Det övergripande syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån ett rättsociologiskt perspektiv undersöka huruvida begreppet barnets bästa förverkligas i domstolars beslut samt familjerätters yttrande gällande vårdnadstvister. Uppsatsen söker vidare förklara lagrummets gränser avseende vårdnadstvister då domstolar och familjerätter samarbetar under speciella omständigheter. Åtta stickprovsutvalda rättsfall, med bifogat yttrande från socialnämnd, utgör grunden för studien. Den empiriska delen bygger inledningsvis på en delanalys i form av meningskoncentrering, för att övergå till att inringa särdrag i analyserad text med utgångspunkt i om och huruvida barnet har fått komma till tals. Barnets bästa tycks beaktas så långt det är möjligt i vårdnadstvister men begreppets innebörd har en tendens att tolkas av vuxna, vilket kan leda till att det definieras ur ett vuxenperspektiv istället för ett barnperspektiv. De professionella aktörerna har makt medan barnet har inskränkt handlingsförmåga i rätten, det råder en hierarki i vårdnadstvister. Barnets röst kan vara svår att urskilja då föräldrarnas konflikt har en tendens att dra allt fokus till sig.

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Examination concerning the possibility of finding prehistoric children as considerable actors through the medium of neolithic clay figurines which were discovered in the archaeological remains regarding a pitted-ware settlement excavated in Tråsättra, Stockholm parish in the year 2016. The main aim for this study is to pay attention to a group of individuals most often overlooked in archaeological research as a whole, by searching to find new angles of incidence in a material previously interpreted from a ritual perspective.

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Lewis Carroll, and George MacDonald are responsible for some of the most popular yet obscure texts in the English Canon. Because Carroll and MacDonald are often credited with pioneering much of their genres — Nonsense Literature and Fantasy Literature — it seems that often they are labeled as originators, and not as active contributing members of a much larger literary tradition. Carroll and MacDonald were close friends and literary confidants, using each other’s works, as well as employing that of other writers. This is a study of the sources Carroll and MacDonald used in an attempt to better understand the underlying meanings and symbols in some of their works. For example, I study the analogous symbols they utilized, along with the words used to express them, to convey their ideas about identity and metamorphosis. I show that they rely on ancient, complex symbols, and the traditional language and meanings associated with them, to communicate deeply embedded messages to their readers. They employ the symbols of the worm, the chrysalis, and the butterfly, in several different guises, in their complex works. It is these symbols that allowed them to elucidate the concepts of the individual’s initial materialist state, followed by the midway period of dreaming/reflecting, and the subsequent spiritual awakening. The analysis of the literary sources they used helps to uncover symbols and themes of interest for Carroll and MacDonald, which in turn help to expose other of their sources, such as the Bestiaries, biblical stories, and the works of Isaac Watts, and William Blake. I attempt to explain how some of these symbols and themes function in the portrayal of coherent, yet creative, meanings in Carroll’s ‘Nonsense’ and MacDonald’s Fantasy.

This study is an examination of the hero image in the work of G.A. Henty (1832-1902) and George MacDonald (1824-1905) and a reassessment of the hitherto oppositional critiques of their writing. The argument driving the reassessment is that their writing is not oppositional but is complementary and that the ideology embedded in their work is communicated through the character of the hero through genre and through their interpretation of their historical period. The central hypothesis is that the reflexive characteristics of the hero image demonstrate a complete identity commensurate with the hero figure of the Victorian ideal. This hypothesis is demonstrated through the analysis of chosen texts from the work of Henty and MacDonald categorised by critics as written for children and by the application of ethical, genre and new historic theory. The relationship between the expansion of the British Empire and youthful heroism is established through investigation of the Victorian political, social and religious milieu, the construct of the child and the construct of the hero. The connection between the exotic geographical space of empire and the unknown psychological space is conducted through examination of the representation of the ‘other' in the work of Henty and MacDonald. The study demonstrates that Henty’s work is more complex than the stereotypically linear, masculine, imperialistic critique of his stories as historical realism allows and that MacDonald’s work displays more evidence of historical embedding and ideological interpellation than the critical focus on his work as fantasy and fairy tale considers. The contribution of this study to existing research on Henty and MacDonald is firstly by an examination of the ideology embedded in the construct of the hero figure as this construct impacted Victorian culture and secondly by reassessing the existing criticism of their work. Greater understanding of the effect of this heroic ideal on nineteenth century society leads to a greater understanding of the implications for subsequent cultures including that of the twenty first century. This aspect is examined in relation to the current reprinting programmes for Henty and MacDonald and is proposed as a subject for continued research.

The purpose of this play is to dramatize the fable of a city mouse and her cousin in the country, and the differences in their lifestyles. Through visits to each other's respective homes, the mice discover that there is more to life than what their own environment has to offer.

