The influence of a chiral surfactant and a polymer-supported chiral additive on reduction of ketones using sodium borohydride will be described. Initial preparations involved methylation of (S)-leucinol to give (2S)-N,N-dimethyl-2-amino-4-methyl-1-pentanol (1) (67%). The chiral surfactant (2) was synthesized by reacting (1) with bromohexadecane (71%). The functionalized styrene for the polymer-supported chiral additive (5) was synthesized by reacting (1) with 4-vinylbenzyl chloride. Polymerization was carried out with 10% of the functionalized monomer (4), 5% cross-linking agent divinylbenzene, and 85% styrene with AIBN as the initiator. The activity of the chiral surfactant and polymeric additive were examined by using them as additives in a standard reduction of 2-pentanone with sodium borohydride to yield (R)- and (S)-2-pentanol (3) (20%). The resulting alcohol was analyzed by polarimetry (ee 9.5%) and also esterified with (2S)-methylbutyric acid prior to characterization by NMR. 13C NMR indicated an enantiomeric excess of 5.2% when the chiral surfactant was used, and 7% when the polymeric additive was used.

Diante da biodiversidade de micro-organismos existentes na natureza e da necessidade de descobrir novos biocatalisadores para a síntese de bloco de construções quirais e de produtos químicos de alto valor agregado, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar a bioprospeção de micro-organismos para aplicação em reações de oxidação enantiosseletiva de álcoois. Os micro-organismos foram obtidos pelo processo de isolamento induzido de amostras de solo/sedimento coletadas no Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR) e na Antártica. A partir das amostras coletadas (43 de solo e 13 de sedimento) foram isolados 130 microorganimos mesofílicos (isolados de amostras de solo do PETAR) e 232 microorganimos psicrofílicos/psicrotróficos (isolados de amostras de solo/sedimento da Antártica). Realizamos também a avaliação do espectro de atividade enzimática dos micro-organismos em reações de oxidação enantiosseletiva, e para isso empregamos derivados para substituídos do (R,S)-1-(fenil)etanol. Dentre os micro-organismos estudados, 15 psicrofílicos/psicrotróficos e 11 micro-organismos mesofílicos apresentaram álcool desidrogenases que catalisaram a oxidação do enantiômero (S) do álcool racêmico à sua correspondente cetona. Nesses casos, as linhagens possuem atividade de álcool desidrogenase em que o rendimento de obtenção da cetona foi > 10 % e excesso enantiomérico > 60 %. Por outro lado 6 micro-organismos mesofílicos apresentaram álcool desidrogenases que catalisam a oxidação do enantiômero (R) do álcool racêmico à sua correspondente cetona. Foi realizada a caracterização taxonômica para alguns micro-organismos através do sequenciamento do 16S rDNA. Dentre os micro-organismos caracterizados, destacaram-se as bactérias Flavobacterium sp., Arthrobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., e o Bacillus sp. por apresentar excelente atividade enzimática. Flavobacterium sp. e a Arthrobacter sp. foram selecionadas para o estudo de otimização da reação de oxidação do (R,S)-1-(4- metilfenil)etanol. Nesse processo foram utilizadas as células ressuspensas em tampão fosfato em diferentes temperaturas (5-30 ºC) e tempos reacionais (24-72 horas). A partir desse estudo, observou-se que a Flavobacterium sp. possui uma excelente atividade enzimática a 10 ºC e a Arthrobacter sp. a 25 ºC. Foram determinadas curvas de crescimentos destas bactérias em 15, 20 e 25 ºC, em que ambas apresentaram crescimento ótimo a 25 ºC, indicando que estas bactérias são psicrotróficas / In the view of the microorganisms biodiversity in nature and the necessity to discover new biocatalysts for chiral synthesis of building blocks and high value-added chemical products, the present work was aimed at making the bioprospection of microorganisms for application in enantioselective oxidation reactions of alcohols. Microorganisms were isolated by enrichment technique from soil/sediment samples collected from the State Park of Alto Ribeira (PETAR) and Antarctic. 