This literary study presents an analysis of literary constructs of African American childhood in the 1930s in American children’s literature. The purpose for such a study is to determine, identify, and analyse the constructions of African American childhood offered in such books. The critical approach employed involves theories based in post structuralism and post colonialism. The literary constructions of African American childhood are influenced by the society in which they were produced; hence this thesis includes a contextualisation of the historical time period in relationship to the works discussed. Furthermore, this thesis considers constructions offered through illustration in equal terms with textual constructions. Representations of African American childhood are also presented through the use of dialect. The position adopted considers dialect as African American patois since such written dialect is pre-proscriptive African American Vernacular English rules. Analysis has been carried out of the ways in which language written in African American patois constructed African American childhood rather than focusing on the linguistic aspects of the written dialect. Finally, four key texts, all written after 1965 and set in the 1930s have been evaluated: Sounder (1970) by William Armstrong, Roll of Thunder, Hear my Cry (1976) by Mildred Taylor, Tar Beach (1991) by Faith Ringgold, and Leon’s Story (1997) by Susan Roth. These contemporary writers offered a different view of the 1930s since they are ‘writing back’ into the previously assumed stereotypes. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that in the 1930s, positive progression was achieved, bridging ideologies concerning the African American community fostered in the Harlem Renaissance and the search for African American identity for children and adults. While negative stereotypes established before the 1930s were included in some publications, defiance of mainstream views, resistance to overt racism, and a complication of representation of African American childhood is present in American children’s literature in the 1930s.

No description available.

The category of young adult (YA) fiction encompasses a wide range of genres; but despite this generic diversity, it has so far failed to represent the full range of communities that make up contemporary British society. Discussions are ongoing between professionals in the publishing industry and campaigning individuals and organisations who are aiming to redress this imbalance. Writers making new work are in a position to help effect a change, but acknowledging and responding to the call for inclusion can be far from straightforward, with questions being raised such as: ‘how far can a writer stray from their own lived experience?’ and ‘how can a writer avoid tokenism or cultural appropriation when writing for inclusion?’ This thesis consists of a new YA contemporary novel, Sea Change, and an accompanying critical essay, which reflects on the challenges I encountered while aiming to write for inclusion. Set in the Scottish Highlands, Sea Change is a contemporary YA crime novel, in which the world of the sixteen-year-old protagonist, Alex, is thrown into turmoil when he discovers a dead body next to his fishing boat. The decisions Alex makes following this discovery set in motion the plot of the story. The narrative, as it unfolds, facilitates the exploration of themes frequently associated with adolescence, such as friendship, risk-taking and the maturation into an adult identity, along with themes specifically linked to Alex’s status as a member of marginalised communities because of his sexuality and social class, such as prejudice, acute stress brought on by economic pressure, and low self-esteem. This thesis, then, reviews the opinions and recommendations being expressed by campaigners for greater diversity, and exposes the uncertainties and challenges a writer faces when aiming to write for inclusion.

There is no abstract available for this thesis.

In the Child Protection work, the part that may have major impact on the family parent-child relationship include emergent settlement of child, the exercise of parental right on behalf of the parents during the settlement period, the governing agency may, after assessing the care of parents to the child, appeal for the suspending parental right or guardianship to the court to protect the life and security of growth environment of the child. Children becomes the subjects of protection administration and the decision makers of their rights and interest are shifted from the parents to the country, and the frontline decision makers are the social makers in child protection, and the identification of social workers in parents, children and the country is often associated with the suspension of parental rights. Hence, in exercising public right, it involved in diversified and overall consideration factors and should be clarified. This study targeted at the social workers in child protection of Kaohsiung City and the method of research is document analysis, applying analysis on the file documents of the child protection cases with suspension of parental rights appealed to and granted by the courts. After the analysis, the research found that the factors considered by child protection social workers including the facts of abuse, the seriousness of abuse, the abusing parents¡¦ negligence in the repetition of abuses, non-improvement of abusing conduct, refusal in acknowledge of abuse negligence, lake of repentance, supports of relatives and friends and the reaction of children to the parents, and the factors frequently considered are the fact of abuse and the supports of relatives and friends and the reaction of children to the parents is the least. The factors considered identified from the analysis of this research may be applied to build and develop an index in suspension of parental right and will be helpful in the assessment of child protection social workers. ¡eKey words¡fChild protection, Parental rights, Children¡¦s right

This thesis shows to what extent the study of Italian children's literature can benefit from an attentive analysis of the parallel corpus of translated works and of the interaction between the two. The first chapter argues that ignoring translated literature means we are telling only half of the story, since translations have had a strong impact not only on the development, but also on the formation of Italian literature for children. The second chapter disputes the assumed internationalism which suggests children's classics can cross linguistic and cultural boundaries 'naturally', employing research tools offered by Translation Studies: the mechanisms of transfer which can be observed when classics for children move from one culture into another reveal the many changes and adaptations that these books have undergone in order to be accepted in the target cultures, and also their transformation over time within their own source cultures. The third chapter explores links between translation, women's writing and children's literature by looking at the work of a limited number of significant Italian women translators of children's literature, whose contribution to Italian literature is still largely ignored. The historical period of Fascism provides a context for the observation of norms applying to literature for children in the fourth chapter. The idea that children would be much more ideologically pliable than adults led the regime to try to impose on children's books a set of norms conforming to its political aims. Following a broadly chronological line brings us, in the last chapter, to look at the way in which the penetration of innovative literary models and ideas through translation greatly influenced the development of indigenous children's literature in post-war Italy, as well as at the impact of globalisation from the 1980s onwards, both on Italian production and on imported children’s books, their distribution and reception.

