Travaux de recherche effectués sous la supervision de la docteure Marylise Duperthuy (directrice) et de la docteure Catherine Paradis-Bleau (codirectrice). / L’augmentation de l’incidence des infections bactériennes par des souches résistantes, multirésistantes, voire même ultrarésistantes, aux antibiotiques, combinés à la crise de découverte de nouvelles molécules depuis les années 1960 et du sous-investissement chronique de certains états dans la recherche publique, pourrait coûter la vie à 10 millions d’êtres humains par an d’ici 2050. L’écrasante majorité des souches bactériennes résistantes aux antibiotiques sont des bactéries à Gram négatif. Ceci est notamment dû à la composition intrinsèque de leur enveloppe, leur permettant d’être insensibles à de nombreuses molécules pourtant létales pour d’autres types de bactéries. L’étude des composants et des mécanismes de biosynthèse de l’enveloppe, qui sont essentiels au maintien de l'intégrité des bactéries et peuvent être impliqués dans leur virulence, devrait permettre l’identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Dans le premier chapitre, nous allons tout d’abord faire un tour d’horizon des éléments composant l’enveloppe des bactéries à Gram négatif, des mécanismes de résistance aux antibiotiques et du danger que représentent les bactéries à Gram négatif. Mes résultats de recherches, présentés sous forme de quatre articles aux chapitres deux à cinq, sont précédés d’une mise en contexte des recherches propres aux deux laboratoires, portant d’une part sur les biofilms et la mobilité de Vibrio cholerae et d’autre part sur l’enveloppe de Escherichia coli. Dans le premier article, nous avons déterminé par quel mécanisme la polymyxine B en concentration sous-inhibitrice affecte la formation de biofilm chez Vibrio cholerae. Nous avons observé que la polymyxine B affecte principalement le flagelle par une action mécanique. La formation de biofilm nécessitant le flagelle dans ses premières étapes de formation, nous avons conclu que l’action de la polymyxine B prévenait ce changement d’état. Dans le second article, nous avons conçu un protocole d’évolution expérimentale qui nous a permis d’identifier des mutations dans différents gènes permettant à Vibrio cholerae de se déplacer plus rapidement en présence de concentration sous-inhibitrice de polymyxine B. Nous avons alors identifié chez plusieurs souches différentes mutations ayant probablement réduit ou anéanti la fonction des protéines IhfA, DacB, VacJ (MlaA) et MlaF. En nous basant sur la littérature, nous proposons que la perte de fonction de ces 5 protéines induisant l’augmentation de la mobilité en présence de polymyxine B puisse s’expliquer selon trois mécanismes, impliquant la stabilité de l’enveloppe, la sécrétion de vésicules de membrane ou une altération de l’expression de différents gènes. Dans le troisième article, nous avons étudié l’implication du stress oxydatif dans l’arrêt de la synthèse de la paroi qui est fatal au mutant ∆elyC de Escherichia coli. Nous avons alors démontré que la lyse du mutant ∆elyC est causée par la surproduction de radicaux hydroxyles dans son enveloppe. Cette molécule cause des dommages dans l’enveloppe suffisamment importants pour provoquer l’arrêt de synthèse de la paroi. Le mécanisme provoquant cette surproduction de radicaux toxiques reste encore à déterminer. Par le biais de l’étude de la fonction du facteur ElyC, nous avons découvert une nouvelle vulnérabilité dans l’homéostasie de l’enveloppe qu’il nous tarde de pouvoir exploiter. Dans le dernier article, nous avons étudié l’importance de la voie de synthèse de l’antigène commun aux entérobactéries dans le processus létal apparaissant en l’absence du facteur ElyC. Nous avons découvert que le mutant ∆elyC accumule un élément commun aux voies de synthèse de la paroi et de l’antigène commun aux entérobactéries, l’undécaprényl pyrophosphate. Nous avons également découvert que l’augmentation du recyclage de cette dernière via la surexpression du gène codant pour la protéine PgpB permettait de prévenir la lyse du mutant. Notre hypothèse est que l’absence de ElyC induit une mauvaise répartition de l’undécaprényl phosphate entre les voies de synthèse de la paroi et de l’antigène commun aux entérobactéries. La suractivité de la voie de synthèse de l’antigène commun aux entérobactéries induirait l’accumulation d’undécaprényl pyrophosphate provoquant l’inhibition de Pbp1b, empêchant l’ajout de nouvelles sous-unités à la paroi conduisant ainsi à la lyse du mutant ∆elyC. Ainsi l’ensemble