ABCB11/BSEP est le transporteur des acides biliaires, localisé au niveau du pôle canaliculaire des hépatocytes. Les mutations de ce gène sont responsables de la cholestase familiale intrahépatique progressive de type 2.Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai évalué la capacité des aminoglycosides et du PTC124 à induire la translecture de codons stop prématurés, l’adressage et la fonction de mutants non-sens et faux sens de Bsep ainsi que l’effet d’une bithérapie (translecture+chaperone).Dans nos modèles cellulaires, la gentamicine était capable d’induire la translecture du codon-stop prématuré du mutant non-sens BsepR1090X dans les lignées NIH3T3, HEK293 et Can 10. La protéine entière générée était partiellement détectée aux membranes plasmiques des cellules HEK293 et canaliculaires des cellules Can 10 et était partiellement fonctionnelle puisqu’elle était responsable d’une augmentation de l’activité de transport de 3H-taurocholate (3H-TC) dans les clones MDCK. Ces effets étaient potentialisés par l’addition de drogues chaperones telles que le 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PB).J’ai également mis en évidence la capacité de nouveaux composés dérivés du 4-PB (MHMPB, OTNC et HMPB) à corriger l’adressage et à augmenter le transport de 3H-TC du mutant faux sens BsepR1128C à des concentrations plus faibles que le 4-PB. Enfin, j’ai pu montrer que d'autres drogues chaperones (GPB, PA, SAHA et C18), pouvaient corriger l’adressage canaliculaire de BsepR1128C et augmenter son activité de transport de 3H-TC dans les clones MDCK. / ABCB11/BSEP is the main bile acids transporter located at the canalicular pole of hepatocytes. Mutations of ABCB11 are responsible for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2.During my phD, I evaluated the ability of aminoglycosides and PTC124 to induce readthrough of premature termination codons, targeting and function of nonsense and missense mutants of Bsep and also the effect of combined therapy (readthrough + chaperone).In our expermental models, gentamicin increased readthrough of p.R1090X mutation NIH3T3, HEK293 and Can 10 lines. The resulting full-length protein was detected at the plasma membrane of HEK293 and at the canalicular membrane of Can 10 cells; and was partially functional since it was responsible for increasing the transport activity of 3H-taurocholate (3H-TC) in MDCK clones. These effects were potentiated by the addition of chaperone drugs such as 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PB).I have also demonstrated the ability of new 4-PB derived compounds (MHMPB, OTNC and HMPB) to correct mistrafficking and to increase 3H-TC transport of BsepR1128C missense mutant at lower concentrations than 4-PB. Finally, I showed that other chaperone drugs (GPB, PA, SAHA, and C18) were able to correct mistrafiking of BsepR1128C and to increase its 3H-TC transport activity in MDCK clones.

Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université de Cergy-Pontoise / La cholestase intra-hépatique familiale progressive de type 1 (PFIC1) humaine est une maladie génétique rare, provoquée par des mutations du gène ATP8B1, due à un défaut de sécrétion des acides biliaires. Un syndrome moins sévère, et épisodique, appelé Cholestase Intra-hépatique Récurrente Bénigne (BRIC) a pu être associé à des mutations au sein du même gène. Les patients PFIC1 souffrent de nombreuses manifestations extra-hépatiques. Certaines de ces manifestations sont communes aux patients mucoviscidosiques. Le niveau d’expression de CFTR, gène responsable de la mucoviscidose, est diminué chez les patients PFIC1. Cette étude a porté sur l’analyse des interactions/régulations entre CFTR et ATP8B1. Une première approche a été de montrer l’expression de ces gènes dans différentes lignées cellulaires puis d’identifier la présence de leurs protéines par western blot et immunofluorescence. Une seconde approche a été d’effectuer une analyse in silico de la structure d’ATP8B1 par rapport à sa fonction. Nous avons aussi localisés les modifications connues sur un modèle 2D. Cette analyse a permis de mettre en évidence en plus des sites connus (ATPase et domaines transmembranaires), deux sites de maturations par clivage ainsi qu’un domaine riche en phosphorylation, des domaines PDZ et un domaine d’interaction avec des récepteurs nucléaires et des facteurs de transcription. A partir d’un polypeptide