Australia is a culturally diverse country with many migrant and refugee families in need of mental health services. Yet, surveys indicate that many culturally diverse community members do not feel comfortable in accessing mental health services, often due to a limited understanding of current western practices and the lack of practitioner cultural sensitivity. Despite the apparent need, few investigations have been conducted with migrant families to understand their different values and needs, and identify how they adjust to a new culture. The paucity of empirical research is largely due to the number of variables associated with the process of cultural change, and the fact that culture itself may lend different meaning to symptom experience, and the expression thereof. Moreover, because migrant adaptation is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, it is often rendered difficult to investigate. Cultural groups have been observed to exhibit differences in the pathogenesis and expressions of psychological adjustment, thus making culturally sensitive assessment a particularly arduous yet important task. Although the number of studies conducted on cultural adaptation trends of adult migrants is growing, few investigations have examined the acculturation experiences of children and adolescents. Moreover, the link between acculturation and mental health has confounded researchers and practitioners alike. Considering assessment procedures largely influence therapeutic strategies, it is deemed essential that Australian health care professionals understand language, behavioural, and motivational differences between ethnic groups. In response to appeals for empirical data on culture-specific differences and developmental pathways of emotional resiliency and psychopathology, the present research program examines the complex interplay between situational factors and internal processes that contribute to mental health among young migrants and refugees. The research focuses particularly on anxiety, which is not only the most common form of childhood psychopathology but also frequently coincides with stressful life events such as cultural relocation. Two hundred and seventy-three primary and high school students (comprised of former-Yugoslavian and Chinese cultural groups) participated in this research program. Primary (n=131) and high school (n=142) students completed self-report measures of acculturation, internalising symptoms, social support, self-concept/esteem, ethnic identity, and future outlook, and were compared by cultural group, heterogenic ethnicity, school level, gender, and residential duration variables. Specifically, Study 1 aimed to map the cultural adjustment patterns of migrant youth so as to determine both situational and internal process risk and protective factors of emotional distress. The main findings from Study 1 indicate: (1) patterns of cultural adjustment differ for children and adolescents according to cultural background, gender, age, and length of stay in the host culture; (2) former-Yugoslavian migrants generally report greater identification and involvement with Australian cultural norms than Chinese migrant youth; and (3) the divergent variables social support and bicultural adjustment are not universally paired with acculturative stress, as previously indicated in other adult migrant and acculturation studies. These outcomes highlight the importance of addressing the emotional and psychological needs of young migrants from unique age-relevant cultural perspectives. Building on these outcomes, the aim of Study 2 was to propose an organisational structure for a number of single risk factors that have been linked to acculturative stress in young migrants. In recognising that divergent situational characteristics (e.g., school level, gender, residential duration in Australia, social support, and cultural predisposition) are selectively paired with internal processing characteristics (e.g., emotional stability, self-worth/acceptance, acculturation/identity, and future outlook), a top-down path model of acculturative stress for children and adolescents of Chinese and former-Yugoslavian backgrounds was proposed and tested. To determine goodness of model fit, path analysis was employed. Specific cross-cultural profiles, application for the proposed age and culture sensitive models, and research considerations are discussed.

This thesis is focused on the topic of nonprofit organizations that are oriented on integration of the Chinese minorities in the Czech Republic. The thesis is focused on description of activities that are used by NGO's for integration of the Chinese minorities in the Czech Republic. In theoretical part is definition of key words. Especially it is definition of non-profit sector, NGO's, integration and theory of integration and the Chinese minorities. A qualitative method of data obtaining is used in the empirical part of the thesis. It is possible to describe integration activities of NGO's that are focused on the Chinese minorities in the Czech Republic from interviews with the respondents.