130 Mesophilic microorganisms were isolated from soil samples of PETAR, and 232 psychrophilic/psychrotrophic microorganisms from soil/sediment samples of Antarctic. We also evaluated the enzymatic activity of the microorganisms in enantioselective oxidation reactions, by using derivatives of substituted para (RS)-1- phenylethanol as substrates. Among the studied microorganisms, 15 psychrophile/psychrotrophic and 11 mesophilic strains contain alcohol dehydrogenases that catalyze the (S)-enantiomer oxidation of racemic alcohols to its corresponding ketone. In these cases, the strains showed alcohol dehydrogenase activity in which the ketone yields were higher than 10 % and the enantiomeric excess >60 %. Moreover, 6 mesophilic microorganisms showed alcohol dehydrogenases that catalyze the R)-enantiomer oxidation of racemic alcohols to its corresponding ketone. It was performed taxonomic characterization for some microorganisms by sequencing the 16S rDNA. Among the characterized microorganisms, Flavobacterium sp., Arthrobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Bacillus sp. showed excellent enzymatic activity. The Flavobacterium sp. and Arthrobacter sp. were selected for optimization study of oxidation of the (R,S)-1-(4-methyl-phenyl)ethanol. In this process, bacterial cells were resuspended in phosphate buffer at different temperatures (5-30 °C) and reaction times (24-72 h). From these studies, it was observed that the Flavobacterium sp. has an excellent enzymatic activity at 10 ºC and Arthrobacter sp. at 25 ºC. We determined the growth curves of these bacteria in 15, 20 and 25 ° C. Both strains showed optimum growth at 25 ° C, indicating that these bacteria are psychrotrophics.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / O estudo quÃmico do basidiomiceto Lentinus strigellus foi realizado atravÃs da investigaÃÃo da produÃÃo de metabÃlitos secundÃrios em diferentes meios de culturas, alÃm da sua utilizaÃÃo em processos de biorreduÃÃo de compostos carbonÃlicos prÃquirais (cetona e -cetoÃster). A partir de L. strigellus cultivado em meio de peptona foi possÃvel isolar os benzopiranos 2,2-dimetil-6-metoxicroman-4-ona, 4-hidroxi-2,2-dimetil-6-metoxicromano e (3R,4S)-3,4-dihidroxi-2,2-dimetil-6-metoxicromano do meio lÃquido. Do micÃlio, foram isolados o alcalÃide indÃlico echinulina e a antraquinona fisciona, ambos inÃditos para o gÃnero Lentinus. Do microrganismo cultivado em Czapek, enriquecido com caldo de batata, foram isolados do meio lÃquido os mesmos benzopiranos produzidos em peptona, alÃm de (3S,4S)-3,4-dihidroxi-2,2-dimetil-6-metoxicromano. Quando Czapek foi utilizado como meio de cultivo, foram isoladas a panepoxidona e a isopanepoxidona. CÃlulas em crescimento de L. strigellus em meio de batata-dextrose foram investigadas, pela primeira vez, na biorreduÃÃo estereoseletiva da acetofenona e nove derivados aromÃticos, alÃm das cetonas alifÃticas ciclo-hexilmetilcetona, octan-2-ona, undecan-2-ona e do -cetoÃster 4-cloroacetoacetato de metila. A maioria das cetonas aromÃticas foi convertida ao respectivo Ãlcool de configuraÃÃo S, em excessos enantiomÃricos superiores a 99%. Exceto para a undecan-2-ona, as cetonas alifÃticas foram reduzidas enzimaticamente ao Ãlcool de configuraÃÃo S em elevadas taxas de conversÃo e excessos enantiomÃricos. O -cetoÃster 4- cloroacetoacetato de metila foi quimiosseletivamente reduzido ao Ãlcool correspondente de configuraÃÃo R, mas com excesso enantiomÃrico moderado. / The chemical study of the basidiomicete Lentinus strigellus was done by the investigation of its secondary metabolites production in varied culture media, besides its utilization in the bioreduction of prochiral carbonyl compounds (ketone and - ketoester). From the liquid medium of L. strigellus grown in peptone broth, it was isolated the benzopyranes 2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxycroman-4-one, 4-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxycromane and (3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxycromane . From the mycelium, the indol alkaloid echinuline and the antraquinone fiscione were isolated, both compounds reported for the first time in Lentinus. The same benzopyranes isolated from L. strigellus grown in peptone, besides (3S,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxycromane were isolated from the liquid medium of the microorganism grown in Czapek medium enriched with potato broth. When only Czapek was used as culture medium, panepoxidone and isopanepoxidone were isolated. Growing cells of L. strigellus in potato-dextrose medium were investigated, for the first time, in the stereoselective reduction of acetophenone and nine aromatic derivatives, besides the aliphatic ketones cyclohexylmethylketone, octan-2-one and undecan-2-one, and the -ketoester methyl 4-chloroacetoacetate. Most of the aromatic ketones were converted into the respective alcohols with S configuration in high enantiomeric excesses (> 99%). Except for undecan-2-one, the aliphatic ketones were enzimatically reduced to the alcohols with S configurations in high conversion ratios and enantiomeric excesses. -ketoester methyl 4-chloroacetoacetate was chemoselectivelly reduced to its corresponding alcohol with R configuration but with moderate ee.