de 180 kDa, le clivage au niveau des sites identifiés produit un peptide de 145 kDa puis un de 90 kDa, révélés par western blot avec un anticorps dirigé contre la partie CTerminale de la protéine. Ce peptide de 90 kDa, après myristoylation, pourrait interagir avec des récepteurs nucléaires et des facteurs de transcriptions. Ces interactions nous ont permis de monter un modèle qui pourrait expliquer la diminution d’expression génique de différents gènes observés chez les malades PFIC1. Cette analyse a été poursuivie par une étude de l’interactome d’ATP8B1 qui a montré une interaction possible avec CFTR directement ou par l’intermédiaire d’une protéine de liaison, PDZK1. Une dernière étude a porté sur la fonctionnalité de CFTR dans deux lignées portant des mutations différentes d’ATP8B1. L’ensemble des résultats montre qu’ATP8B1 participerait à la régulation de l’expression du gène CFTR mais aussi à sa maturation fonctionnelle. / Human Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis type 1 (PFIC1) is a rare genetic disease provoked by mutations inside the ATP8B1 gene resulting in a general loss of bile acids secretion. An episodic and less severe syndrome called Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis (BRIC) have also been associated with mutations in this gene. PFIC1 patients are suffering from many extra-hepatic manifestations. Some of these manifestations are common to Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients, carrying mutations in CFTR gene. Moreover, expression of CFTR is decreased for some PFIC1 patients. This study was carried out to define the role of ATP8B1 in the modulation of CFTR gene expression and protein function. A first approach was to identify both gene expression and protein synthesis among various cell lines. Then, we developed a second approach based on in silico analysis of structure and function of ATP8B1 to construct a 2D model of the protein. This approach was correlated with the localization of known mutations of ATP8B1. This analysis showed two possible protein maturation sites, a rich phosphorylation domain and a nuclear receptor interacting domain. The cleavage of the 180 kDa peptide generates a 145kDa (ATPase) and a second cleavage produces a 90 kDa, all identified with a specific antibody directed toward the C-Terminal region of the protein. The 90 kDa peptide should be readdressed to the nucleus after myristoylation to interact with nuclear receptors and transcription factors. This analysis was completed by an interactomic approach which has shown a possible interaction between CFTR and ATP8B1 proteins either directly or mediated by a linker, PDZK1. The last part of this work was dedicated to assess the role of ATP8B1 on the activity of CFTR using two cell lines expressing two different mutated ATP8B1 genes. From all these results, we concluded that ATP8B1 is probably involved in the regulation of CFTR gene expression and CFTR maturation and function. We therefore propose a schematic representation of ATP8B1 synthesis and maturation associated with its putative biological functions in the cell.

La Cirrhose Amérindienne Infantile (CAI, NAIC) est une forme de cholestase non-syndromique héréditaire à transmission autosomique récessive, décrite uniquement chez les enfants autochtones du Nord-Ouest québécois et issue d’un effet fondateur. La maladie se présente d’abord sous la forme d’une jaunisse néonatale chez un enfant autrement en bonne santé, qui progresse en cirrhose de type biliaire dans l’enfance et dans l’adolescence. Le taux de survie à l’âge adulte est inférieur à 50% et la seule thérapie efficace à ce jour pour les patients avancés dans la maladie demeure la transplantation hépatique. Les recherches antérieures menées par le groupe ont permis d’identifier le locus ainsi que le gène responsable de NAIC, qui encode la protéine nucléolaire Cirhin. Cirhin est exprimée uniquement dans le foie et tous les patients sont homozygotes pour la mutation R565W. La fonction de Cirhin est inconnue, mais les motifs WD40 retrouvés dans sa séquence indiquent qu’elle participerait à des interactions protéine-protéine et serait impliquée dans un mécanisme moléculaire de base. Cirhin interagit avec la protéine nucléaire Cirip, qui a un effet positif important sur la transcription de l’élément activateur HIV-1 LTR et qui a un rôle dans la prolifération cellulaire. L’interaction de Cirhin