O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em investigar como os professores de educação infantil compreendem as orientações teóricas e metodológicas fornecidas pela produção bibliográfica voltada para esse nível de ensino sobre os processos de alfabetização e letramento. A dificuldade encontrada pelos professores de educação infantil em justificar teórica e metodologicamente as práticas pedagógicas relacionadas a tais processos, apesar do crescimento da produção bibliográfica sobre a questão, constitui-se no problema desta pesquisa. Esta foi motivada pela necessidade de orientar a elaboração de planejamentos, acompanhar e avaliar o trabalho das alunas-estagiárias do Curso de Pedagogia em instituições de educação infantil e pela inclusão na literatura educacional do conceito de letramento. O recorte temporal final da década de 1970 até 2005 foi estipulado, levando-se em consideração as discussões realizadas nas duas áreas envolvidas. Para a educação infantil, esse período foi marcado por lutas em prol de um atendimento de caráter educativo. Na área da alfabetização e do letramento, buscou-se nesse período explicações para o fracasso de nossas escolas em alfabetizar (ensinar as habilidades necessárias para ler e escrever) e letrar (ensinar a fazer uso competente da leitura e da escrita em diversas práticas sociais). As discussões em ambas as áreas ocorreram simultaneamente e fizeram parte do processo de democratização da educação brasileira. Perseguimos, ao longo desta investigação, o pressuposto segundo o qual há correspondência entre a função conferida à educação infantil e os conceitos de alfabetização e letramento. A relação existente entre essas temáticas ocorre em razão do contexto histórico em que são produzidas. Subsidiados pelos pressupostos da teoria histórico-cultural, entendemos a educação como condição universal do desenvolvimento humano; a escola como instituição responsável por possibilitar a apropriação pelos alunos dos bens culturais produzidos pela humanidade; o professor como responsável pela organização do ensino e pela promoção da aprendizagem e desenvolvimento dos alunos; e a mediação pedagógica dotada de sistematicidade e intencionalidade como condição maior do trabalho docente. Para a consecução desta pesquisa, refletimos sobre os seguintes aspectos: as funções atribuídas à educação infantil brasileira nas últimas três décadas, tomando como referência a legislação educacional brasileira; os conceitos de alfabetização e letramento; a produção bibliográfica voltada para a educação infantil que discute tais conceitos. Tais reflexões fundamentaram a análise das funções conferidas à educação infantil por 14 professoras que atuam em três centros municipais de educação infantil, suas concepções de alfabetização e letramento e sua prática pedagógica. Concluímos ser papel da educação infantil enriquecer o letramento das crianças e estimular sua alfabetização, de acordo com as possibilidades e os limites desse nível de escolaridade. Isso requer reconhecer que tais processos são indissociáveis e interdependentes, porém distintos e que esta é uma condição para sistematizar a prática pedagógica e provê-la de intencionalidade. Essa conclusão nos transportou para a necessidade de reorganizar a formação de professores, viabilizando a apropriação do conteúdo envolvido nesta investigação pelos atuais e pelos futuros professores de educação infantil. / Current research investigates the manner childrens education teachers understand the theoretical and methodological guidelines given in specialized bibliography on readingwriting and literacy processes at this level. Current research deals with the difficulties that childrens education teachers find to justify theoretically and methodologically the pedagogical practices related to such processes in spite of increasing bibliographical production on these issues. Investigation has been motivated by the need to supervise planning, follow up and evaluate the assignments of students-trainees of the Pedagogy Course in children education institutions and by the inclusion of educational literature on the concept of literacy. Taking into consideration discussions in the two fields involved, a time period, namely, the late 1970s up to 2005, was pinpointed. In the case of childrens education, the above mentioned period is highlighted by struggles for educational attendance. During this period, explanations for the failure of Brazilian schools in reading-writing (teaching necessary skills to read and write) and literacy (teaching competent usage of reading and writing within several social practices) were debated. Discussions on the two fields were simultaneous and became part and parcel of the democratization process of Brazilian education. Throughout the investigation a link between the role of childrens education and the reading-writing and literacy concepts has been foregrounded. In fact, the relationship between these themes is based on the historical context in which they are produced. According to the historical and cultural theory adopted, education is a universal condition of human development; the school is an institution accountable for making possible the students appropriation of cultural factors produced by mankind; the teacher is the person responsible for the teaching organization, for the promotion of the students development and learning; pedagogical mediation pervaded by systematization and intentionality as a major condition for teaching. The following aspects were discussed to deepen research: the functions attributed to childrens education in Brazil during the last three decades with Brazilian education legislation as reference; the readingwriting and literacy concepts; the bibliographical production in childrens education that discusses these very concepts. Above discussions foregrounded the analysis of functions given to childrens education by fourteen teachers who worked in three municipal centers for children education, their ideas on reading-writing and literacy and their pedagogical practice. The role of childrens education is the enrichment of childrens reading-writing and the stimulation of literacy according to their possibilities and limits at their own level. It should be acknowledged that these processes are linked and interdependent, albeit distinct. It is, indeed, a condition to systematize pedagogical practice and provide it with intentionality. Results indicate the need for the reorganization of teachers training so that contents involved in present investigation by current and future childrens education teachers may be workable.

