Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, May 1917. / Typewritten (carbon copy). Translations of documents bearing upon the history of the missions at La Junta de los Ríos, 1715-1753: leaves 39-98. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: leaves [99-121].

The Mountain Pima of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua, Mexico, utilize a variety of domesticated and nondomesticated resources. Part of their agricultural system consists of shifting, or swidden, cultivation on steep hillsides. Wild edible plants contribute significant amounts of vitamins and minerals to the diet on a seasonal basis. The drought of 1988 caused a decrease in the availability of many resources, but an increase in availability of roots of saraviqui (Prionosciadium townsendii). A dynamic, nonlinear optimization study of Mountain Pima diet included requirements for adequate amounts of energy, protein, calcium, and vitamins A and C. Oxalate content of several plant foods and seasonal variation in resource availability were incorporated into the study. Two methods were compared: time minimization and a nutrient indexing method minimizing the product of the absolute value of the natural logarithm of the ratio of recommended intake to actual intake rates. This method allowed simultaneous optimization of several different parameters. The nutrient indexing model matched the actual diet of the Mountain Pima somewhat better than the traditional energy minimization model. It predicted higher use of noncultivated plant species and of animal resources than the time minimization model. Analyses were conducted for years of adequate rainfall and for the drought year. A list of 612 plant species collected in the community of Nabogame is also included.

No description available.

Since 2006, the city of Chihuahua, Mexico has been engulfed in a wave of drug-related violence that has resulted in thousands of murders, kidnappings, and "disappearances." Because bloody headlines sell newspapers, violence dominates the mainstream media, which contributes to residents' sense of hopelessness and helplessness. In response, in my graduate work I have investigated ways in which I can use the persuasive tactics and appearance of mainstream commercial graphic design to effect social change: specifically, to shift Chihuahuans' attitudes about their city. Through three interventions (The Graffiti Workshop, the Riberas school identity, and the Se busca project), I have attempted to encourage civic participation, recognize positive contributions within the community, and build an economic engine around local heroes. By doing so, I hope to reverse the prevailing belief that individuals are powerless to confront large, complex social issues. In addition, I hope these projects demonstrate some of the ways in which graphic designers can effectively apply their design skills to social as well as commercial problems. / text

The Tarahumara are one of the most isolated and intact indigenous groups in Mexico. Their agriculture has traditionally been practiced within the steep canyons and uplands of the Sierra Madre Occidental in southwestern Chihuahua. Adapting to these rugged conditions, the Tarahumara developed a variety of agricultural techniques that allowed them to be self-sufficient in food production and independent of external inputs. As varied and ingenious as their techniques are, they share one main objective -- to overcome the lack of organic matter in the stony mountain soils. Since the arrival of the Spaniards, the addition of organic matter has involved large amounts of animal manure to increase organic matter in the soil and maintain fertility. The focus of this study is to investigate new agricultural techniques that the Tarahumara are adopting due to the pressures of globalization and alleged climate change. These new technologies may still include many traditional agricultural methods, but they are increasingly using commercially available fertilizers and other modern agricultural additions, thereby losing self-sufficiency. This study includes in depth interviews with 28 Tarahumara farmers to better understand the modern agricultural techniques, their motivations, and overall sustainability. Soil samples determined the viability of Tarahumara agricultural techniques on soil fertility by examining the visual description, organic matter content, soil texture, and a chemical analysis. The analyses showed that traditional Tarahumara agricultural practices are efficient and sustainable, while modern additions are often ill-suited for their environment and are disruptive to Tarahumara culture. / text