This thesis is concerned with a group of Chinese skilled migrant mothers’ experiences in relation to their children’s early childhood care and education in New Zealand. Utilising Bourdieu’s concept of capital, habitus and field, the current research addresses the complexity and ambiguity of the Chinese migrant mothers' lives whose social position transcends multiple fields. Because their children attend mainstream education, and the local educational system is different from those where the migrant mothers were brought up, the migrant mothers had to transcend different cultural fields. Chinese skilled migrants, who were middle class professionals in their native country, usually experienced social and financial downturns in New Zealand. Although skilled, the migrant mothers encountered difficulties in finding paid employment that matched their pre-migration job status. These mothers were more likely to give up paid work or reduce paid working hours on the birth of their children than were their male partners. The current study focuses on these transcendent experiences, encompassing both embeddedness and ambiguity across different fields by examining the interplay of class, gender, and ethnicity in the daily lives of these mothers. Traditional interpretations of cultural capital usually refer only to dominant social and cultural capital, whereas the current thesis expands the concept to include both dominant and non-dominant forms of social and cultural capital. The findings showed that the migrant mothers redefined and reconstructed the concept of capital. The migrant mothers’ attitude towards mainstream education was ambiguous and complex: covering the full spectrum from willing embracing, reluctantly following, selectively utilising to firmly rejecting. Simultaneously, the mothers promoted, criticised, and rejected various traditional Chinese practices and beliefs in order to maximise benefits for their children.

This PhD dissertation is concerned with highly skilled new Chinese migrants (HSNCMs) in the UK and their transnational (or trans-boundary) careers and business practice between China and Britain. The research subjects are those HSNCMs who have established careers and business connections between China and the UK since 1990. This research pays special attention to relationships between the transnational practice of HSNCMs, brain circulation (or their knowledge exchange with China) and China’s globalisation. Three main topics are discussed in this dissertation: First, it examines the states’ engagement which has a direct impact on transnational mobility of HSNCMs in the UK. Second, it analyzes transnational network building of OCP associations (professional associations of HSNCMs) linking between HSNCMs and China. Third, it discusses individual transnational career and business activities and identity construction of HSNCMs in order to understand China’s brain circulation in the UK context. The main theoretical object of this paper is to combine brain circulation studies with the theoretical framework of transnational migration studies. The findings of this research show that states’ policy engagement (especially China’s initiatives) is very powerful. Through transnational network building of OCP associations, HSNCMs integrate their personal development into the national projects of Mainland China. For individual HSNCMs, their transnational practice is diverse in terms of their different social backgrounds. For most HSNCMs with trans-boundary careers and business practice, their transnational identities are combined with Chinese consciousness. They have set up strategies to develop their careers and business between the sending country and receiving country. The multiple interactions between HSNCMs and China, therefore, have produced a significant impact on the brain circulation of HSNCMs and the globalisation of China.

Missio Dei is a phrase used to describe the mission of God, as revealed in Scripture. One of the key verses to understanding the ultimate goal of God’s mission is the vision of heaven given to the Apostle John in the Book of Revelation, “After this I looked and there before me was a great multitude that no one could count, from every nation, tribe, people, and language, standing before the throne and before the Lamb…” (Rev 7:9). God’s mission is to have for Himself a special redeemed people from every ‘People Group’ on earth. In Trinitarian Missio Dei, God is a ‘sending’ God, who sent Himself in pursuit of lost mankind; who sent His Son, Jesus to bear the sins of a lost world upon His body on the Cross; and who sent the Holy Spirit to instruct and empower the Church, which is commissioned and sent forth to carry on His mission of having a people from among all ‘Peoples’ of the earth. The shift in the center of gravity of world Christianity from the Global North to the Global South can be seen as God’s divine orchestration in raising up a mighty army, who will take the Gospel to the remaining unreached, unengaged ‘Peoples’. The Chinese house church networks have sensed God’s calling to take the Gospel ‘back to Jerusalem’ crossing the Buddhist, Hindu, and Muslim worlds, along the ancient eastern Silk Routes. As part of this Global South migration, Chinese are already living in over 140 countries around the world, where many of these unreached ‘People