de ces travaux a permis de mieux comprendre et d’identifier des vulnérabilités de l’enveloppe de Vibrio cholerae et Escherichia coli, de préciser certains mécanismes ainsi que d’entrevoir le rôle de divers facteurs impliqués dans l’homéostasie de leur enveloppe. / The increased incidence of bacterial infections by resistant, multiresistant and even extensively drug-resistant strain, combined with the crisis of new molecules discovery since the 1960s and the chronic underinvestment of certain states in public research, could cost 10 million human lives per year by 2050. The overwhelming majority of resistant bacteria are the Gram-negative one. This is mainly due to the intrinsic composition of their envelope, allowing them to be insensitive to many molecules yet lethal for other types of bacteria. The study of envelope components and biosynthetic mechanisms, which are essential for the maintenance of bacterial integrity and could be involved in their virulence, should lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets. The first chapter gave an overview of the different elements composing Gram-negative bacteria envelope, mechanisms of resistance and the threat that Gram-negative bacteria represent. The presentation of my work, divided in four articles from chapter two to chapter five, was preceded by a contextualization of the research projects specific to both laboratories, on biofilm and motility of Vibrio cholerae on one hand and on Escherichia coli envelope from the other hand. In the first paper, we determined the mechanism by which a sub-inhibitory concentration of polymyxin B affects biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae. We observed that polymyxin B mainly affected the flagellum by a mechanical action. Since biofilm formation requires the flagellum in the early stages of its formation, we concluded that the action of polymyxin B prevented this change in Vibrio cholerae lifestyle. In the second paper, we designed an experimental evolution protocol which allowed us to identify mutations in different genes that increase Vibrio cholerae motility in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of polymyxin B. We then identified that different mutations had altered ihfA, dacB, vacJ (mlaA) and mlaF genes in different mutants. These mutations have probably induced reduction or loss of function of the proteins for which they respectively code. Based on literature, we hypothesize that the loss function of these proteins inducing increase in mobility in the presence of polymyxin B could be explained by three 7 mechanisms involving envelope stability, secretion of membrane vesicles or altered expression of various genes. In the third paper, we investigated the involvement of oxidative stress in the fatal peptidoglycan synthesis arrest occurring in the ∆elyC mutant of Escherichia coli. We then demonstrated that lysis of the ∆elyC mutant is caused by the overproduction of hydroxyl radicals in its envelope. This molecule causes multiple and sufficiently important damages in the envelope to stop the synthesis of the wall. The mechanism causing this overproduction of toxic radicals has yet to be determined. By studying the function of the ElyC factor, we have discovered a new weakness in envelope homeostasis that we are eager to exploit. In the last paper, based on a previously formulated hypothesis, we investigated the importance of the enterobacterial common antigen synthesis pathway in the lethal process occurring in the absence of ElyC. We found that the ∆elyC mutant accumulates common element to the cell wall and enterobacterial common antigen synthesis pathways, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate. We also observed that the ∆elyC mutant lysis phenotype could be suppressed by increasing undecaprenyl pyrophosphate recycling via the overexpression of the gene coding for the phosphatase PgpB. We propose that the absence of ElyC induces a misallocation of undecaprenyl phosphate between the cell wall and enterobacterial common antigen synthesis pathways, in favors the latter pathway. Overactivation of the enterobacterial common antigen pathway would induce undecaprenyl phosphate accumulation, causing inhibition of Pbp1b, thus blocking addition of new subunits to the cell wall and leading to its lysis. Ultimately, all the original data generated by my research project has led to a better understanding of envelope vulnerabilities of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli, to clarify certain mechanisms but also to