"Triumph of the Vanquished: Pancho Villa's Army in Revolutionary Mexico" studies the origins and formation of Francisco "Pancho" Villa's Division del Norte in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, and Coahuila during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. It demonstrates the manner by which guerilla cells based on a military hierarchy grew to brigade-size fighting units and later morphed into the Division. Once fully functional, the Division became a formidable force that achieved legendary status in Mexico's history. After tracing the villistas' rise and decline, the dissertation examines the lives of Pancho Villa's followers after 1920 when many became colonists in lands granted to them by Mexico's government. In 1920, the villistas signed a formal peace agreement with the central government and received properties on four colonies, two in Chihuahua and two in Durango. To analyze villismo past 1920, the dissertation focuses on El Pueblito, a colony located in the northwest region of Chihuahua. It highlights the lives of those ex-villistas turned agriculturalists, an aspect of the Revolution studied by only a few scholars.The general intent of this work is to reveal that ex-villistas -- those who were not a part of the surrender process in 1920 and had separated from the Division after their defeat at the battle of Celaya in 1915 -- continued their political struggle in Chihuahua past 1920 and beyond World War II as a part of the Unificacion de Veteranos de la Revolucion, an institution created in 1946 by veterans of the Revolution in the state. As influential and active members of the institution, the ex-villistas pressured local and national government for veteran assistance. At the same time, the former revolutionaries succeeded, through their involvement in the Unificacion, in maintaining a villista legacy, participating as they did in local events and in the construction of statues throughout the state dedicated to their fallen leader.

No description available.

