The motivating force behind this survey and study of a branch of the Union's agricultural industry has been the conviction that detailed case studies of economic activities and their influences on the map of the country are the essential foundation stones on which mature scholars may build a perceptive and valuable economic geography of the Union.

Inulin is a non-digestible carbohydrate fructan polymer consisting mainly of β (1→2) fructosyl fructose links. Enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin by inulinase results in the production of low D.P (degree of polymerization) oligosaccharides also called fructooligosaccharides(FOS). Isolation of inulin from chicory root (Chicorium intybus) was achieved by first, extraction using deionized water (600C), followed by carbonation (0.1 M Ca(OH)2 and CO2 gas). This was filtered in order to remove the non sugars, thereafter, treated successfully with polyamide 6 powder. A cation exchanger and an anion exchanger were used to further exclude other components such as tannins and pigments. The extracted inulin was quantified using the Somogyi-Nelson colourimetric assay. Chicory root (207 g, 30 % being water) yielded 30 g of the raw extract. A 100 mg of the raw extract was assayed and found to contain 11 % yield of inulin which was 80.2 % in purity and 4 % free fructose. Analysis of the crude and purified inulin extracts on the MALDI TOF spectrometry showed the samples to have a DP of 2 to 22 and 2 to 27 respectively. Maximum inulinase production from Aspergillus niger grown on inulin was observed after 60 hours. The enzyme activity was found to be 1.168 U/ml with a temperature and pH optimum of 30 °C and 7.7 respectively. The enzyme proved to be unstable as it progressively lost its total activity during attempts at purification.

No description available.

The aim of the thesis is to introduce and evaluate regional branding occurring in the Czech republic, other countries of the European Union and the EU as a whole. On the basis of the information, the strategies of individual brand programs in the Czech Republic are evaluated and possibilities for improvement are presented. The basic methods of qualitative research used in the practical part of the thesis are the analysis of secondary data and field research. Using identified facts, own regional product is designed to meet the required criteria of the selected territory. In the form of a case study that is created as a manual, its communication activities are designed and the most appropriate branding program, including an explanation of the certification process, has been chosen.

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L) is a deep rooted biennial (or weakly perennial) composite that is grown as an annual in South Africa for its parsnip-like root. In its wild state the plant is a perennial with thin fibrous roots, but, through selection and propagation, cultivars with large, fleshy roots have been developed. From a purely horticultural standpoint, chicory is of interest as a pot-herb, a salad plant and as a root (Bailey, 1942) . As a root, the chicory plant represents an important article of commerce. In South Africa, the plants are grown virtually exclusively for their roots which, after drying, roasting and grinding, are used as an additive to, or substitute for, coffee (Introduction p. 11)