Enantiopure alcohols are valuable intermediates in fine organic synthesis, in particular for preparation of biologically active compounds. The necessity of preparing single enantiomer drugs in an optically pure form has triggered much research, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. The biocatalytical production of chiral alcohols by alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes is characterized by the asymmetric reduction of the corresponding ketones, usually with high degree of stereoselectivity. The commercial value of the enzymes as stereoselective biocatalysts has been a significant driving force in understanding features that control their mechanism of catalysis and stereoselectivity. This work focuses on two enantiocomplementary dehydrogenase enzymes ((R)- and 2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM (HPC) dehydrogenases (DH)) of the epoxide carboxylation pathway in Xanthobacter autotrophicus strain Py2. The main goal of this dissertation is to kinetically, mechanistically and structurally characterize S-HPCDH and through the comparison studies with R-HPCDH reveal the basis for high degree of stereoselectivity exhibited by both enzymes. Analysis of the molecular structure of R-HPCDH and the homology model of S-HPCDH suggests a mechanism of substrate specificity in which the binding of the substrate sulfonate moiety at distinct sites on each stereoselective enzyme directs the orientation of the appropriate substrate enantiomer for the hydride abstraction. The positively charged residues responsible for binding the CoM moiety of the substrate were identified in R-HPCDH (Arg152 and Arg196), and in S-HPCDH (Arg211 and Lys214). Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed their importance in binding and orienting physiological substrates, but not the substrates lacking the CoM moiety. Extensive kinetic and mechanistic characterization of S-HPCDH reveals its key catalytic features similar to those of R-HPCDH, but also points out a few important differences. Furthermore, the role of the methionine residues flanking the substrate in the active site of both dehydrogenases was investigated. Substitution of these residues to alanine resulted in enzymes with significantly altered catalytic parameters and suggested their importance in binding and catalysis. Additionally, the X-ray crystal structures of the Met187Ala and Met192Ala mutants of R-HPCDH have revealed their role as "gate keepers," protecting the active site from the surrounding solvent. Kinetic analysis of Met187Leu and Met192Leu mutants implied a structural, rather than catalytic function of the methionines. It is proposed that steric clashes of the terminal methyl group of the HPC substrates with the nicotinamide ring of NAD+ are a major determinant of the enantioselectivity in S-HPCDH. This research provides the first side-by-side characterization of a pair of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) enzymes expressed simultaneously to act on two enantiomers of the same alcohol produced in a metabolic pathway. The R-HPCDH and S-HPCDH enzymes are distinguished from all other known members of the SDR family in using the novel sulfonate functional group of coenzyme M as a handle for chiral discrimination. These results provide a standard for examining the molecular basis of stereoselectivity in other such enzyme pairs.

Herein we describe the study biocatalytic potential of the whole cell of microorganisms isolated from a plant belonging to Cactacea family, Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm- Dyck, popularly known as âpalma doceâ or âpalma forrageiraâ. The microorganisms were isolated by induction technique using as acetophenone susbtrate. Among the microorganisms strains (I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4) only I-2, (Pseudomonas sp), was effective as biocatalyst in reducing the acetophenone. The best conditions for carrying out the bioreduction of acetophenone were as follows: 1g of resting cells of Pseudomonas sp, resuspended in buffer solution pH 7, at 28 Â C and rotation of 175 r.p.m for 4 days, obtaining the (S)-1-phenylethanol with conversion of 77% e.e. and 89%. The bioreduction study, using the Pseudomonas sp strain, was extended to the following derivatives of acetophenone, 4-methoxy-acetophenone (2a), 4-methyl acetophenone (3a), 4-nitro-acetophenone (4a), 4 -bromo-acetophenone (5a), 4-chloro-acetophenone (6a), 4-fluoro-acetophenone (7a), 3-methoxy-acetophenone (8a), 3-methyl acetophenone (9a), 3-nitro-acetophenone (10a) 2-methoxy-acetophenone (11a), 2-methyl acetophenone (12a), 2-nitro-acetophenone (13a), 2-bromo-acetophenone (14a), 2-chloro-acetophenone (15a), 2 - fluoro-acetophenone (16a). It is not worthy that all the alcohols were obtained with Prelog selectivity (S configuration). In general, the best results were obtained for the derivatives of