Como consecuencia de la conquista militar y religiosa en el norte de la Nueva España (México), en el año 1562 se fundó la provincia de la Nueva Vizcaya, conformada por los actuales estados de Chihuahua y Durango. Durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, misioneros franciscanos y jesuitas establecieron misiones, que tenían el objetivo de conformar asentamientos que permitieran la agrupación de los nativos de la Nueva Vizcaya y su evangelización. Paralelamente, otros asentamientos llamados Real de Minas, se originaron ante la detección de yacimientos mineros y la migración de colonos en villas, haciendas agrícolas y presidios. Como eje central de estas poblaciones se construyeron templos que atendían no sólo la evangelización de los indígenas, sino también a la comunidad religiosa española y criolla (Capítulo IV). El estado de Chihuahua cuenta con un inventario de más de 280 templos históricos. El sistema constructivo de estos templos varía, dado que, la complejidad constructiva y la rica decoración ornamental está ligada a las influencias socio-económicas de la población, del misionero y de la orden religiosa. En el caso de la Nueva Vizcaya los templos de misión construidos por los franciscanos guardan una cierta sobriedad y simplicidad, aunque hay excepciones. Dentro del abanico de la arquitectura misional jesuita también es posible encontrar estructuras simples, sin embargo, una gran mayoría se distinguen por su arquitectura compleja y ornamentada, así como por sus bienes artísticos de reconocidos autores de la época. Esta Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo, identificar y analizar los materiales y las técnicas de manufactura de techumbres policromas presentes en los templos jesuitas de los siglos XVII y XVIII en Nueva Vizcaya, para su puesta en valor social, cultural e histórico-artístico, en aras de su conservación y el desarrollo local sostenible. Los cuatro casos de estudio seleccionados fueron construidos bajo la administración de la Compañía de Jesús (Capítulo V). A demás de compartir la influencia jesuita, región geográfica, y motivos decorativos, han sido seleccionados en base a su singularidad artística y estructural (Capítulo VI secciones 6.1 y 6.2). Para ello la tesis se ha organizado en 3 capítulos y 8 secciones que se corresponden con el contexto de la investigación (territorio e historia), el estudio de las techumbres polícromas (arquitectura, influencias presentes en el soporte ligneo y representaciones polícromas) y los casos de estudio (selección, caracterización y estudio técnico y analítico). Además, se ha incluido un glosario (apartado X. Glosario) de los términos señalados con un asterisco (*) en las diferentes secciones. Por último, el apartado XI del índice, contiene los créditos de las imágenes y de los esquemas, agrupados por capítulos y secciones. A nivel analítico, esta tesis ha permitido conocer la incorporación de pigmentos tradicionales del Viejo Mundo y colorantes americanos, aunque si bien no locales. Con la finalidad de identificar materiales autóctonos, durante el transcurso del proyecto se documentaron y recolectaron materiales regionales (que pudieron haber sido utilizados en la decoración de las techumbres) con la participación de miembros de la comunidad, botánicos y geólogos. Este espacio de intercambio técnico-empírico ha contribuido a la revaloración del patrimonio tanto natural como, histórico-artístico; al tiempo que ha dado lugar a identificar futuras iniciativas que puedan promover la sensibilización y puesta en valor del patrimonio artístico, como clave de identidad y fortalecimiento comunitario. El legado artístico de los misioneros jesuitas en Chihuahua se desvela por primera vez a partir de la evidencia física, aportando sin duda nuevas pautas para el estudio y enriquecimiento de la historia virreinal en el norte de Mexico. / The province of Nueva Vizcaya (the current day Mexican states of Chihuahua and Durango) was founded as a consequence of the military and religious conquest which took place in the North of New Spain (Mexico) in 1562. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Franciscan missionaries and Jesuits established missions throughout Nueva Vizcaya, with the explicit goal to congregate and evangelize the local natives. At the same time, other settlements called Royal Mines were established as result of a growing mining industry. Opportunities in mining brought Spaniard migration to the region which saw the settlement of villages, agricultural haciendas, and military towns, known as presidios. As the central axis of these towns, churches were built that functioned not only to evangelize the natives, but also to serve the Spanish and Creole religious communities (Chapter IV). The state of Chihuahua has an inventory of more than 280 historical churches. The construction system of these churches varies due to the complexity and rich ornamental decoration linked to the many socio-economic influences of the population, the missions, and the religious order of the time. In the case of the Nueva Vizcaya mission, churches built by the Franciscans maintain a certain sobriety and simplicity, with some exceptions. Within the range of Jesuit missionary architecture, it is possible to find simple structures, however, a great majority are distinguished by their complex and ornate architecture, as well as by artwork from well-known artists at that time. This PhD thesis aims to identify and analyze the materials and manufacturing techniques from the 17th and 18th century polychrome wooden ceilings found in Jesuit mission churches in Nueva Vizcaya. The aim of this comprehensive analysis is to