et Cirip est affectée par la mutation R565W. À l’aide de la technique du double hybride chez la levure, la protéine nucléolaire Nol11 a été identifiée comme étant un partenaire d’interaction de Cirhin. Par son interaction avec MARK3 et c-Myc, Nol11 serait impliquée dans des processus cellulaires tels que le contrôle du cycle cellulaire, la polarité, la croissance cellulaire et possiblement la biogenèse des ribosomes. La portion C-terminale de Nol11 interagirait avec Cirhin, et la mutation R565W abolit cette interaction. Le résidu R565 serait donc important pour la fonctionnalité de Cirhin. / North American Indian childhood cirrhosis (NAIC) is a nonsyndromic form of hereditary autosomal recessive cholestasis, described only in children of Algonquin origin from the Abitibi region of north-western Québec and issued from a founder effect. NAIC typically presents with transient neonatal jaundice in a child who is otherwise healthy, but progresses to biliary fibrosis in childhood or young adulthood. The survival rate at adulthood is lower than 50% and liver transplantation is currently the only effective therapy for patients with advanced disease. Previous research by the group allowed the identification of the locus and the gene responsible for NAIC, which encodes the nucleolar protein Cirhin. Cirhin is expressed only in the liver and all patients are homozygous for the R565W mutation. Cirhin’s function is unknown, but it is a WD40-repeat containing protein, which indicates that it would participate in protein-protein interactions and would be involved in a basic molecular mechanism. Cirhin interacts with the nuclear protein Cirip, which has a significant positive effect on the transcription of the HIV-1 LTR enhancer element and has a role in cellular proliferation. The interaction between Cirhin and Cirip is affected by the R565W mutation. Using the yeast two-hybrid technique, the nucleolar protein Nol11 was identified as an interacting partner of Cirhin. By its interaction with MARK3 and c-Myc, Nol11 may be involved in cellular processes such as cell cycle control, polarity, cell growth and possibly ribosome biogenesis. The C-terminal portion of Nol11 interacts with Cirhin and the R565W mutation abolishes the interaction. The residue R565 may thus be important for Cirhin’s functionality.

INTRODUÇÃO: A prótese biliar endoscópica é aceita em todo o mundo como a primeira escolha de tratamento paliativo na obstrução biliar maligna. Atualmente ainda persistem dois tipos de materiais utilizados em sua confecção: plástico e metal. Consequentemente, muitas dúvidas surgem quanto a qual deles é o mais benéfico para o paciente. Esta revisão reúne as informações disponíveis da mais alta qualidade sobre estes dois tipos de prótese, fornecendo informações em relação à disfunção, complicação, taxas de reintervenção, custos, sobrevida e tempo de permeabilidade; e pretende ajudar a lidar com a prática clínica nos dias de hoje. OBJETIVO: Analisar, através de metanálise, os benefícios de dois tipos de próteses na obstrução biliar maligna inoperável. MÉTODOS: Uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados (RCT) foi conduzida, com a última atualização em março de 2015, utilizando EMBASE, CINAHL (EBSCO), Medline, Lilacs / Centro (BVS), Scopus, o CAPES (Brasil), e literatura cinzenta. As informações dos estudos selecionados foram extraídas tendo em vista seis desfechos: primariamente disfunção, taxas de reintervenção e complicações; e, secundariamente, custos, sobrevivência e tempo de permeabilidade. Os dados sobre as características dos participantes do RCT, critérios de inclusão e exclusão e tipos de próteses também foram extraídos. Os vieses foram avaliados principalmente através da escala de Jadad. Esta metanálise foi registrada no banco de dados PROSPERO pelo número CRD42014015078. A análise do risco absoluto dos resultados foi realizada utilizando o software RevMan 5, calculando as diferenças de risco (RD) de variáveis dicotômicas e média das diferenças (MD) de variáveis contínuas. Os dados sobre a RD e MD para cada desfecho primário foram calculados utilizando o teste de Mantel-Haenszel e a inconsistência foi avaliada com o teste Qui-quadrado (Chi2) e o método de Higgins (I2). A análise de sensibilidade foi realizada com a retirada de estudos discrepantes e a utilização do efeito aleatório. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para a comparação das médias aritméticas ponderadas, em relação aos desfechos secundários. RESULTADOS: Inicialmente foram identificados 3660 estudos; 3539 foram excluídos por título ou resumo, enquanto 121 estudos foram totalmente avaliados e foram excluídos, principalmente por não comparar próteses metálicas (SEMS) e próteses plásticas (PS), levando a treze RCT selecionados e 1133 indivíduos metanálise. A média de idade foi de 69,5 anos, e o câncer mais comum foi de via biliar (proximal) e pancreático (distal). O diâmetro de SEMS mais utilizado foi de 10 mm (30 Fr) e o diâmetro de PS mais utilizado foi de 10 Fr. Na metanálise, SEMS tiveram menor disfunção global em comparação com PS (21,6% versus 46,8% p < 0,00001) e menos reintervenções (21,6% versus 56,6% p < 0,00001), sem diferença nas complicações (13,7% versus 15,9% p = 0,16). Na análise secundária, a taxa média de sobrevida foi maior no grupo SEMS (182 contra 150 dias - p < 0,0001), com um período maior de permeabilidade (250 contra 124 dias - p < 0,0001) e um custo semelhante por paciente, embora menor no grupo SEMS (4.193,98 contra 4.728,65 Euros - p < 0,0985). CONCLUSÃO: SEMS estão associados com menor disfunção, menores taxas de reintervenção, melhor sobrevida e maior tempo de permeabilidade. Complicações e custos não apresentaram diferença / INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic stenting is accepted worldwide as the first choice palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction. There are still two types of materials currently being used, which are plastic and metal. Therefore, many doubts are raised as to which one is the most beneficial to the patient. This review gathers the highest quality information available about these two types of stent, giving information in regards to dysfunction, complication, reintervention rates, costs, survival, and patency time; and intends to help handle clinical practice nowadays. OBJECTIVE: To analyze through meta-analyses the benefits of two types of stents in the inoperable malignant biliary obstruction. METHODS: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCT) was conducted, with the last update on March 2015, using EMBASE, CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE, LILACS/CENTRAL (BVS), SCOPUS, CAPES (Brazil), and gray literature. Information of the selected studies was extracted in sight of six outcomes: primarily regarding dysfunction, reintervention and complication rates; and secondarily costs, survival, and patency time. The data about characteristics of trial participants, inclusion and exclusion criteria and types of stents were also extracted. The biases were mainly assessed through the Jadad scale. This meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database by the number CRD42014015078. The analysis of the absolute risk of the outcomes was performed using the software RevMan 5, by computing risk differences (RD) of dichotomous variables and mean differences (MD) of continuous variables. Data on RD and MD for each primary outcome were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel test and inconsistency was qualified and reported in Chisquared (Chi2) and the Higgins method (I2). Sensitivity analysis was performed withdrawing discrepant studies and using random effect. Student\'s t-test was used for the comparison of weighted arithmetic means regarding secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Initial searching identified 3660 studies; 3539 were excluded through title or abstract, while 121 studies were fully assessed and were excluded mainly because they did not compare Self Expanding Metal Stents (SEMS) and Plastic Stents (PS), leading to thirteen RCT selected and 1133 subjects meta-analyzed. The mean age was 69.5 years old, that were affected mostly by bile duct (proximal) and pancreatic tumors (distal). The preferred SEMS diameter used was the 10 mm (30 Fr) and the preferred PS diameter used was 10 Fr. In the meta-analysis, SEMS had lower overall stent dysfunction compared to PS (21.6% versus 46.8% p < 0.00001) and fewer reintervention (21.6% versus 56.6% p < 0.00001), with no difference in complications (13.7% versus 15.9% p=0.16). In the secondary analysis, the mean survival rate was higher in the SEMS group (182 versus 150 days - p < 0.0001), with a higher patency period (250 versus 124 days - p < 0.0001) and a similar cost per patient, although lower in the SEMS group (4193.98 versus 4728.65 Euros - p < 0.0985). CONCLUSION: SEMS are associated with lower stent dysfunction, lower reintervention rates, better survival, and higher patency time. Complications and costs do not show difference