Visapusiškam vaiko vystymuisi reikalingas emocinis – materialinis gerbūvis. Vaiko gerovė – tai meilė, saugumo jausmas, galimybė vaikui save realizuoti ir tobulėti. Susiklosčius nepalankiom socialinėms šeimos aplinkybėms: nedarbas, piktnaudžiavimas alhoholiu, skurdas ir smurtas, socialinės rizikos vaikų skaičius padidėja. Tokia aplinka žaloja vaiką, nepatenkina pagrindinių vaiko poreikių, tai daro neigiamą įtaką vaiko vystymuisi. Pozityvios socializacijos procese pagrindinis veikėjas – vaikas. Vaiko gerovė tiesiogiai susijusi su valstybės vykdoma socialine politika. Valstybė ir visuomenė jaučia atsakomybę už vieną labiausiai pažeidžiamą gyventojų grupę – vaikus. Pozityvioji socializacija – išmokimo procesas, tiesiogiai susietas su vaiko gerove ir yra ugdytinio geresnio gyvenimo kokybės prielaida. Siekiant gauti patikimų žinių iš tiesioginio patyrimo buvo atliktas kokybinis tyrimas – ekspertų apklausa. Apklausta 25 ekspertai, tai socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerijos atstovas, savivaldybės atstovas, atsakingas už socialin�� politiką, globos namų vadovai (vadybininkai), auklėtojai, nevyriausybinių globos namų administracijos atstovai. Tyrimas parodė, kad priemonės, padedančios pagerinti globos institucijų kokybę – vaikų skaičiaus sumažinimas, materialinio gerbūvio gerinimas. Taip pat svarbu pozityvus mikroklimatas ir organizacijos kultūra, dirbančiųjų su ugdytiniu globos institucijoje kompetencija. Išanalizavus ekspertų nuomones, galima teigti, kad norint... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / For comprehensive development of a child emotional-financial is necessary. Child’s wellbeing is love, sense of security, possibilities for self-realisation and self-perfection. Under unfavourable social circumstances in the family, unemployment, excessive drinking, poverty and violence, as well as number of children at social risk increase. Such an environment damages a child, cannot satisfy his basic needs, and that in turn makes a negative impact on child’s development. In the process of positive socialisation the leading player is the child. Child’s welfare is directly related to State’s line of social policy. The state and the society take responsibility for one of the most vulnerable group – children. Positive socialisation is the process of learning directly coherent with child’s wellbeing and is prerequisite for higher quality of his life. With the purpose of receiving the reliable knowledge from direct experience, the qualitative survey – expert interviews were conducted. 25 experts were interviewed: the representative of Ministry of Social Security and Labour, the Municipality representative responsible for social policy, managers and educators of foster home, representatives of non-governmental foster home’s administration. The survey results showed that means contributing to quality improvement of care institutions are reduction of children’s number and increase of material facilities. Positive microclimate and organisational culture, professional expertise... [to full text]