enhance the social, cultural, and historical-artistic value of these significant churches, and to promote interest in the urgent need for their conservation and in the sustainable development of their local communities. The four selected churches that make up the case studies in this thesis were built under the influences of the Society of Jesus (Chapter V). In addition to sharing their Jesuit influence, geographic region, and decorative motifs, they have been selected based on their artistic and structural singularity (Chapter VI sections 6.1 and 6.2). This thesis has been organized into 3 chapters and 8 sections that correspond to the geo-historical context of the churches, to the architectural and art historical study of polychrome ceilings, and finally, conclude with the case studies which include discussions of sample selection, characterization, as well as technical and analytical testing and outcomes. In addition, a glossary has been included (section X. Glossary) of the terms marked with an asterisk (*) in the different sections. Finally, section XI of the index contains the credits of the images and the schemes, grouped in order by chapters and sections. The analytical outcomes of this thesis have identified a fusion of traditional pigments from the Old World with, what were at the time, newly encountered American dyes. In order to identify native materials used in the pigments, natural resources (those that could have been used to decorate the ceilings) from the geographic area of study were documented and collected during the development of this project. This was made possible with the participation of community members together with botanists, and geologists. / Com a conseqüència de la conquista militar i religiosa en el nord de la Nova Espanya (Mèxic), l'any 1562 es funda la província de la Nova Biscaia, conformada pels actuals estats de Chihuahua i Durango. Durant els segles XVII i XVIII, missioners franciscans i jesuïtes van establir missions, que tenien l'objectiu de conformar assentaments que permeteren l'agrupació dels natius de la Nova Biscaia i la seua evangelització. Paral¿lelament, altres assentaments cridats Real de Mines, es van originar davant de la detecció de jaciments miners i la migració de colons en viles, hisendes agrícoles i presidis. Com a eix central d'estes poblacions es van construir temples que atenien no sols l'evangelització dels indígenes, sinó també a la comunitat religiosa espanyola i criolla (Capítol IV). L'estat de Chihuahua compta amb un inventari de més de 280 temples històrics, l'arquitectura del qual respon al clima i als materials regionals. El sistema constructiu d'estos temples varia, dau a què, la complexitat constructiva i la rica decoració ornamental està lligada a les influències socioeconòmiques de la població, del missioner i de l'orde religiós. En el cas de la Nova Biscaia els temples de missió construïts pels franciscans guarden una certa sobrietat i simplicitat, encara que hi ha excepcions. Dins del palmito de l'arquitectura missional jesuïta també és possible trobar estructures simples, no obstant això, una gran majoria es distingixen per la seua arquitectura complexa i ornamentada, així com pels seus béns artístics de connotats autors de l'època. Esta Tesi Doctoral té com a objectiu, identificar i analitzar els materials i les tècniques de manufactura de sostrades policromes presents en els temples jesuïtes dels segles XVII i XVIII en Nova Biscaia, per a la seua posada en valor social, cultural i historicoartística, a fi de la seua conservació i el desenrotllament local sostenible. Els quatre casos d'estudi seleccionats van ser construïts davall l'administració de la Companyia de Jesús (Capítol V) . A altres de que compartixen influència jesuïta, regió geogràfica, i motius decoratius, han sigut seleccionats basant-se en la seua singularitat artística i estructural (Capítol VI seccions 6.1 i 6.2). Per a això s'ha organitzat en 3 capítols i 8 seccions que es corresponen amb el context de la investigació (territori i història), l'estudi de les sostrades policromes (arquitectura, influències presents en el suport ligni i representacions policromes) i els casos d'estudi (selecció, caracterizaci i estudi tècnic i analític). A més, s'ha inclòs un glossari (apartat X. Glossari) dels termes assenyalats amb un asterisc (*) en les diferents seccions. Finalment, l'apartat XI de l'índex, conté els crèdits de les imatges i dels esquemes, agrupats per capítols i seccions. A nivell analític, esta tesi ha permés conéixer la incorporació de pigments tradicionals del Vell Món i colorants americans, encara que si bé no locals, ja que fins al moment no s'han registrat com a pigments en les artesanies entre els indígenes de la zona. Amb la finalitat d'identificar materials autòctons, durant el transcurs del projecte es van documentar i van recol¿lectar materials regionals (que van poder haver sigut utilitzats en la decoració de les sostrades) amb la participació de membres de la comunitat, botànics i geòlegs. Este espai d'intercanvi tecnicoempíric ha permés sembrar en els participants la revaloració del patrimoni tant natural com, historicoartístic; alhora que ha donat lloc a identificar futures iniciatives que puguen promoure la sensibilització i posada en valor del patrimoni artístic, com a clau d'identitat i enfortiment comunitari. El llegat artístic dels missioners jesuïta en Chihu. / Muñoz Alcocer, KM. (2018). Polychrome wooden ceilings at Jesuit churches built in Nueva Vizcaya (Chihuahua, México) during the 17th and 18th centuries. Technical analysis & social awareness [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/111826 / TESIS