Thesis (DPhilAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2002 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is one of the worlds leading producers of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). Most of the chicory produced is used locally for the production of instant coffee. Witloof chicory, or Belgian endive, however, is a vegetable crop grown from the root of Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum. This is done by placing the mature taproot in a controlled, dark environment after vernalization and supplying it with water and nutrients by means of hydroponics. Witloof chicory is new to the South African market and is only produced on a limited scale. Nonetheless, seeing that chicory is successfully grown on a large scale for the coffee industry it seemed reasonable to investigate the cultivation of this essentially unknown vegetable locally. The focus of this study was on the evaluation of new witloof production techniques during the second stage of witloof (chicon) cultivation, also called 'forcing'. To this end, locally grown witloof chicory roots were used in all trials. In order to establish the effects of several irrigation methods on lateral root formation and chicon quality, witloof chicory roots were forced using the conventional means of hydroponic irrigation as well as ebb-and-flood and aeroponic irrigation. Lateral root formation was significantly increased when either ebb-and-flood or aeroponic irrigation was applied compared to that obtained with the conventional method. This increase in lateral root formation was, however, to the detriment of chicon quality (QI), possibly as a result of competition for limited carbohydrate reserves. In an attempt to optimize the aeroponic irrigation method, roots were forced in non-vertical positions. Placing roots horizontally during forcing resulted in a significantly lower marketable chicon yield than where roots were placed vertically. The loss in yield was probably brought about by an increased fallout percentage rather than by a decrease in chicon production. Considering the pivotal role that sucrose plays in the development of the chicory head, sucrose was applied exogenously to the root before and/or during forcing. Dry matter chicon yield was negatively effected by exogenously applied sucrose. This could have been due to an increased incidence of fungal or bacterial infections or causative of roots absorbing less water resulting in the inability of the plant to utilize the applied sucrose during chicon development. Fungal and bacterial infections are known to have a detrimental effect on witloof chicory production. An environmentally friendly product for disease control, 'Desogerme SP®', was used to contain or reduce infection. Irrigation of roots with 'Desogerme SP®' containing nutrient solution increased chicon yield by 31%. From this study it became clear that some new production techniques applied had the potential of improving lateral root formation or quality during growth. However, the conventional way of irrigation remains the most effective compared to the other techniques applied, but could possibly be improved to some extent by incorporating 'Desogerme SP®' either as a pretreatment or in the nutrient solution. A breakthrough was made with the development of the quality index (QI). The ongoing limitation of statistically analyzing quality data of chicons sorted according to quality-classes was overcome by making use of this tool. Despite the fact that the index was developed specifically for use on witloof, it is has the potential of being applied to quality data of a wide variety of crops. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid Afrika is een van die wêreld se grootste produsente van sigorei (Cichorium intybus L.). Die meeste plaaslik geproduseerde sigorei word vir die produksie van kitskoffie benut. Witloofsigorei, of Belgiese "endive", is egter 'n groentegewas wat vanaf die wortel van Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum gekweek word. Dit word gedoen deur die volwasse penwortel na vemalisasie in 'n gekontroleerde, donker omgewing te plaas en met 'n hidrokultuurstelsel van water en voedingselemente te voorsien. Witloof is nuut op die Suid Afrikanse mark en word net op beperkte skaal geproduseer. Aangesien sigorei suksesvolop groot skaal vir die koffieindustrie geproduseer word, blyk dit logies om die moontlikhede te ondersoek om hierdie relatief onbekende groente plaaslik te kweek. Die fokus van hierdie studie was gerig op die evaluasie van nuwe produksietegnieke gedurende die tweede fase van witloofproduksie, wat ook as forsering bekend is. Plaaslik gekweekte witloof sigoreiwortels is vir alle eksperimente gebruik. Die invloed van 'n verskeidenheid besproeiingsmetodes is op sywortelproduksie en witloof krop-kwaliteit ondersoek. Witloofwortels is geforseer deur van 'n konvensionele hidrokultuur-stelsel gebruik te maak wat met 'n ebb-en-vloed en 'n lugsproei sisteem vergelyk is. Sywortel-produksie was betekenisvol hoër waar ebb-en-vloed of lugsproei sisteme toegepas is. Hierdie verbetering in sywortel-ontwikkeling was egter tot nadeel van krop-kwaliteit, vermoedelik as gevolg van die allokasie van koolhidrate na sywortels, eerder as na die groeipunt. In 'n poging om die lugsproei besproeiingsmetode te verbeter en om swamsiektes te verminder, is wortels in nie-vertikale posisies geforseer. Wortels wat gedurende forsering horisontaal ingetafel was, het 'n betekenisvol laer opbrengs van bemarkbare kroppe getoon as wortels wat vertikaal geplaas was. Die verlies aan opbrengs kon toegeskryf word aan 'n verhoging van afval, aangesien geen betekenisvolle afname in vars krop-gewig gevind is nie. Aangesien sukrose 'n belangrike rol in die ontwikkeling van die witloofkrop speel, is sukrose voor en tydens forsering aan die wortels toegedien. Droë materiaal krop-opbrengs is negatief deur die toediening van sukrose beïnvloed. Dit kon moontlik as gevolg van 'n verhoogde voorkoms van swam- of bakteriese infeksies gewees het of 'n aanduiding wees dat behandelde wortels minder water geabsorbeer het en die toegediende sukrose nie kon gebruik gedurende krop-ontwikkeling me. Swam- en bakteriese infeksies is bekend vir hul negatiewe uitwerking op witloofproduksie. 'n Omgewingsvriendelike middel, 'Desogerme SP®' is gebruik om siektes te beheer ofte verminder. Wortels wat met 'n 'Desogerme SP®' bevattende voedingsoplossing besproei is, het 'n 31% verhoging in krop-opbrengs getoon. Uit data wat gedurende hierdie studie ingesamel is, blyk dit duidelik dat sommige van die nuwe produksietegnieke wel die potensiaal het om sekere planteienskappe te verbeter. In geheel gesien bly die konvensionele metode van besproeiing die mees effektiewe, wanneer dit vergelyk word met die ander wat getoets is. Die konvensionele metode kan moontlik verbeter word as 'Desogerme SP®' as 'n vooraf-behandeling of as deel van die voedingsoplossing geïnkorporeer word. 'n Deurbraak is met die ontwikkeling van 'n kwaliteitsindeks (QI) gemaak. Ernstige beperkings word met statistiese ontledings van kwaliteitsdata ervaar waar kroppe volgens kwaliteitskiasse gesorteer word. Hierdie probleme is met behulp van die QI oorkom. Ongeag die feit dat die indeks spesifiek vir gebruik by witloof ontwikkel is, het dit die potensiaal om toepassing te vind by 'n wye reeks landboukundige produkte.