glimpse the role of various factors involved in the homeostasis of their envelope. / L'aumento dell’incidenza delle infezioni da batteri resistenti, multi-resistenti e anche estremamente resistenti agli antibiotici, combinata con la rarefazione della scoperta di nuove molecole fra gli anni 1960 e il sotto investimento cronico di certe nazioni nella ricerca pubblica, potrebbe costare la vita a 10 milioni di essere umano all'anno nel 2050. La stragrande maggioranza delle specie resistenti agli antibiotici sono batteri Gram- negativi. Questo è dovuto principalmente alla composizione intrinseca dei loro involucri che permette loro di essere insensibili a molte molecole che sono letali per altri tipi di batteri. Lo studio delle componenti e i meccanismi di sintesi dell’incurvo, che sono essenziali nell’integrità dei batteri e che possono essere coinvolti nella loro virulenza, dovrebbe permettere l'identificazione di nuovi bersagli terapeutici. Nel primo capitolo, avremo una panoramica dei diversi elementi che compongono l'involucro dei batteri Gram-negativi, dei meccanismi di resistenza e della minaccia che i batteri Gram-negativi rappresentano. La presentazione del mio lavoro, diviso in quattro articoli dal capitolo due a cinque, sarà preceduta da una contestualizzazione dei progetti di ricerca specifici di ciascuno dei due laboratori, sul biofilm e la motilità di Vibrio cholerae da un lato e sull'involucro di Escherichia coli dall'altro. Nel primo articolo, abbiamo determinato il meccanismo con cui la polimixina B in concentrazione sub-inibitoria influenza la formazione de biofilm in Vibrio cholerae. Abbiamo osservato che la polimixina B danneggia principalmente il flagello attraverso un'azione meccanica. Poiché la formazione del biofilm richiede il flagello nelle prime fasi della sua formazione, abbiamo concluso che l'azione della polimixina B ha impedito questo cambiamento nello stile di vita di Vibrio cholerae. Nel secondo articolo, abbiamo messo a punto un protocollo di evoluzione sperimentale che ci ha permesso di identificare diversi geni che aumentano la motilità di Vibrio cholerae in presenza di una concentrazione sub-inibitoria di polimixina B. Abbiamo quindi identificato vari mutazioni in diversi varianti che hanno probabilmente provocato la riduzione o il soppresso della funzione delle proteine IhfA, DacB, VacJ (MlaA) e MlaF. Sulla base della letteratura, proponiamo che la perdita di funzione di queste proteine inducendo un aumento della 9 mobilità in presenza di polimixina B può essere spiegato attraverso tre meccanismi coinvolgendo la stabilità dell'involucro, la secrezione di vescicole di membrana o l’alterazione dell’espressione di diversi geni. Nel terzo articolo, abbiamo studiato il coinvolgimento dello stress ossidativo nell'arresto della sintesi del peptidoglicano che è fatale al mutante ∆elyC di Escherichia coli. Abbiamo poi dimostrato con numerosi esperimenti che la lisi del mutante ∆elyC è causata dalla sovrapproduzione di radicali idrossilici nel suo involucro. Questa molecola causa importanti danni nell’involucro provocando l’inibendo della sintesi del peptidoglicano. Il meccanismo che causa questa sovrapproduzione di radicali tossici deve ancora essere determinato. Studiando la funzione del fattore ElyC, abbiamo scoperto una nuova vulnerabilità nell'omeostasi dell’involucro che siamo in fretta di sfruttare. Nel nostro ultimo articolo, basandoci su un'ipotesi precedentemente formulata, abbiamo studiato l'importanza della via di sintesi dell'antigene comune agli enterobatteri nel processo letale che si svolge in assenza di ElyC. Abbiamo scoperto che il mutante ∆elyC accumula un elemento comune alle vie di sintesi del peptidoglicano e dell'antigene comune agli enterobatteri, l'undecaprenil pirofosfato. Abbiamo anche scoperto che l'aumento del riciclaggio di quest'ultimo attraverso la sovraespressione del gene pgpB previene la lisi del mutante. Proponiamo che l'assenza di ElyC induce una allocazione diffetosa del undecaprenil fosfato tra le vie di sintesi del peptidoglicano e dell'antigene comune agli enterobatteri. L'iperattivazione della via dell'antigene comune agli enterobatteri provoca l'accumulo di undecaprenil pirofosfato, causando l'inibizione di Pbp1b e dunque dell’aggiunta di nuove unità al peptidoglicano, provocandone quindi la lisi. Quindi, questo lavoro ha portato a una migliore comprensione o identificazione delle vulnerabilità dell'involucro di Vibrio cholerae ed Escherichia coli, a chiarire certi meccanismi essenziali ma anche a intravedere il ruolo di vari fattori coinvolti nell'omeostasi del loro involucro.