acetophenone with substituent methoxyl, methyl, nitro and bromine in position - ortho (e.e. of 94 to > 99% conversion and 23-80%). With respect to the chlorine and fluorine substituents, the best results of selectivity and enzymatic activity were obtained for the â para substituted derivatives (e.e. 93% and 73% conversion, 83% e.e. and conversion of 51%, respectively). / Neste trabalho descrevemos o estudo do potencial biocatalÃtico de cÃlulas Ãntegras de micro-organismos isolados de um vegetal da famÃlia das Cactaceas, Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck, popularmente conhecido como âpalma doceâ ou âpalma forrageiraâ. Os micro-organismos foram isolados pela tÃcnica de induÃÃo utilizando o substrato acetofenona. Dos quatro micro-organismo isolados (I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4) apenas o I-2, identificado como Pseudomonas sp, foi eficiente como biocatalisador na reduÃÃo do substrato padrÃo acetofenona. As melhores condiÃÃes para a realizaÃÃo da biorreduÃÃo da acetofenona foram as seguintes: 1g de cÃlulas em repouso de Pseudomonas sp, ressuspendidas em soluÃÃo tampÃo de pH 7, temperatura de 28 ÂC e rotaÃÃo de 175 r.p.m por 4 dias, com obtenÃÃo do (S)-1-feniletanol com conversÃo de 77% e e.e. de 89%. O estudo da biorreduÃÃo, utilizando a cepa isolada de Pseudomonas sp, foi estendido para os seguintes derivados da acetofenona: 4-metÃxi-acetofenona (2a), 4-metil-acetofenona (3a), 4-nitro-acetofenona (4a), 4-bromo-acetofenona (5a), 4-cloro-acetofenona (6a), 4-fluoro-acetofenona (7a), 3-metÃxi-acetofenona (8a), 3-metil-acetofenona (9a), 3-nitro-acetofenona (10a), 2-metÃxi-acetofenona (11a), 2-metil-acetofenona (12a), 2-nitro-acetofenona (13a), 2-bromo-acetofenona (14a), 2-cloro-acetofenona (15a), 2-fluoro-acetofenona (16a). Cabe ressaltar que todos os Ãlcoois foram obtidos com seletividade Prelog (configuraÃÃo S). Em geral, os melhores resultados foram obtidos para os derivados da acetofenona com substituintes metoxila, metila, nitro e bromo na posiÃÃo â orto (e.e. de 94 a > 99% e conversÃo de 23 a 80%). Com relaÃÃo aos substituintes cloro e flÃor, os melhores resultados de seletividade e atividade enzimÃtica foram obtidos para os derivados âpara substituÃdos (e.e. 93% e conversÃo 73%; e.e. 83% e conversÃo de 51%, respectivamente).

Diante da biodiversidade de micro-organismos existentes na natureza e da necessidade de descobrir novos biocatalisadores para a síntese de bloco de construções quirais e de produtos químicos de alto valor agregado, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar a bioprospeção de micro-organismos para aplicação em reações de oxidação enantiosseletiva de álcoois. Os micro-organismos foram obtidos pelo processo de isolamento induzido de amostras de solo/sedimento coletadas no Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR) e na Antártica. A partir das amostras coletadas (43 de solo e 13 de sedimento) foram isolados 130 microorganimos mesofílicos (isolados de amostras de solo do PETAR) e 232 microorganimos psicrofílicos/psicrotróficos (isolados de amostras de solo/sedimento da Antártica). Realizamos também a avaliação do espectro de atividade enzimática dos micro-organismos em reações de oxidação enantiosseletiva, e para isso empregamos derivados para substituídos do (R,S)-1-(fenil)etanol. Dentre os micro-organismos estudados, 15 psicrofílicos/psicrotróficos e 11 micro-organismos mesofílicos apresentaram álcool desidrogenases que catalisaram a oxidação do enantiômero (S) do álcool racêmico à sua correspondente cetona. Nesses casos, as linhagens possuem atividade de álcool desidrogenase em que o rendimento de obtenção da cetona foi > 10 % e excesso enantiomérico > 60 %. Por outro lado 6 micro-organismos mesofílicos apresentaram álcool desidrogenases que catalisam a oxidação do enantiômero (R) do álcool racêmico à sua correspondente cetona. Foi realizada a caracterização taxonômica para alguns micro-organismos através do sequenciamento do 16S rDNA. Dentre os micro-organismos caracterizados, destacaram-se as bactérias Flavobacterium sp., Arthrobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., e o Bacillus sp. por apresentar excelente atividade enzimática. Flavobacterium sp. e a Arthrobacter sp. foram selecionadas para o estudo de otimização da reação de oxidação do (R,S)-1-(4- metilfenil)etanol. Nesse processo foram utilizadas as células ressuspensas em tampão fosfato em diferentes temperaturas (5-30 ºC) e tempos reacionais (24-72 horas). A partir desse estudo, observou-se que a Flavobacterium sp. possui uma excelente atividade enzimática a 10 ºC e a Arthrobacter sp. a 25 ºC. Foram determinadas curvas de crescimentos destas bactérias em 15, 20 e 25 ºC, em que ambas apresentaram crescimento ótimo a 25 ºC, indicando que estas bactérias são psicrotróficas / In the view of the microorganisms biodiversity in nature and the necessity to discover new biocatalysts for chiral synthesis of building blocks and high value-added chemical products, the present work was aimed at making the bioprospection of microorganisms for application in enantioselective oxidation reactions of alcohols. Microorganisms were isolated by enrichment technique from soil/sediment samples collected from the State Park of Alto Ribeira (PETAR) and Antarctic. 