While the history of the Latter-day Saints who colonized in Mexico is probably not generally known by the majority of Latter-day Saints living throughout the world today, it nevertheless comprises an exceptionally colorful and exciting chapter of the history of Mormonism. The Latter-day Saints who went to Mexico created there a culture and society which has never been duplicated. Probably one of the chief concerns of the Mormon Colonists in Mexico was to establish in their society a culture which would be lastingly enduring and which would progressively improve. Secondly, it is also probable that they were passionately desirous of having their children share their same convictions concerning religion and morality. The Colonists determined that the best way to insure a realization of these desires was through their system of schooling—secular as well as religious. These appear to be the aims which justified the existence of the Juarez Stake Academy. Because of the unique circumstances which account for the existence of both the Mexican colonies and the subsequent existence of the Juarez Academy neither can be understood or explained without looking to certain attendant circumstances. Although this study is concerned primarily with the Juarez Stake Academy, it will nevertheless be necessary to look to these other circumstances.

Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos canadensis Linnaeus 1758) are declining in some areas throughout their Nearctic range (Sauer et al. 2011). This reduction is linked to changes in their habitat caused by human activities. Golden eagles inhabit an extensive range of environments (Watson 1997, Kochert et al. 2002). In the American Continent, the golden eagle's range encompasses Alaska, Canada, the United States and the Northern and Central portions of Mexico. Northern golden eagle populations migrate during winter to southern grounds, crossing international boundaries of Canada, the US and Mexico and therefore, their conservation is of trilateral concern. Golden eagles are protected by domestic laws in the three North American countries where they occur (FWCA 1997, BGEPA 1940, MBTA 1918, Lacey Act 1900, DOF 2002) and although the IUCN list the species as Least Concern, the A. c. canadensis subspecies has been protected by CITES since 1975 (Birdlife International 2012). While intensively studied in the United States, very little is known in Mexico about golden eagle ecology and their populations. As the national bird of Mexico, its conservation has been a priority for the Mexican government since its inclusion in the Endangered Species List in 1994 (SEDESOL 1994). Several threats jeopardize golden eagle populations throughout their range in North America: habitat alteration and fragmentation, electrocution, collisions with vehicles, collision with windmills and wires, poisoning from lead ingestion, drowning, shooting and trapping, and poaching for illegal wildlife trade. Mexican experts believe that a dramatic decline occurred over recent decades and that the remaining pairs have been restricted to remnant suitable habitat patches (SEMARNAP-INE 1999). Long-term survival of golden eagles largely depends on the effectiveness of current conservation efforts of habitat at a landscape level. Successful conservation and management requires accurate information on ecology of the species upon which decisions can be based. This study investigated habitat characteristics of the areas occupied by golden eagles and developed strategies for habitat management and protection to improve golden eagle viability in Chihuahua State. I surveyed a portion of Chihuahuan Desert Ecoregion in Mexico to locate golden eagle territories during 2009 and 2010. I located 30 golden eagle nesting territories and found similar composition of cover type, vegetation structure and prey indices between the territory cores and their buffer zones. Distance to most anthropogenic disturbance sources was similar between golden eagle sites and random areas (n=60). Grassland was the most common cover type, occurring in 100% of the nesting territories, and comprising 58% of the territories' area, suggesting a disproportionate use of this cover type compared to its overall availability (25% of the state area). I used landscape attributes such as topographic characteristics and human disturbances to model the probability of occurrence of golden eagles across the landscape. I used logistic regression to model the occurrence of golden eagles at two different landscape scales and selected the best model at a home range scale based on AIC values to develop a predictive map of golden eagle distribution in Chihuahua, Mexico. I found that at a home range scale, golden eagles' occurrence was positively related to open areas and terrain ruggedness and negatively to human settlements, while at a larger scale it was positively related to open areas and negatively related to forested areas. The results confirm that golden eagles are dependent on grasslands and rugged terrain. I developed predictive maps of golden eagle occurrence using a logistic regression and a Mahalanobis distance approach using the variables from the model chosen to compare the performance and output with logistic regression modeling. I analyzed the Mexican National Plan for Golden Eagle Recovery (PACE - Ã guila Real) and proposed a conservation strategy oriented to protect golden eagle populations and their habitat in Chihuahua, Mexico. This strategy integrates ecologic knowledge developed in the first two chapters and incorporates social participation of all stakeholders. The strategy recognizes the potential limitations of conservation implementation programs in Mexico and explores the potential opportunities to protect golden eagles populations and their habitat. / Ph. D.