Le procédé industriel d’extraction d'inuline consiste en une diffusion de longue durée et à température élevée. Ce procédé induit l’extraction des sucres mais également des impuretés. Les étapes de purification de jus deviennent alors plus complexes. Pour pallier à ces problèmes, il est essentiel de réduire la température de diffusion pour limiter l’extraction des impuretés. Récemment, la technique de champs électriques pulsés (CEP) a démonté ses avantages dans le domaine sucrier et également dans d’autres applications agro-alimentaires. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de d’optimiser et valider la faisabilité de cette techniques dans le cas de la chicorée. Une purification par filtration dynamique est envisagée et proposée pour remplacer la purification classique. Les résultats de l’extraction montrent qu’il est possible d’intensifier l’extraction de l’inuline par application de CEP. Le prétraitement des cossettes de chicorées à 600 V/cm et 50 ms, réduit de 20°C la température de diffusion (60°C au lieu de 80°C actuellement). Une économie d’énergie importante est réalisée (gain 90 kJ/kg chicory juice). La combinaison innovante d’un prétraitement électrique et un traitement thermique (chauffage ohmique) provoque une perméabilisation importante des cellules et permet de réaliser des diffusions « à froid ». Les analyses qualitatives de jus de diffusion classique et jus CEP montrent que la pureté des extraits CEP est plus élevée (87.2% vs 86.7%). Les essais de filtration sur membrane montrent que les performances de la filtration (pureté, flux, colmatage,…) dépendent énormément de l’origine de l’extrait. Le jus CEP contient moins d’impureté que le jus thermique, est donc plus facile à filtré. Cependant, col matage de membrane restent dans les deux cas important. Un module de filtration dynamique avec disque rotatif a été utilisé pour améliorer les performances de la filtration. Ce module a permit de réduire le colmatage des membranes, améliorer la pureté des extraits et atteindre des facteurs de réduction volumique important (10). / Industrial inulin extraction requires high temperature and long duration to ensure inulin productivity. In addition complex steps are necessary to purify extracted chicory juice and to obtain inulin with desirable purity. In order to avoid the extracting of inulin at high temperature, to obtain chicory juice with better quality and to purify chicory juice with more simple operation, pulsed electric fields (PEF) and membrane filtration were applied to this study : PEF was used to intensify inulin extraction from chicory roots. By pre-treatment of chicory slices at 600 V/cm, diffusion temperature at pilot scale can be decreased to 60oC from about 80oC (industrial extraction condition) to obtain comparable juice inulin concentration. Moreover, this moderate temperature diffusion brought out interesting energy savings compared to that of conventional diffusion. For the goal of extracting inulin at “cold” condition (for example 30oC) PEF induced combined electroporation/ohmic heating pretreatment was applied for chicory tissue denaturation. Better solute extraction was observed after effective damage of chicory tissue diffusivity.Juice extracted from PEF assisted diffusion (PEF juice) was confirmed had higher inulin purity and less impurity in comparison to juice from conventional thermal diffusion process. The juice was purified by membrane filtration in order to investigate a simple chicory juice purification method. Since it contains less impurity, dead-end filtration performance of PEF juice was significantly improved, with less membrane fouling and higher inulin purity in filtrate. However, permeate flux of membrane filtration was seriously restricted by the membrane fouling. In order to improve filtration flux, rotating disk module was introduced in this study for clarification and purification of chicory juice. Elevated shear rate of rotating disk (1500–2000 rpm) could effectively control or even eliminate membrane fouling and lead to satisfying carbohydrate transmission (98%) and desirable permeate flux even at high volume reduction ratio (10). In view of energy saving, optimization of RDM assisted chicory juice filtration was carried out and yielded optimal operation conditions to maximize average flux and minimize specific energy consumption.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vasconcelos_gb_me_botfca.pdf: 898164 bytes, checksum: 5a4d957cdcec622e530d7e216c282f18 (MD5) / Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos adubos orgânicos, em cultivos sucessivos de chicória e beterraba, foi instalado um experimento na Chácara São João, em Botucatu – SP. O delineamento experimental usado, foi de blocos ao acaso com 16 tratamentos, sendo combinações de quatro tipos de adubação e quatro dosagens, caracterizando um esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos usados foram composto orgânico, composto biodinâmico, compostagem laminar com esterco e compostagem laminar com Bokashi, todos a 0, 90, 180 e 270 kg N.ha-1. As parcelas foram constituídas de três fileiras de chicória (primeiro cultivo), e três fileiras de beterraba (segundo cultivo), com dois metros de comprimento. O espaçamento entre plantas foi de 30 cm para chicória, totalizando 18 plantas por parcela, e de 15 cm para beterraba, totalizando 36 plantas por parcela. Foram feitas análises de solo antes da instalação do experimento, após colheita da chicória e após colheita da beterraba, e análise dos teores de minerais (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) presentes na chicória e na beterraba. Em todos os tratamentos a chicória e beterraba apresentaram desenvolvimento adequado. O solo, inicialmente com teor adequado de nutrientes, pode ter influenciado a resposta das adubações efetuadas, fazendo com que todas as formas e doses utilizadas neste trabalho, inclusive a dose zero, se mostrassem satisfatórias no suprimento nutricional da chicória e da beterraba. / The objective was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers, in successive cultivations of chicory and red beet. Two experiments were installed at Chácara São João, in Botucatu – SP. Ramdomized blocks were used for the experimental design with 16 treatments, by combinations of four types of fertilizers at four levels, characterizing a factorial scheme 4 x 4, with four replications. The treatments were organic compost, biodynamic compost, laminate compost with cattle manure and laminate compost with Bokashi, all of them 0, 90, 180 e 270 kg N.ha-1. The experimental units consisted of three rows of chicory (first cultivation), and three rows of red beet (second cultivation), with two meters length. The space among the plants was 30 cm for chicory, with 18 plants per plot, and 15 cm for red beet, with 36 plants per plot. Analysis of the soil were made before the installation of the experiment, after the harvest of the chicory and after the harvest of the red beet, and analysis of the amount of minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) present in chicory and red beet. In all treatments chicory and red beet showed adequate development. The original level of nutrients in the soil, resulted in absence of response at any form and dosis of fertilizers, including zero level. So, all treatments resulted enough in the nutritional demands of Cichorium endivia and Beta vulgaris.