Cholera is a water-borne disease that continues to ravage resource poor communities around the world especially those in developing countries. The disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae microorganisms whose natural habitat is the aquatic ecosystem. It is believed that this microorganism prior to becoming the primary cause of cholera acquired virulence factors expressed by two separate genetic elements. These genetic elements are known as VPIФ and CTXФ were acquired in that order for known physiological reasons. However only V. cholerae in possession of the CTX genetic element are capable of causing cholera disease. At present only two serotypes are known to have the ability to cause cholera and these are V. cholerae serotypes O1 and O139. SODIS (Solar disinfection) is an extremely low cost refined technology that can be used for the disinfection of water especially in areas where there is a considerable amount of sunshine. Although this technology is a composite of various factors the underlying principle is the use of solar ultraviolet radiation (SUVR). The preliminary target of SUVR is the cytoplasmic membrane and this was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. The consequences of leaky cytoplasmic membrane include cellular death to the microorganism as well as an increase in cholera toxin secretion. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of solar ultraviolet radiation on the growth of V. cholerae and on the secretion of cholera toxin and to provide supporting information for the use of SODIS in South Africa while observing the possible role that climate may play in the onset of cholera disease. The initial part of the study evaluated the culturability, biomass increase and cholera toxin secretion in both a nutrient poor and a nutrient rich media by two toxigenic and one non toxigenic strain of V. cholerae. A series of pH and temperature combinations were used to achieve this objective. The result revealed that the microorganisms survived in both media. An increase in biomass was observed for all the bacteria grown in the nutrient rich media whereas in the poor nutrient media the bacteria remained culturable but no increase in biomass was observed. Interestingly lower temperatures seemed to provide more optimal growth conditions while high temperature on most occasions favoured cholera toxin secretion, in both media.The second part of the study required the exposure of the microorganisms to SUVR. A SODIS approach was used with a few modifications. The V. cholerae strains were exposed to solar radiation during all the seasons of the year. Evaluation of the viability, the increase in biomass and the detection of cholera toxin secretion was determined after each exposure to solar radiation. The results seem to suggest that the effect of SUVR depended on the season of the year, the nature of the media, strain, solar conditions and in the duration of solar exposure, in no particular order. The secretion of cholera toxin was mainly dependent on the media used, the season of the year and on the serotype of the strain. This study represents the first report on the evaluation of SUVR for the disinfection of water under South African conditions (Pretoria area) during all seasons of the year with variations in solar radiation levels and temperature. Furthermore what actually happened to V. cholerae during solar exposure in terms of cell morphology, cell viability and secretion of cholera toxin is also reported and this can give an insight of the possible role that SUVR may play in the onset of cholera. The main recommendation emanating from this study is the sensitisation of communities worldwide about the capacity that, SUVR carries to lighten the burden of communicable water borne diseases especially, in resource limited areas through the implementation of SODIS. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Science)

<p>Availability of genome sequences for numerous bacterial species comprising of different bacterial strains allows elucidation of species and strain specific adaptations that facilitate their survival in widely fluctuating micro-environments and enhance their pathogenic potential. Different bacterial species use different strategies in their pathogenesis and the pathogenic potential of a bacterial species is dependent on its genomic complement of virulence factors. A bacterial virulence factor, within the context of this study, is defined as any endogenous protein product encoded by a gene that aids in the adhesion, invasion, colonization, persistence and pathogenesis of a bacterium within a host. Anecdotal evidence suggests that bacterial virulence genes are undergoing diversifying evolution to counteract the rapid adaptability of its host&rsquo / s immune defences. Genome sequences of pathogenic bacterial species and strains provide unique opportunities to study the action of diversifying selection operating on different classes of bacterial genes.</p>

