The professionalisation of the humanitarian sector has led to an increasing number of its professional staff worldwide. However, working in humanitarian aid is not a popular career path in mainland China, and some humanitarian organisations have also struggled to recruit Chinese professionals. The thesis explores the challenges that mainland Chinese citizens face when pursuing their careers in the humanitarian sector. It strives to understand what may hinder Chinese from working in international humanitarian aid, dwelling on both the humanitarian recruitment criteria and the expectations of the Chinese society. The thesis is based on the semi-structured qualitative interviews that have been interpreted with the help of thematic analysis under the intersectional and decolonial feminist analytical framework. The study indicates that although there may not be obvious discrimination against people in the humanitarian recruitment process, many affecting factors, such as gender, class, nationality, and culture, create the asymmetrical power dynamics between societal influences in China and the recruitment requirements in the humanitarian sector. I have come to a conclusion that humanitarian organisations have failed to create a diverse and inclusive working environment that would allow people to have equal opportunities and competition. This thesis is meant to help humanitarian organisations adjust their DEI (diversity, equity, and inclusion) strategies by understanding the hidden factors of recruitment inequalities and via decolonising the humanitarian aid.

德教會為一個自1939年於中國潮汕傳至東南亞各國的一種教派的宗教團體，在新加坡、馬來西亞、印尼、香港、越南等國俱有屬於德教自身信仰體系的團體和信仰者存在。此宗教團體的派系計有紫、振、濟、贊化、明、緣等支系之分別，主要供奉的神明不分道佛，計有：觀音、關帝、濟公、太上老君和八仙等，其中心教義主要是以民間宗教信仰和儒、釋、道三教合一的思想與價值觀為其主幹。儘管德教所標榜的是五教（除了以上三教之外，另外兩個是基督教和伊斯蘭教）同宗且主張五教之間存在著互不相違悖的原則。本文以此宗教團體為研究對象，企圖去論述此信仰團體具備著特定的族群色彩之性質存在，在探索此信仰團體的性質、在馬來西亞當地的發展歷史過程同時，和它與當地海外華人社會的互動性關係，以進一步理解德教會此宗教組織為上述社群所帶來的若干意義性之存在，和在當地社會和特定社群當中所做出的貢獻和互動性關係。在釐清德教何以能夠在馬來西亞的華人和當地社會中以不同的程度在國內盛行及發展此關懷下，以東馬沙巴州斗湖的紫辰閣為例子，從觀察其組織、成員、模式和神學思想中去省討其在糾集當地華人之方法，思索和觀察其所主張的「五教同善」之號召下與所在的大環境之影響下所產生的因應變化及可能性，和達到跨越潮人省籍之社群和服務當地社會之目的。 / De-Jiao Hui, Moral Lifting Association（德教會）is a religious sect that origins from China, Teo-Chew（潮州） to South-eastern asia. Its believers and organizations spead to Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Hong Kong and Vietnam. This sect separate with few branches. Their main worshipers are included Buddhism and Taoism deities. The belief which the Moral Uplifting Society composes with Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucius. Although this association makes a syncretic faith called Five Traditions or Teachings share the same origin. The teaching is included religion of Islam and Christian, propaganda for others. Through this religious group and Che Hsing Khor Moral Uplifting Society（紫辰閣） in Tawau of Sabah, by the activities which their started and launched, trying to determine the reasons and methods of this belief association become popular and successfully attaching local believers in Malaysia. With the history and social factors of Malaysia, Moral Uplifting Association become a matchmaker between a different Chinese native province, professions, social status, educational background to gather their believers. It tried to attach not only the local Chinese society group but also obtained approving from the other ethnic community in that nation. Its believers take part in this belief group to share the same vision of future and the pursuit of harmony.

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Ying Chen is a Canadian writer of Chinese origin who writes in French. In her novels, she investigates immigration which is closely connected with displacement and the loss of one's original identity. Her literary work is primarily aimed at the North American readership so she includes a lot of details of historical events and social facts about China. Ying Chen belongs to the group of authors who are labelled as immigrant writers. The majority of her literary work centres around the recurring themes of nationalism, feminism, imagination and immigration, which can lead to a loss of original identity. Ying Chen investigates whether a person can exchange his identity, that which was given to him by his parents, with a new one. In her second published novel, L'Ingratitude, Ying Chen speaks through the character of the dominant mother and says: "A person without parents is miserable, like a people without history." With these words she indicates the impossibility of exchanging one's nationhood, national history, and identity. We need to accept who we are, and she emphasises this fact in her novel, Immobile, saying, "I am myself."