No description available.

Orientador: Francisco Luiz Araújo Câmara / Banca: Carlos Armênio Khatounian / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos adubos orgânicos, em cultivos sucessivos de chicória e beterraba, foi instalado um experimento na Chácara São João, em Botucatu - SP. O delineamento experimental usado, foi de blocos ao acaso com 16 tratamentos, sendo combinações de quatro tipos de adubação e quatro dosagens, caracterizando um esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos usados foram composto orgânico, composto biodinâmico, compostagem laminar com esterco e compostagem laminar com Bokashi, todos a 0, 90, 180 e 270 kg N.ha-1. As parcelas foram constituídas de três fileiras de chicória (primeiro cultivo), e três fileiras de beterraba (segundo cultivo), com dois metros de comprimento. O espaçamento entre plantas foi de 30 cm para chicória, totalizando 18 plantas por parcela, e de 15 cm para beterraba, totalizando 36 plantas por parcela. Foram feitas análises de solo antes da instalação do experimento, após colheita da chicória e após colheita da beterraba, e análise dos teores de minerais (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) presentes na chicória e na beterraba. Em todos os tratamentos a chicória e beterraba apresentaram desenvolvimento adequado. O solo, inicialmente com teor adequado de nutrientes, pode ter influenciado a resposta das adubações efetuadas, fazendo com que todas as formas e doses utilizadas neste trabalho, inclusive a dose zero, se mostrassem satisfatórias no suprimento nutricional da chicória e da beterraba. / Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers, in successive cultivations of chicory and red beet. Two experiments were installed at Chácara São João, in Botucatu - SP. Ramdomized blocks were used for the experimental design with 16 treatments, by combinations of four types of fertilizers at four levels, characterizing a factorial scheme 4 x 4, with four replications. The treatments were organic compost, biodynamic compost, laminate compost with cattle manure and laminate compost with Bokashi, all of them 0, 90, 180 e 270 kg N.ha-1. The experimental units consisted of three rows of chicory (first cultivation), and three rows of red beet (second cultivation), with two meters length. The space among the plants was 30 cm for chicory, with 18 plants per plot, and 15 cm for red beet, with 36 plants per plot. Analysis of the soil were made before the installation of the experiment, after the harvest of the chicory and after the harvest of the red beet, and analysis of the amount of minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) present in chicory and red beet. In all treatments chicory and red beet showed adequate development. The original level of nutrients in the soil, resulted in absence of response at any form and dosis of fertilizers, including zero level. So, all treatments resulted enough in the nutritional demands of Cichorium endivia and Beta vulgaris. / Mestre