<p>Availability of genome sequences for numerous bacterial species comprising of different bacterial strains allows elucidation of species and strain specific adaptations that facilitate their survival in widely fluctuating micro-environments and enhance their pathogenic potential. Different bacterial species use different strategies in their pathogenesis and the pathogenic potential of a bacterial species is dependent on its genomic complement of virulence factors. A bacterial virulence factor, within the context of this study, is defined as any endogenous protein product encoded by a gene that aids in the adhesion, invasion, colonization, persistence and pathogenesis of a bacterium within a host. Anecdotal evidence suggests that bacterial virulence genes are undergoing diversifying evolution to counteract the rapid adaptability of its host&rsquo / s immune defences. Genome sequences of pathogenic bacterial species and strains provide unique opportunities to study the action of diversifying selection operating on different classes of bacterial genes.</p>

L'objectif de cette thèse est de définir la chorégraphie de ségrégation des deux chromosomes circulaires de Vibrio cholerae, c'est à dire le positionnement de l'information génétique au cours de la croissance de la cellule, ainsi que les mécanismes dirigeant ces ségrégations. Il a longtemps été supposé que les bactéries étaient trop petites pour avoir une organisation intra-cellulaire, et le manque de techniques appropriées ne permettait pas d'infirmer cette hypothèse. Or la taille des chromosomes comparée à celle de la bactérie impose une compaction et aujourd'hui, de nouvelles techniques de microscopie et d'analyse génétique permettent d'affirmer que les chromosomes bactériens étudiés jusqu'à maintenant ont tous une organisation et une chorégraphie de ségrégation précises et différentes selon les espèces. Toutes les espèces étudiées à ce jour ont un chromosome circulaire unique : la réplication du chromosome commence à une origine unique bidirectionnelle, les deux fourches de réplication se déplacent le long des deux bras de réplication (ou réplichores) et finissent la réplication au terminus, diamétralement à l'opposée de l'origine de réplication sur la carte du chromosome. Peu d'espèces ont été étudiées, et Vibrio cholerae émerge progressivement comme un nouveau modèle : son génome est réparti sur deux chromosomes, et la chorégraphie de plusieurs chromosomes dans une cellule n'a jamais été décrite. De plus, cette espèce semble être au croisement évolutif entre Caulobacter crescentus et Escherichia coli : Vibrio cholerae a d'une part une morphologie en croissant, des systèmes de partition aux origines et un positionnement de l'origine du chromosome I, semblables à C. crescentus, et d'autre part un système de compaction du terminus et un set de gènes impliqués dans la maintenance du chromosome ayant co-évolué, qu'on ne retrouve que dans peu d'espèces proches d'E. coli. Une autre caractéristique intéressante de V. cholerae est que le chromosome II semble avoir été acquis récemment et n'est donc peut être pas gouverné par les mêmes mécanismes que le chromosome I, comme en témoignent le positionnement de son origine et son terminus, inédits pour des chromosomes bactériens. Parmi les Vibrios (environ 60 espèces principalement retrouvées dans les environnements aquatiques), certaines espèces sont des pathogènes dévastateurs pour les poissons, le corail, les crustacés ou les fruits de mer. Mais la plus documentée est Vibrio cholerae, car elle provoque chez l'Humain une maladie provoquée par l'ingestion d'eau contaminée qui peut être mortelle si le patient n'est pas réhydraté à temps. Bien que facilement traitable, le choléra fait encore de nombreuses victimes dans les pays en développement où les structures de santé et les règles d'hygiène font parfois défaut. Ainsi l'étude de Vibrio cholerae présente un intérêt médical, mais également par extension aux autres Vibrios, un intérêt environnemental non négligeable.