Este estudo discute a produção de culturas infantis a partir do contato das crianças com literatura infantil e com os livros como objetos culturais no contexto escolar. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa com abordagem etnográfica, por meio do acompanhamento de um grupo de crianças do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental numa escola municipal da cidade de São Paulo, em 2010. Considerando a entrada de crianças de seis anos no 1º ano e não mais na educação infantil, a ampliação de duração do ensino fundamental (pelas Leis federais no. 11.114/05 e no. 11.274/06, respectivamente) e as políticas públicas federais e municipais de incentivo à leitura literária e de acesso aos livros, procurou-se verificar como se dá a produção de culturas infantis nas relações sociais e por meio da relação com a literatura infantil, os livros e suas vidas. Além do registro em diário de campo a partir das observações do cotidiano do grupo, outro instrumento utilizado para obtenção dos dados foi a realização de entrevistas coletivas com grupos de crianças. Parte-se dos pressupostos teóricos da Sociologia da Infância, dos estudos interpretativos da infância, da competência das crianças e da metodologia da pesquisa com crianças. A análise dos dados obtidos permite afirmar que as crianças produzem culturas nas relações entre pares por meio da relação direta da literatura com suas vidas, da comparação entre histórias por meio de aspectos literários, da criação de novos estatutos para as ilustrações presentes na literatura infantil e das brincadeiras com a linguagem. Além disso, as crianças se relacionam com os livros como artefatos culturais, quando eles passam a ser objetos de disputa, de conflito e negociação. Os dados revelaram também que a organização do espaço e a rotina para o acesso aos livros na escola são feitas e controladas por adultos, o que pode limitar a livre iniciativa das crianças. Parece ser possível afirmar que, ainda assim, as crianças criam estratégias de compartilhamento dos livros, vivem conflitos e criam seus próprios critérios de escolha, compreendendo melhor os papéis sociais vivenciados nestas situações. / This study discusses the production of childrens cultures from their contact with children\'s literature books as cultural objects in the school context. For this purpose, a research was conducted with an ethnographic approach within a group of children in the first year of elementary school in a public school in São Paulo in 2010. Considering the entry of six years old children at the 1st year instead of in the early childhood education, the enlargement of elementary schools duration (by federal laws. 11.114/05 and. 11.274/06, respectively) and the federal and municipal public policies to encourage literary reading and access to books, this research has aimed to understand the production of children\'s culture and social relations through the relationship with children\'s literature, books and their lives. In addition to the field diary observations of everyday life of the group, another tool used for data collection was collective interviews with groups of children. It starts with the theoretical assumptions of the Sociology of Childhood, interpretive studies of childhood, the competence of children and research methodology with children. The analysis of data suggests that children produce culture in peer relations through the direct relationship between literature and their lives, through comparing stories based on literary aspects, by creating new statutes for the illustrations in children\'s literature and by language games. Moreover, children relate to books as artifacts, when they become objects of contention, conflict and negotiation. The data also revealed that the organization of space and routine access to books in school are made and controlled by adults, which may limit childrens free initiative. Despite that it seems possible to say that children create strategies for sharing books, living conflicts and create their own selection criteria, including better social roles experienced in these situations.

In surveying the cultural context of modern-day Turkey it must be acknowledged that, historically, there have been critical problems between different ethnic (Turkish and Kurdish) and religious groups in Turkey arising from prejudice, intolerance and leading to hatred and conflict. One way of easing the tension between these groups could be by challenging prejudice through developing empathy, understanding and respect. Among a number of ways this could be done, researchers in the field of literacy and children’s literature have stressed the positive effects of reading books that emerge from the transaction between the reader and the text which have the potential to raise awareness about prejudice (Arizpe et al., 2014b; Farrar, 2017). However, research suggests that young people’s amount of reading books is low in Turkey (OECD, 2009; OECD, 2012); in addition, the Board of National Education in Turkey (BNET) and education policies in Turkey have not paid attention to young people’s reading interests or their reading for pleasure (BNET, 2011a and b). Based on the theoretical tenet that reading fiction can affect readers’ thoughts and emotions, the wide aim of this study was to explore the potential of reading fiction for developing empathy and understanding. Given that young people’s reading interests have not been considered in Turkey in detail, this thesis had to begin by investigating what kind of books were preferred and what effects they had on adolescent readers in that country. In order to accomplish this, a case study method with a mixed method design was employed and it was decided that an approach using the Transactional theory of reading as well as Cognitive Criticism would help to achieve this goal. In total, 381 students (aged between 16 and 18) responded to an online questionnaire and 10 of these students participated in interviews and reading activities. The data was analysed using the IBM SPSS 22 statistical analysis program and NVivo qualitative analysis software. The findings of the study identified the significant impact that gatekeepers and facilitators (government, publishers and social community) have on Turkish adolescents’ reading attitudes and choices. It was also found that, although young people liked reading contemporary fiction and online texts, so far this has not been taken into account in the Curriculum and in the promotion of reading in Turkey. The study has identified a major gap between what schools offer and what students read (or between in-school and out-of-school practices), a key aspect in reducing students’ interest in reading books and therefore a missed opportunity for raising awareness about prejudice. Finally, this study provides strong evidence about the potential of reading and discussing books with a small group of adolescent readers, an activity that enabled them to express their thoughts about serious issues and thus supported them in developing self-understanding and understanding of others.