130 Mesophilic microorganisms were isolated from soil samples of PETAR, and 232 psychrophilic/psychrotrophic microorganisms from soil/sediment samples of Antarctic. We also evaluated the enzymatic activity of the microorganisms in enantioselective oxidation reactions, by using derivatives of substituted para (RS)-1- phenylethanol as substrates. Among the studied microorganisms, 15 psychrophile/psychrotrophic and 11 mesophilic strains contain alcohol dehydrogenases that catalyze the (S)-enantiomer oxidation of racemic alcohols to its corresponding ketone. In these cases, the strains showed alcohol dehydrogenase activity in which the ketone yields were higher than 10 % and the enantiomeric excess >60 %. Moreover, 6 mesophilic microorganisms showed alcohol dehydrogenases that catalyze the R)-enantiomer oxidation of racemic alcohols to its corresponding ketone. It was performed taxonomic characterization for some microorganisms by sequencing the 16S rDNA. Among the characterized microorganisms, Flavobacterium sp., Arthrobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Bacillus sp. showed excellent enzymatic activity. The Flavobacterium sp. and Arthrobacter sp. were selected for optimization study of oxidation of the (R,S)-1-(4-methyl-phenyl)ethanol. In this process, bacterial cells were resuspended in phosphate buffer at different temperatures (5-30 °C) and reaction times (24-72 h). From these studies, it was observed that the Flavobacterium sp. has an excellent enzymatic activity at 10 ºC and Arthrobacter sp. at 25 ºC. We determined the growth curves of these bacteria in 15, 20 and 25 ° C. Both strains showed optimum growth at 25 ° C, indicating that these bacteria are psychrotrophics.

No description available.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O Brasil à o maior produtor mundial de laranja e de suco de laranja, sendo este setor de grande importÃncia para economia brasileira, responsÃvel por gerar mais de 400 mil empregos e movimentar cifras de bilhÃes de reais por ano. Mas, este setor tambÃm à responsÃvel pela produÃÃo de grande quantidade de rejeitos industriais, que equivalem a 50% do peso da fruta, sendo estes resÃduos utilizados na maioria das vezes como raÃÃo animal. Portanto o uso eficiente destes rejeitos se faz necessÃrio em um mundo em que as reservas naturais vÃm se esgotando. Neste sentido a biocatÃlise mostra-se como uma ferramenta promissora no uso destes resÃduos, que possuem enzimas em sua constituiÃÃo, para obtenÃÃo de produtos de alto valor agregado, as substÃncias enantiopuras. A aplicaÃÃo de diferentes metodologias, prÃticas e de baixo custo, possibilitou a sÃntese de alcoÃis quirais com alto excesso enantiomÃrico (ee) e boas taxas de conversÃo. ReaÃÃes de hidrÃlise e reduÃÃo foram processadas em meio aquoso e, as reaÃÃes de esterificaÃÃo foram realizadas em solvente orgÃnico, utilizando as casca da laranja como fonte de biocatalisadores. O uso das cascas da laranja como fonte de biocatalisador apresentou resultados bastante promissores, demonstrando capacidade catalÃtica em vÃrias reaÃÃes (reduÃÃo/oxidaÃÃo, hidrÃlise/esterificaÃÃo) atravÃs de metodologias simples e de baixo custo. ConversÃes de 46,90-96,70% foram alcanÃadas nas reaÃÃes de biorreduÃÃo acompanhado de ee variando de 21,15-99,00%. Nas reaÃÃes de hidrÃlise verificaram-se taxas de conversÃes de 19,20-80,82% e ee variando de 9,60-45,52%. Jà nas reaÃÃes de esterificaÃÃo, ee acima de 99% foram observados e conversÃes maiores que 80% foram alcanÃadas. Portanto, este estudo abre precedentes para uma ampla faixa de aplicaÃÃo desta fonte de biocatalisador (cascas da laranja), que atualmente à considerado como um rejeito industrial, contribuindo sobremaneira para agregar valor a todo um setor produtivo e industrial no qual o Brasil à lÃder, a indÃstria de suco de laranja. / The Brazil is the producing greater of world of orange and orange juice, being this sector of great importance for Brazilian, responsible economy for generating 400 thousand jobs and more than and putting into motion ciphers of billions per year. But, this sector also is responsible for the production of great amount of industrial rejetcs, that are equivalent 50% of the weight of the fruit, being these used residues most of the time as animal ration. Therefore the use efficient of these rejetcs if makes necessary in a world where the natural reserves come if depleting. In this direction biocatalysis is presented as a promising tool in the use of these residues, that contains enzymes in its