Cholera is a water-borne disease that continues to ravage resource poor communities around the world especially those in developing countries. The disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae microorganisms whose natural habitat is the aquatic ecosystem. It is believed that this microorganism prior to becoming the primary cause of cholera acquired virulence factors expressed by two separate genetic elements. These genetic elements are known as VPIФ and CTXФ were acquired in that order for known physiological reasons. However only V. cholerae in possession of the CTX genetic element are capable of causing cholera disease. At present only two serotypes are known to have the ability to cause cholera and these are V. cholerae serotypes O1 and O139. SODIS (Solar disinfection) is an extremely low cost refined technology that can be used for the disinfection of water especially in areas where there is a considerable amount of sunshine. Although this technology is a composite of various factors the underlying principle is the use of solar ultraviolet radiation (SUVR). The preliminary target of SUVR is the cytoplasmic membrane and this was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. The consequences of leaky cytoplasmic membrane include cellular death to the microorganism as well as an increase in cholera toxin secretion. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of solar ultraviolet radiation on the growth of V. cholerae and on the secretion of cholera toxin and to provide supporting information for the use of SODIS in South Africa while observing the possible role that climate may play in the onset of cholera disease. The initial part of the study evaluated the culturability, biomass increase and cholera toxin secretion in both a nutrient poor and a nutrient rich media by two toxigenic and one non toxigenic strain of V. cholerae. A series of pH and temperature combinations were used to achieve this objective. The result revealed that the microorganisms survived in both media. An increase in biomass was observed for all the bacteria grown in the nutrient rich media whereas in the poor nutrient media the bacteria remained culturable but no increase in biomass was observed. Interestingly lower temperatures seemed to provide more optimal growth conditions while high temperature on most occasions favoured cholera toxin secretion, in both media.The second part of the study required the exposure of the microorganisms to SUVR. A SODIS approach was used with a few modifications. The V. cholerae strains were exposed to solar radiation during all the seasons of the year. Evaluation of the viability, the increase in biomass and the detection of cholera toxin secretion was determined after each exposure to solar radiation. The results seem to suggest that the effect of SUVR depended on the season of the year, the nature of the media, strain, solar conditions and in the duration of solar exposure, in no particular order. The secretion of cholera toxin was mainly dependent on the media used, the season of the year and on the serotype of the strain. This study represents the first report on the evaluation of SUVR for the disinfection of water under South African conditions (Pretoria area) during all seasons of the year with variations in solar radiation levels and temperature. Furthermore what actually happened to V. cholerae during solar exposure in terms of cell morphology, cell viability and secretion of cholera toxin is also reported and this can give an insight of the possible role that SUVR may play in the onset of cholera. The main recommendation emanating from this study is the sensitisation of communities worldwide about the capacity that, SUVR carries to lighten the burden of communicable water borne diseases especially, in resource limited areas through the implementation of SODIS. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Science)