Disputats Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2008.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:32:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_mzm_me_botfm.pdf: 558932 bytes, checksum: 84ce8209aff714672374b37735b91e24 (MD5) / Alterações na voz das crianças são geralmente confundidas pelos pais com sintomas de infecções de vias aéreas superiores ou tachadas como qualidade normal da voz. Foram objetivos deste trabalho verificar a opinião dos pais sobre a voz de seus filhos no que diz respeito a: percepção e preocupação relacionadas às alterações de voz de seus filhos, fatores que influem na qualidade vocal, atitudes tomadas frente às alterações de voz, percepção de problemas vocais e referência de queixas vocais pelos filhos, importância da voz na vida familiar, escolar e para o futuro do filho. Participaram do estudo 526 pais de crianças, com idade entre 5 e 12 anos, sendo 50,2% do sexo feminino, que freqüentam escolas da rede municipal e estadual da cidade de Garça, São Paulo. Os pais responderam a um questionário padronizado. Os resultados mostraram que 74% dos pais caracterizaram a voz de seus filhos como normal e/ou bonita, sendo que 26% percebem algum tipo de desvio, entre eles muito alta, alterada, nasal e rouca ; os pais referiram que 37,5 a 68% das crianças apresentam eventualmente alguma alteração na voz e 45% dos pais se preocupam com tais alterações. A maioria dos pais que percebem alterações na voz do filho (68%) tomam alguma atitude, 36% dos pais acreditam que as crianças não percebem quando têm alterações na voz, 77,5 a 92% dos pais referiram que o filho nunca relatou queixas vocais. Grande parte dos pais (80 a 95,8%) apontou que o filho nunca apresentou mudanças na voz no decorrer do dia, perda total da voz ou rouquidão, 44% dos pais responderam que a criança se sente incomodada quando tem alguma alteração na voz e relacionam a alteração com o abuso vocal, 79,5 a 49,5% afirmaram que a voz é muito importante para a vida pessoal, familiar, escolar e para o futuro do filho. Os hábitos considerados bons para a voz foram: dormir bem... / Child voice disorders are generally confused by the parents as both: upper respiratory diseases or with normal quality of voice. The aim of this work was to assess the parent's opinion about their child voice regarding factors that influence in vocal quality, perception and worries about the children voice modification. Moreover, perception and attitude taken for the parents facing their child voice alteration and finally, the parent's perception of the importance of their child voice for familiar and scholar life and for the child future. Participated in this study, five hundred and twenty-six parents of children with age between 5 and 12 years. 50,2% of them were female,that frequent private and public schools in the city of Garça, state of São Paulo. The parents answered a standard questionnaire. As a result of this study we had 74% of the parents caracterized the children's voice as normal and/or beautiful, 26% perceived any kind of deviation like very high, altered, nasal and hoarse. The parents also refered that 37,5% to 68% eventually has any voice disorder and 45% of the parents are worried about that disorders. The majority of the parents that perceive the child voice disorder (68%) take any attitude; 36% of the parents believe that children do not believe that children do not perceive when they have voice disturbances; 77,5% to 92% of the parents refered that the child has no voice complaint. Several parents (80 to 95,85%) reported that the child has never had voice changes in the course of the day, total lost of the voice or hoarseness; 44% answered that the child gets unquiet when has some voice disturbance and associate the disturbance with the vocal abuse; 79,5% to 49,5% affirmed that the voice is very important to the personal life, familiar, scholar and to the child future... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os níveis séricos de vitamina A e sua proteína ligadora (RBP) em crianças de 6 - 71 meses de idade, matriculadas em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, situada na periferia do município de Botucatu, SP. Para isso, se determinou os níveis de retinol sérico em 202 crianças pelo método espectofotométrico e a RBP pelo método de nefelometria. Os resultados foram analisados em dois grupos etários, G1 constituído pelas crianças entre 6 a 23 meses de idade e G2 pelas crianças entre 24-71meses de idade. A mediana dos níveis séricos de retinol foi de 31,1μg/dl para o grupo total, de 27,2μg/dl e 32,0μg/dl para os grupos etários G1 e G2 respectivamente, sendo essa diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05). A mediana dos níveis séricos da RBP foi de 2,7mg/dl para o grupo total e 3,0mg/dl, 2,6mg/dl, para os grupos etários G1 e G2 respectivamente, sendo essa diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05). A prevalência de hipovitaminose A em nível bioquímico (retinol < 20μg/dl) foi de 15,3% para o grupo total, de 25,9% e 11,1% para os grupos etários G1 e G2 respectivamente. Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre o estado nutricional de vitamina A e as variáveis sexo, número de pessoas na família, constituição familiar, idade materna, escolaridade materna e uso de suplementos vitamínicos nos dois grupos etários, com exceção da renda familiar per capita no grupo etário G2. O estudo demonstrou a existência de deficiência subclínica de vitamina A nestas crianças, chamando atenção para a vulnerabilidade do grupo etário de 6 - 23 meses de idade, revelando a importância de estudos mais detalhados em crianças menores de 24 meses, bem como, a separação de grupos etários quando se estuda fatores de risco...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study aimed at determining the serum levels of vitamin A and its binding protein (RBP) in children aging 6 to 71 months, enrolled in a Health Basic Unit located in the periphery of Botucatu city, SP. For this, the serum retinol levels were determined in 202 children through the spectrophotometric method, and the RBP through the nephelometry method. The results were analyzed in two groups of age, G1 made up by children aging 6 to 23 months, and G2 by children aging 24 to 71 months. The retinol serum levels median was 31,1μg/dl for the total group, 27,2μg/dl and 32,0μg/dl for G1 and G2, respectively, being such difference statistically significant (p<0,05). The RBP serum levels median was 2,7mg/dl for the total group, and 3,0mg/dl, 2,6mg/dl for G1 and G2, respectively, being such difference statistically significant (p<0.05). The prevalence of hypovitaminosis A at biochemical level (retinol <20μg/dl) was 15,3% for the total group, 25,9% and 11,1% for G1 and G2, respectively. There was no statisticallly significant association between vitamin A nutritional status and the variables sex, number of family members, familiar constitution, mother's age, mother's schooling and use of vitaminic supplements in both groups of age, except of family income per capita... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Ercília Maria Carone Trezza / Coorientador: Suzana de Souza Queiroz / Mestre