Groups’ are located. We see the Nestorian ‘merchant missionaries’ as a model for Chinese migrants to fulfill God’s calling to complete the ‘Great Commission’ mandate. / PhD (Missiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Missio Dei is a phrase used to describe the mission of God, as revealed in Scripture. One of the key verses to understanding the ultimate goal of God’s mission is the vision of heaven given to the Apostle John in the Book of Revelation, “After this I looked and there before me was a great multitude that no one could count, from every nation, tribe, people, and language, standing before the throne and before the Lamb…” (Rev 7:9). God’s mission is to have for Himself a special redeemed people from every ‘People Group’ on earth. In Trinitarian Missio Dei, God is a ‘sending’ God, who sent Himself in pursuit of lost mankind; who sent His Son, Jesus to bear the sins of a lost world upon His body on the Cross; and who sent the Holy Spirit to instruct and empower the Church, which is commissioned and sent forth to carry on His mission of having a people from among all ‘Peoples’ of the earth. The shift in the center of gravity of world Christianity from the Global North to the Global South can be seen as God’s divine orchestration in raising up a mighty army, who will take the Gospel to the remaining unreached, unengaged ‘Peoples’. The Chinese house church networks have sensed God’s calling to take the Gospel ‘back to Jerusalem’ crossing the Buddhist, Hindu, and Muslim worlds, along the ancient eastern Silk Routes. As part of this Global South migration, Chinese are already living in over 140 countries around the world, where many of these unreached ‘People Groups’ are located. We see the Nestorian ‘merchant missionaries’ as a model for Chinese migrants to fulfill God’s calling to complete the ‘Great Commission’ mandate. / PhD (Missiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Esta pesquisa de mestrado insere-se no tema da globalização, mais especificamente dos processos transnacionais relacionados à mobilidade de pessoas e produtos que faz do centro de São Paulo um palco da mundialização por baixo. O objeto da pesquisa são os migrantes chineses nas galerias de comércio da região da rua 25 de Março. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter exploratório acerca do papel desempenhado por esses migrantes, com base em uma etnografia desenvolvida entre 2009 e 2012. Argumentamos que a chegada massiva de chineses à região da rua 25 de Março foi possível devido a um dispositivo comercial em que as galerias de comércio surgem como um importante modelo de venda, cujos proprietários são, em sua maioria, migrantes chineses vindos nas décadas de 1950 e 1960. É certo que significativo fluxo recente de migração ocorre em um momento de reativação das diásporas chinesas pelo mundo, na esteira dos efeitos da industrialização da China. Foram chineses do fluxo anterior, entretanto, que puderam tornar-se importadores de produtos made in China, abundantes no comércio do centro paulistano, deslocando parcialmente o circuito de abastecimento dos produtos, que antes passava pelo Paraguai, para importações diretamente do país asiático. Há muito mais comerciantes chineses recentemente chegados do que importadores e proprietários de galerias de comércios, mas apenas estes últimos dois tipos tinham uma condição transnacional que lhes permitia juridicamente abrirem suas empresas e, através das redes sociais, ligarem-se ao outro lado do globo. Por conseguinte, alteraram a escala do comércio praticado ao engendrarem uma nova modalidade de venda: galerias repletas de comerciantes chineses que vendem produtos vindos diretamente daquele país asiático. / This research is located in the theme of globalization, specifically of transnational processes related to products and people mobility that makes São Paulos downtown a stage of the globalization from bellow. The research object are the Chinese migrants in the commerce galleries of 25 de Março street region, São Paulo. The research had an exploratory character about what is the role developed by these migrants, based in an ethnography made between 2009 and 2012. We argue that massive arrival of Chinese in the region of 25 de Março street was possible due to a commercial device in which galleries appear as an important sales model, whose proprietors are mainly Chinese migrants that came in the 1950s and 1960s. It is true that significant recent flow of migration occurs at a time of reactivation of the Chinese diaspora around the world in the wake of the effects of Chinese industrialization. However, it was the Chinese of the previous flow that could become importers of products made in China, which abound in downtown São Paulo markets, partially displacing the supply chain of products which previously passed through Paraguay to imports directly from the Asian country. There are more recently arrived Chinese sellers than importers and owners of galleries, but only the latter two types had a \"transnational condition\" that allowed them to legally open their businesses and, through social networks, connect themselves to the other side of the globe. Therefore they alter the scale of the trade practiced by engendering a new kind of sales: galleries full of Chinese merchants who sell products directly from the Asian country.