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Biotechnology) / Availability of genome sequences for numerous bacterial species comprising of different bacterial strains allows elucidation of species and strain specific adaptations that facilitate their survival in widely fluctuating micro-environments and enhance their pathogenic potential. Different bacterial species use different strategies in their pathogenesis and the pathogenic potential of a bacterial species is dependent on its genomic complement of virulence factors. A bacterial virulence factor, within the context of this study, is defined as any endogenous protein product encoded by a gene that aids in the adhesion, invasion, colonization, persistence and pathogenesis of a bacterium within a host. Anecdotal evidence suggests that bacterial virulence genes are undergoing diversifying evolution to counteract the rapid adaptability of its host&rsquo;s immune defences. Genome sequences of pathogenic bacterial species and strains provide unique opportunities to study the action of diversifying selection operating on different classes of bacterial genes. / South Africa

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Cholera is an acute enteric infection caused by the ingestion of bacterium Vibrio cholerae present in faecally contaminated water or food. Primarily linked to insufficient access to safe water and proper sanitation, its impact can be even more dramatic in areas where basic environmental infrastructures are disrupted or have been destroyed. The aim of the study was to investigate the factors contributing to the prevalence of cholera and the environmental risk factors associated with cholera in the Vhembe district of Limpopo province between 2008 and 2012. The objectives of the study were to identify environmental risk factors for cholera and to determine the number of cholera cases in the Vhembe district. The study used a quantitative, retrospective and cross-sectional research method. The records of 317 patients who met the study criteria were reviewed using an audit tool. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that lack of adequate hygiene practices, limited access to safe drinking water, lack of safe food preparation and handling, and inadequate sanitation system are risk factors associated with cholera. The study recommends prevention, control of cholera outbreak and case management. Keywords: Cholera, outbreak, Vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139, Watery diarrhea (ricewater), Prevalence, Risk factors.

The identification of climate temperature-sensitive pathogens and infectious diseases is essential in addressing health risks resulting from global warming. Such research is especially crucial in regions where climate change may have a more significant impact like Russia. Recent studies have reasoned that the abundance of V. cholerae tox- is environmentally driven. The aim of the degree project is to investigate the spatial-temporal trends and thermo-climatic sensitivity of non-toxigenic V. cholerae abundance in Russia. This study employed spatial epidemiology tools to identify persistent clusters of the V. cholerae tox- isolation and areas for exploring temperature-depended patterns of the vibrio distribution. Correlation analysis was used to identify regions with temperature-driven Vibrio abundance – vibrioses and the V. cholerae tox- prevalence in water samples. GAM was applied to evaluate the relationship between V. cholerae tox- prevalence and the mean summer air temperature. The spatial analysis detected 16 persistent (7-8 year) clusters of V. cholerae tox- across the study period 2005-2021. The highest-risk areas are located between 54.70 and 55.15 latitudes. The persistent clusters should become targeted areas to improve sanitation conditions. A distinct significant thermo-climatic effect on the abundance of V. cholerae tox- in water basins was found in three Russian regions with temperate marine (the Kaliningrad region - Dwb) and sharp continental climatic conditions (the Irkutsk region - Dwb and the Republic of Sakha - Dwd). Finally, our results showed significant relationships between ambient summer temperature and vibriosis caused by V. cholerae tox- in the Rostov and Volgograd regions. Heat waves for both regions facilitated the eruption of reported vibriosis in 2007 and 2010. The study offers valuable outcomes to support simplified empirical evaluations of the potential hazards of vibrio abundance that might be useful locally for public health authorities and globally as a part of the warning system of climate change effects in Russia.