constitution, for attainment of products of high added value, the substances enantiopure. The application of different methodologies, practical and of low cost, made possible the chiral alcohols synthesis with high enantiomeric excess (ee) and good taxes of conversion. Hydrolysis reactions and reduction had been processed in aqueous way e, the reactions of esterification had been carried through in organic solvent, using the rind of the orange as source of biocatalysis for such reactions. The use of the peel of the orange as biocatalysis source presented resulted sufficiently promising, demonstrating catalytic capacity in some reactions (reduction/oxidation, hydrolysis/esterification) through simple methodologies and of low cost. Conversions of 46,90-96,70% had been reached in the reactions of bioreduction shown of ee varying of 21,15-99,00%. In the hydrolysis reactions taxes of 19,20-80,82% conversions and ee had been verified varying of 9,60-45,52%. Already in the esterification reactions, ee above of 99% had been observed and bigger conversions that 80% had been reached. From there, this study it opens precedents for an ample band of application of this source of biocatalysis (pells of the orange), that currently it is considered as one reject industrial, contributing excessively to add value all a productive and industrial sector in which Brazil is leader, the orange juice industry

Neste trabalho, enzimas álcool-desidrogenases provenientes de fungos marinhos e a lipase imobilizada de Candida antarctica foram utilizadas para produção de compostos de interesse sintético e biológico. No capítulo 1, enzimas álcool-desidrogenases de fungos isolados da alga marinha Bostrychia radicans foram empregadas em reações de redução de cetonas fluoradas 1-5. Os fungos identificados como Botryosphaeria sp. CBMAI 1197, Eutypella sp. CBMAI 1196, Hidropisphaera sp. CBMAI 1194 e Xylaria sp. CBMAI 119 atuaram como biocatalisadores nestas reações levando à produção de álcoois com elevada pureza enantiomérica. O fungo Botryosphaeria sp. CBMAI 1197 destacou-se frente aos demais microrganismos, produzindo os álcoois (S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-feniletanol (1a) e (R)-1-(2,4,5-trifluorofenil)etanol (3a) com excelentes conversões (100% e 97%) e excessos enantioméricos (ee >99%). Este fungo também apresentou enzimas álcool-desidrogenases ativas frente a cetonas dicarboniladas 4-5, produzindo os álcoois 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-fenil-1,3-butanodiol (4a) e 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-naftalenil)-1,3-butanodiol (5a) com 100% de conversão em ambos os casos e com purezas enantioméricas respectivas a 99% e 97%. Este foi o primeiro estudo realizado no Brasil com fluorocetonas dicarboniladas e com os fungos isolados da alga marinha Bostrychia radicans. No capítulo 2, a lipase comercial de Candida antarctica foi o biocatalisador empregado em reações de aminólise entre os ésteres linoleato de etila (1) e salicilato de etila (3), a amina graxa N-dodecilamina (2) e os aminoálcoois (4-9). A amina graxa N-dodecilamina (2) também foi utilizada em reações com o linoleato de etila (1), onde a lipase de Candida antarctica produziu a respectiva amida graxa 10 com rendimentos superiores a 95%. Os aminoálcoois foram selecionados para reações com o salicilato de etila (3), onde a lipase exibiu quimiosseletividade pelo grupo amino, produzindo predominantemente amidas fenólicas (12-19) com rendimentos entre 23-68%. A enzima CALB apresentou quimiosseletividade reduzida na reação com o 5-aminopentanol (6) onde os produtos amida 14 e éster 15 foram obtidos com rendimentos de 44 e 33%, respectivamente. O produto 2-hidroxi-N-(2-hidroxipropil)benzamida (19) foi obtido com rendimento superior a 90% a partir da reação catalisada pela lipase de Candida antarctica. Este produto foi selecionado como intermediário para a síntese de uma molécula hidrofóbica 21 que apresenta o éster oleato de etila em sua constituição. O produto 21 foi obtido com 75% de rendimento. As amidas fenólicas 12-21 produzidas neste trabalho são derivadas do ácido linoleico (ômega 6) e do ácido salicílico, os quais apresentam propriedades emolientes e antioxidantes. Estes compostos são interessantes para a formulação de produtos cosméticos de aplicação cutânea. Neste processo biotecnológico as reações foram conduzidas na ausência de solventes orgânicos, evitando o tratamento de solventes voláteis e a formação de subprodutos. Os compostos foram analisados por Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e caracterizados por RMN (1H, 13C), EMAR e IV. A aplicação de reações de biocatálise seja através de células microbianas ou de enzimas isoladas foram muito promissoras na síntese de compostos orgânicos de interesse como álcoois enantiomericamente puros ou amidas graxas. / In this work, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHs) enzymes