one of samples the pesticide bifenthrin in a concentration of 0,004 μg g-1, below the limit of quantification (<LQ). Therefore the union of technical MSPD-GC/MS provided a quick, easy and efficient extraction for determination of selected pesticides in chicken eggs. / O ovo é um alimento de grande valor nutritivo. Sua composição bioquímica o indica como fonte de proteínas, lipídios, vitaminas e minerais. No entanto, compostos químicos indesejáveis podem fazer parte desta constituição. Os pesticidas, quando aplicados de forma irregular, podem representar um sério risco à saúde dos consumidores se detectados acima dos limites máximos de resíduos, podendo ser identificados na gema e na clara do ovo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver e validar um método analítico por dispersão da matriz em fase sólida e cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas para determinação de atrazina, pirimicarbe, lindano, permetrina, deltametrina, cipermetrina, etiona, bifentrina e alacloro em ovos de galinha (Gallus gallus domesticus) comercializados na cidade de Aracaju-SE, Brasil. Dentre os sorventes, foram testados: sílica, alumina neutra, Florisil® e C18. As diversas combinações matriz/dispersante/co-coluna foram avaliadas. O sistema: matriz de ovo liofilizado (0,25 g)/dispersante Florisil® (1,5 g)/coluna auxiliar C18 (0,5 g), foi o mais eficiente. A acetonitrila (10 mL) foi escolhida como solvente de eluição. As recuperações (n = 3) variaram de 69,6 a 103,8%, com desvio padrão relativo na faixa de 16,2 a 45,5%. A validação do método analítico foi realizada através dos parâmetros: seletividade, mostrando que o método é seletivo para todos os pesticidas; linearidade, em termos de coeficiente linear da curva analítica, superiores a 0,990 para todos os pesticidas, numa dada faixa de concentração de 0,01 a 2,0 μg g-1; sensibilidade, apresentando o pesticida bifentrina como o mais sensível e a cipermetrina como menos sensível; limites de detecção e limites de quantificação, nos intervalos de 0,003 a 0,015 μg g-1 e 0,01 a 0,05 μg g-1, respectivamente; exatidão (n = 3), para os níveis 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 μg g-1 variaram entre 61,6 a 95%; precisão, em termos de desvio padrão relativo (DPR) na faixa de 0,13 a 29,92%; e aplicação em 8 amostras reais, que apresentou a identificação do pesticida bifentrina em uma das amostras na concentração de 0,004 μg g-1, abaixo do limite de quantificação do método. Portanto a união das técnicas DMFS-CG/EM proporcionou uma rápida, fácil e eficiente extração para determinação dos pesticidas selecionados em ovos de galinha.

El presente proyecto profesional tiene como finalidad realizar una propuesta de arquitectura empresarial para una empresa comercial dedicada a la producción, venta y distribución de huevos de gallina. En efecto, se propone una solución que permita lograr una mejora substancial en el proceso de la planificación de entrega de productos a sus clientes finales, mejora que así mismo permitirá un proceso de distribución más eficiente, un manejo más eficiente de sus recursos, un mejor uso del tiempo de entrega y en consecuencia una mayor satisfacción del cliente final. Cambios que le permitirán continuar consolidándose como una de las principales empresas industriales avícolas. El objetivo general del presente proyecto es contribuir a lograr los objetivos estratégicos de la empresa referidos al mercado y gestión de ventas mediante el análisis de los principales pilares de la arquitectura empresarial como son los datos, procesos, aplicaciones y tecnología, aplicados a su área de entrega de productos. Así como también mediante la mejora de sus procesos relacionados y de esta manera poder obtener una mejora importante en la gestión de ventas. En el primer capítulo, se presenta información sobre el objeto de estudio, la misión, la visión y los objetivos estratégicos. En el segundo capítulo, se presenta información de la definición y obtención de los student outcomes en el presente proyecto. En el tercer capítulo, se presenta información sobre el marco teórico que nos ayuda a comprender los conceptos referidos al huevo como producto natural, a la arquitectura empresarial, modelos de referencia tecnológica y metodologías agiles que pueden utilizar. En el cuarto capítulo, se presenta información correspondiente al desarrollo del proyecto utilizando los marcos de trabajo ZACHMAN, TOGAF y el modelo arquitectural 4C. Finalmente, en el quinto capítulo se presenta información correspondiente al plan del proyecto. / Purpose of this professional project is to make a business architecture proposal for a marketing industrial company of production, sale and distribution of hen eggs. It is a proposal for achieve a substantial improvement in delivery planning of products to final customers. Improvement that will do efficient distribution process, efficient management of its resources, improvement in use of delivery time and consequently greater satisfaction of final customer. Changes that will consolidate to client as one of the main poultry industrials companies. The general objective of this project is to contribute to achieving the strategic objectives of the company related to the market and sales management through the analysis of the main pillars of business architecture such as data, processes, applications and technology, applied to its area of product delivery. As well as by improving its related processes and in this way being able to obtain a significant improvement in sales management. The first chapter presents information about the object of study, mission, vision and strategic objectives. In the second chapter, information about definition and obtaining of student outcomes. Third chapter is referred about the theoretical framework that helps us understand the concepts related to the egg as a natural product, to business architecture, technological reference models and agile methodologies. In the fourth chapter, information corresponding to the development of the project is presented, ZACHMAN, TOGAF frameworks and the 4C architectural model. Finally, in the fifth chapter, information corresponding to the project plan is presented. / Tesis