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-02-07T11:44:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_DiversidadeGeneticaIsolados.pdf: 1765217 bytes, checksum: e159b664332d4cd1ed8d170a0a2c6559 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-02-12T15:56:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_DiversidadeGeneticaIsolados.pdf: 1765217 bytes, checksum: e159b664332d4cd1ed8d170a0a2c6559 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-12T15:56:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_DiversidadeGeneticaIsolados.pdf: 1765217 bytes, checksum: e159b664332d4cd1ed8d170a0a2c6559 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Vibrio cholerae, agente etiológico da cólera, é uma bactéria nativa de ambientes aquáticos de regiões temperadas e tropicais em todo o mundo. A cólera é endemica e epidemica em países da África, Ásia e Americas Central e do Sul. Neste trabalho o objetivo foi estudar a diversidade genética de isolados desta espécie, de ambientes aquáticos da Amazônia brasileira. Um total de 148 isolados de V.cholerae não-O1 e não-O139 (NAGs) e O1 ambientais da Amazônia, obtidos entre 1977 e 2007, foram caracterizados e comparados a linhagens clínicas de V.cholerae O1 da sexta e sétima pandemias. Utilizou-se os perfis de macrorestrição definidos em eletroforese em gel de agarose em campo pulsado (PFGE), para determinar a relação clonal entre V.cholerae non-O1 e O1 ambientais e clínicos. A presença de genes de virulência (hlyA/hem, hlyB, hlyC, rtxA, rtxC, tcp, ctx, zot, ace, stn/sto) e integrons de classe 1, 2 e 3 (intI 1, 2 e 3), foi analisada utilizando-se a reação em cadeia da polimerase. A análise dos perfis de macrorestrição revelou que os NAGs apresentaram uma grande diversidade genética comparada aos V.cholerae O1. Isolados de NAGs e O1 segregaram em distintos grupos e a maioria dos O1 ambientais apresentou relação clonal com isolados clínicos da sétima pandemia de cólera. A distribuição dos genes de virulência entre os NAGs é diferente a dos O1, os quais, em geral, foram positivos para todos os genes de virulência estudados exceto stn/sto e integrons de classe 1, 2 e 3. Alguns V.cholerae O1 ambientais pertencentes a linhagem da sétima pandemia, apresentaram uma extensiva perda de genes. Diferentes NAGs foram stn/sto+ e intI 1+. Dois alelos do gene aadA foram encontrados: aadA2 e aadA7. De modo interessante os V.cholerae O1 ambientais pertencentes à linhagem pandêmica, só foram isolados durante o período da última epidemia de cólera na região Amazônica brasileira (1991-1996). / Vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, is an autochtonus bacterium of aquatic environment in temperate and tropical regions of the world. Cholera is endemic and epidemic in many countries in Africa, Asia and Central and South America. In this study our goal was to detemine the genetic diversity of V.cholerae environmental isolates from aquatic ecosystems in the Amazon region of Brazil. A total of 148 environmental strains of V.cholerae non-O1 and non-O139 (NAG) and O1 serogroups, isolated from the Amazon region since 1977 to 2007, were characterized and compared with clinical strains of V.cholerae O1 from sixty and seventh cholera pandemic. PFGE (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) was performed to determine the clonal relationships between V.cholerae non-O1, O1 environmental and clinical strains. The presence of virulence genes (hlyA/hem, hlyB, hlyC, rtxA, rtxC, tcp, ctx, zot, ace, stn/sto) and class 1, 2 and 3 integrons (intI 1, 2 e 3) was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Whole genome macrorestriction analysis revealed that the environmental V.cholerae NAGs were more diverse than the environmental O1 strains, both groups segregate in distinct clusters and most of environmental O1 strains show a clonal relationship with seventh cholera pandemic strains. The distribution of virulence genes in NAGs strains is largely different from that of O1 strains which, in general, were positive for all virulence genes analyzed excepting for stn/sto and class 1, 2 and 3 integrons. Some O1 environmental strains, belonging to the seventh pandemic lineage, went through an extensive gene loss. Distinct NAGs strains were stn/sto+ and intI 1+. Two alleles of aadA were found: aadA2 and aadA7. Interestingly, V.cholerae O1 environmental strains belonging to the pandemic lineage were only isolated during the period of cholera epidemic in the Amazon region of Brazil (1991-1996).