from marine fungi and immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica were employed for the production of compounds of biological and synthetic interest. In chapter 1, ADHs of fungi isolated from the marine alga Bostrychia radicans were used in reduction reactions of fluorinated ketones 1-5. The fungi identified as Botryosphaeria sp. CBMAI 1197, Eutypella sp. CBMAI 1196, Hidropisphaera sp. CBMAI 1194 and Xylaria sp. CBMAI 119 acted as biocatalysts in these reactions leading to production of alcohols with high enantiomeric purity. The fungus Botryosphaeria sp. CBMAI 1197 presented highlighted compared to other microorganisms producing the alcohols (S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethanol (1a) and (R) -1 - (2,4,5-trifluorophenyl) ethanol (3a) with excellent conversions (100% and 97%) and enantiomeric excesses (ee > 99%). This fungus also exhibited ADHs enzymes active with dicarbonylateds ketones, leading to the production of the alcohols 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenylbutane-1,3-diol (4a) and 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)butane-1,3-diol -1,3-butanediol (5a) with conversions of 100% in both cases and enantiomeric excess of 99%-97%, respectively. This was the first study conducted with dicarbonilated fluoroketones 4-5 and with fungi isolated from the marine alga Bostrychia radicans in Brazil. In chapter 2, immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica was used as biocatalyst in the aminolysis reaction between esters of ethyl linoleate (1) and ethyl salicylate (3), the fatty amine N-dodecylamine (2) and the aminoalcohols (4-8). Six aminoalcohols were selected for reactions with ethyl salicylate (3), where the lipase exhibited chemoselectivity by the amino groups, producing predominantly phenolic amides in yields of 23-63%. The CALB exhibited um reduction in chemoselectivity in the reaction with 5-aminopentanol (6) where the amide 14 and ester 15 products were obtained with 44% and 33% yields. The product 2-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxypropyl) benzamide (19) was obtained in yield greater than 90% from the reaction catalyzed by lipase from Candida antarctica. This product was selected as reagente for the synthesis of a hydrophobic molecule 21 presenting ester ethyl oleate in its constitution. The product 21 was obtained in 75% yield. The phenolic amides 12-21 produced in this work are derived from linoleic acid (omega 6) and salicylic acid, which presents emollient and antioxidants properties. These compounds are interesting for the formulation of cosmetic products for skin application. In this biotechnological process, the reactions were carried out under solvent-free conditions and vacum, avoiding the treatment of volatile solvents and by-product formation. The compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and characterized by NMR (1H, 13C), IR and HRMS. Applying biocatalysis reactions, either through microbial cells or isolated enzymes were promising for the synthesis of organic compounds such as enantiomerically pure alcohols and fatty phenolic amides.

Neste trabalho, enzimas álcool-desidrogenases provenientes de fungos marinhos e a lipase imobilizada de Candida antarctica foram utilizadas para produção de compostos de interesse sintético e biológico. No capítulo 1, enzimas álcool-desidrogenases de fungos isolados da alga marinha Bostrychia radicans foram empregadas em reações de redução de cetonas fluoradas 1-5. Os fungos identificados como Botryosphaeria sp. CBMAI 1197, Eutypella sp. CBMAI 1196, Hidropisphaera sp. CBMAI 1194 e Xylaria sp. CBMAI 119 atuaram como biocatalisadores nestas reações levando à produção de álcoois com elevada pureza enantiomérica. O fungo Botryosphaeria sp. CBMAI 1197 destacou-se frente aos demais microrganismos, produzindo os álcoois (S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-feniletanol (1a) e (R)-1-(2,4,5-trifluorofenil)etanol (3a) com excelentes conversões (100% e 97%) e excessos enantioméricos (ee >99%). Este fungo também apresentou enzimas álcool-desidrogenases ativas frente a cetonas dicarboniladas 4-5, produzindo os álcoois 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-fenil-1,3-butanodiol (4a) e 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-naftalenil)-1,3-butanodiol (5a) com 100% de conversão em ambos os casos e com purezas enantioméricas respectivas a 99% e 97%. Este foi o primeiro estudo realizado no Brasil com fluorocetonas dicarboniladas e com os fungos isolados da alga marinha Bostrychia radicans. No capítulo 2, a lipase comercial de Candida antarctica foi o biocatalisador empregado em reações de aminólise entre os ésteres linoleato de etila (1) e salicilato de etila (3), a amina graxa N-dodecilamina (2) e os aminoálcoois (4-9). A amina graxa N-dodecilamina (2) também foi utilizada em reações com o