Esta pesquisa de mestrado insere-se no tema da globalização, mais especificamente dos processos transnacionais relacionados à mobilidade de pessoas e produtos que faz do centro de São Paulo um palco da mundialização por baixo. O objeto da pesquisa são os migrantes chineses nas galerias de comércio da região da rua 25 de Março. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter exploratório acerca do papel desempenhado por esses migrantes, com base em uma etnografia desenvolvida entre 2009 e 2012. Argumentamos que a chegada massiva de chineses à região da rua 25 de Março foi possível devido a um dispositivo comercial em que as galerias de comércio surgem como um importante modelo de venda, cujos proprietários são, em sua maioria, migrantes chineses vindos nas décadas de 1950 e 1960. É certo que significativo fluxo recente de migração ocorre em um momento de reativação das diásporas chinesas pelo mundo, na esteira dos efeitos da industrialização da China. Foram chineses do fluxo anterior, entretanto, que puderam tornar-se importadores de produtos made in China, abundantes no comércio do centro paulistano, deslocando parcialmente o circuito de abastecimento dos produtos, que antes passava pelo Paraguai, para importações diretamente do país asiático. Há muito mais comerciantes chineses recentemente chegados do que importadores e proprietários de galerias de comércios, mas apenas estes últimos dois tipos tinham uma condição transnacional que lhes permitia juridicamente abrirem suas empresas e, através das redes sociais, ligarem-se ao outro lado do globo. Por conseguinte, alteraram a escala do comércio praticado ao engendrarem uma nova modalidade de venda: galerias repletas de comerciantes chineses que vendem produtos vindos diretamente daquele país asiático. / This research is located in the theme of globalization, specifically of transnational processes related to products and people mobility that makes São Paulos downtown a stage of the globalization from bellow. The research object are the Chinese migrants in the commerce galleries of 25 de Março street region, São Paulo. The research had an exploratory character about what is the role developed by these migrants, based in an ethnography made between 2009 and 2012. We argue that massive arrival of Chinese in the region of 25 de Março street was possible due to a commercial device in which galleries appear as an important sales model, whose proprietors are mainly Chinese migrants that came in the 1950s and 1960s. It is true that significant recent flow of migration occurs at a time of reactivation of the Chinese diaspora around the world in the wake of the effects of Chinese industrialization. However, it was the Chinese of the previous flow that could become importers of products made in China, which abound in downtown São Paulo markets, partially displacing the supply chain of products which previously passed through Paraguay to imports directly from the Asian country. There are more recently arrived Chinese sellers than importers and owners of galleries, but only the latter two types had a \"transnational condition\" that allowed them to legally open their businesses and, through social networks, connect themselves to the other side of the globe. Therefore they alter the scale of the trade practiced by engendering a new kind of sales: galleries full of Chinese merchants who sell products directly from the Asian country.