linoleato de etila (1), onde a lipase de Candida antarctica produziu a respectiva amida graxa 10 com rendimentos superiores a 95%. Os aminoálcoois foram selecionados para reações com o salicilato de etila (3), onde a lipase exibiu quimiosseletividade pelo grupo amino, produzindo predominantemente amidas fenólicas (12-19) com rendimentos entre 23-68%. A enzima CALB apresentou quimiosseletividade reduzida na reação com o 5-aminopentanol (6) onde os produtos amida 14 e éster 15 foram obtidos com rendimentos de 44 e 33%, respectivamente. O produto 2-hidroxi-N-(2-hidroxipropil)benzamida (19) foi obtido com rendimento superior a 90% a partir da reação catalisada pela lipase de Candida antarctica. Este produto foi selecionado como intermediário para a síntese de uma molécula hidrofóbica 21 que apresenta o éster oleato de etila em sua constituição. O produto 21 foi obtido com 75% de rendimento. As amidas fenólicas 12-21 produzidas neste trabalho são derivadas do ácido linoleico (ômega 6) e do ácido salicílico, os quais apresentam propriedades emolientes e antioxidantes. Estes compostos são interessantes para a formulação de produtos cosméticos de aplicação cutânea. Neste processo biotecnológico as reações foram conduzidas na ausência de solventes orgânicos, evitando o tratamento de solventes voláteis e a formação de subprodutos. Os compostos foram analisados por Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e caracterizados por RMN (1H, 13C), EMAR e IV. A aplicação de reações de biocatálise seja através de células microbianas ou de enzimas isoladas foram muito promissoras na síntese de compostos orgânicos de interesse como álcoois enantiomericamente puros ou amidas graxas. / In this work, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHs) enzymes from marine fungi and immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica were employed for the production of compounds of biological and synthetic interest. In chapter 1, ADHs of fungi isolated from the marine alga Bostrychia radicans were used in reduction reactions of fluorinated ketones 1-5. The fungi identified as Botryosphaeria sp. CBMAI 1197, Eutypella sp. CBMAI 1196, Hidropisphaera sp. CBMAI 1194 and Xylaria sp. CBMAI 119 acted as biocatalysts in these reactions leading to production of alcohols with high enantiomeric purity. The fungus Botryosphaeria sp. CBMAI 1197 presented highlighted compared to other microorganisms producing the alcohols (S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethanol (1a) and (R) -1 - (2,4,5-trifluorophenyl) ethanol (3a) with excellent conversions (100% and 97%) and enantiomeric excesses (ee > 99%). This fungus also exhibited ADHs enzymes active with dicarbonylateds ketones, leading to the production of the alcohols 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenylbutane-1,3-diol (4a) and 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)butane-1,3-diol -1,3-butanediol (5a) with conversions of 100% in both cases and enantiomeric excess of 99%-97%, respectively. This was the first study conducted with dicarbonilated fluoroketones 4-5 and with fungi isolated from the marine alga Bostrychia radicans in Brazil. In chapter 2, immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica was used as biocatalyst in the aminolysis reaction between esters of ethyl linoleate (1) and ethyl salicylate (3), the fatty amine N-dodecylamine (2) and the aminoalcohols (4-8). Six aminoalcohols were selected for reactions with ethyl salicylate (3), where the lipase exhibited chemoselectivity by the amino groups, producing predominantly phenolic amides in yields of 23-63%. The CALB exhibited um reduction in chemoselectivity in the reaction with 5-aminopentanol (6) where the amide 14 and ester 15 products were obtained with 44% and 33% yields. The product 2-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxypropyl) benzamide (19) was obtained in yield greater than 90% from the reaction catalyzed by lipase from Candida antarctica. This product was selected as reagente for the synthesis of a hydrophobic molecule 21 presenting ester ethyl oleate in its constitution. The product 21 was obtained in 75% yield. The phenolic amides 12-21 produced in this work are derived from linoleic acid (omega 6) and salicylic acid, which presents emollient and antioxidants properties. These compounds are interesting for the formulation of cosmetic products for skin application. In this biotechnological process, the reactions were carried out under solvent-free conditions and vacum, avoiding the treatment of volatile solvents and by-product formation. The compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and characterized by NMR (1H, 13C), IR and HRMS. Applying biocatalysis reactions, either through microbial cells or isolated enzymes were promising for the synthesis of organic compounds such as enantiomerically pure alcohols and fatty phenolic amides.