俄羅斯開發其遠東地區，旨在挹注其總體經濟發展，而開發其遠東地區，則需要引進大量中國勞力；至於引進中國勞力，則是俄中戰略協作夥伴關係雙邊合作機制的一環；然而，一旦中國勞力大量湧進俄羅斯屬遠東地區，勢必對俄羅斯的國家安全造成一定程度的威脅，此一地緣政治考量，無可避免對俄羅斯引進中國勞力的政策產生制約；在此矛盾因素考量之下，對於在遠東地區引進中國勞力的政策，產生正反兩面針鋒相對的爭論；因此，俄羅斯對遠東地區中國移民政策是上述經濟發展、勞動力問題、國際戰略與地緣政治等因素，透過克里姆林政治的互動形塑而成。 上述假設命題又可以引申出下列邏輯相關子命題: (一)俄羅斯為了挹注其總體的經濟發展，需要大量外來勞力來開發其遠東地區。 (二)俄羅斯引進大量中國勞力，乃是俄中戰略協作夥伴關係雙邊合作機制的一環。 (三)俄羅斯引進大量中國勞力，勢必對俄羅斯安全構成威脅。 (四)俄羅斯遠東地區的中國移民政策，乃是克里姆林政治互動的結果。 / The purpose of this study is aimed at exploring the driving forces behind Russia’s policies on Chinese immigration in its Far East in terms of geopolitics, international strategy and the Kremlin politics. It is hypothesized in this study that with the development of Russia’s Far East region, it will help the overall economic development, and, in order to development its Far East, it is necessary for Russian government to recruit a large number of Chinese labors; as for the introduction of Chinese labors, it constitutes a link of Sino-Russian partnership of strategic coordination. However, once Chinese labor forces enter into the Russian Far East, it would create a threat to Russian national security. Under this geo-political consideration, it inevitably constitutes constraints for Russia on the introduction of Chinese labor forces. With these kinds of contradictory considerations, therefore, the formulation of Russia’s policy on Chinese immigration in its Far East should be analyzed in terms of economic, population, international strategy and geopolitics factors through the Kremlin political interaction. The above assumption can also derive the following logically related propositions: (1) In order to inject the overall economic development, Russian government needs a large number of foreign labors to develop the Far East. (2) Importing large quantities of Chinese labors is an integrated link of Sino-Russian partnership of strategic coordination. (3) Introducing a large number of Chinese labor forces constitutes a threat to Russian security. (4) Russia’s policy on Chinese immigration in its Far East is formulated as a result of Kremlin political interaction in terms of economic, population, international strategy and geopolitics factors.

L’influence montante de la Chine en Afrique est souvent analysée comme la simple exprsssion d’unevolonté étatique chinoise. Le rôle des migrants et diasporas contribue pourtant de manière primordialeau dynamisme des échanges. C’est notamment le cas des Chinois au Nigér ia. Entre la Chine et leNigéria, les relations inter-étatiques sont peu significatives, contrairement aux échanges initiés par laprésence de migrants et entrepreneurs chinois. Implantées solidement dans les tissus économiques duNigéria, les communautés chinoises créent une dynamique forte qui associe affaires et politique. Lathèse met en lumière et analyse à partir d’observations participantes et d’entretiens (formels etinformels) , le rôle d’impulsion joué par une « diaspora économique » largement autonome par rapportaux relations officielles. Elle décrypte les stratégies du quotidien et l'importance de ces individusordinaires et leurs actions, entretenus essentiellement par les réseaux de toute nature, dans l’animationdes relations sino-nigérianes. / The rising influence of China in Africa is often considered as the mere expression of the will theChinese state. The role of migrants and Diasporas contributes decisively to the dynamism of theseinteractions. This is notably the case of the Chinese in Nigeria. Between China and Nigeria, inter-staterelations carry little significance, unlike the interactions associated with the presence of Chinesemigrants and entrepreneurs. The Chinese communities are solidly anchored in the Nigerian economicissue, and they create a momentum that combines business with politics. The thesis highlights anddiscusses, through observer-participant observations and interviews (both formally and informallyconducted) the impulse given by an 'economic Diaspora' that remains largely autonomous vis a visofficial relations. We analyze daily strategies and contrast these with official relations. In doing so, thethesis decrypts the daily strategies and the importance of ordinary individuals and their networks in thedevelopment of a diversity of networks that contribute, in their own way, to deepen Sino-Nigerianinteractions.