A atresia das vias biliares é afecção hepática da infância. A etiologia é desconhecida, e o diagnóstico baseia-se na biópsia hepática, cujo achado é a proliferação ductular. A ligadura do ducto biliar comum em ratos é modelo utilizado para estudo das doenças colestáticas. A proposta do trabalho foi estudar, em modelo experimental de obstrução biliar, as alterações histológicas hepáticas em ratos jovens e compará-las com o animal adulto. Avaliou-se a semiquantificação da proliferação ductular e inflamação pelo HE; quantificação da fibrose portal e periportal pelo picrosírius; semiquantificação da expressão de desmina e a-actina de músculo liso pelas células estreladas e miofibroblastos. Apesar das respostas de proliferação ductular e inflamação mais lentas no rato jovem, a fibrose e a expressão de desmina foram mais intensas neste grupo / Biliary atresia is an hepatic disease of infancy. Etiology is unknown, and diagnosis is made by liver biopsy, with ductular proliferation being the main histological feature. Bile duct ligation in rats is an useful experimental model of biliary obstruction. The aim of this study of extra-hepatic cholestasis was analyse hepatic histological alterations in young rats compared to adult animals. The responses were studied by semiquantification of ductular proliferation and inflammatory infiltrated by HE stain; quantification of portal and periportal fibrosis with the sirius-red stain; semiquantification of the expression of desmin and a-smooth muscle actin by the hepatic stellated cells and myofibroblasts. In young animals, despite the very slow response of ductular proliferation and inflammation observed with HE, there were significantly more fibrosis and expression of desmin than in adult group

La cholestase intra-hépatique familiale progressive de type 1 (PFIC1) humaine est une maladie génétique rare, provoquée par des mutations du gène ATP8B1, due à un défaut de sécrétion des acides biliaires. Un syndrome moins sévère, et épisodique, appelé Cholestase Intra-hépatique Récurrente Bénigne (BRIC) a pu être associé à des mutations au sein du même gène. Les patients PFIC1 souffrent de nombreuses manifestations extra-hépatiques. Certaines de ces manifestations sont communes aux patients mucoviscidosiques. Le niveau d’expression de CFTR, gène responsable de la mucoviscidose, est diminué chez les patients PFIC1. Cette étude a porté sur l’analyse des interactions/régulations entre CFTR et ATP8B1. Une première approche a été de montrer l’expression de ces gènes dans différentes lignées cellulaires puis d’identifier la présence de leurs protéines par western blot et immunofluorescence. Une seconde approche a été d’effectuer une analyse in silico de la structure d’ATP8B1 par rapport à sa fonction. Nous avons aussi localisés les modifications connues sur un modèle 2D. Cette analyse a permis de mettre en évidence en plus des sites connus (ATPase et domaines transmembranaires), deux sites de maturations par clivage ainsi qu’un domaine riche en phosphorylation, des domaines PDZ et un domaine d’interaction avec des récepteurs nucléaires et des facteurs de transcription. A partir d’un polypeptide de 180 kDa, le clivage au niveau des sites identifiés produit un peptide de 145 kDa puis un de 90 kDa, révélés par western blot avec un anticorps dirigé contre la partie CTerminale de la protéine. Ce peptide de 90 kDa, après myristoylation, pourrait interagir avec des récepteurs nucléaires et des facteurs de transcriptions. Ces interactions nous ont permis de monter un modèle qui pourrait expliquer la diminution d’expression génique de différents gènes observés chez les malades PFIC1. Cette analyse a été poursuivie par une étude de l’interactome d’ATP8B1 qui a montré une interaction possible avec CFTR directement ou par l’intermédiaire d’une protéine de liaison, PDZK1. Une dernière étude a porté sur la fonctionnalité de CFTR dans deux lignées portant des mutations différentes d’ATP8B1. L’ensemble des résultats montre qu’ATP8B1 participerait à la régulation de l’expression du gène CFTR mais aussi à sa maturation fonctionnelle. / Human Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis type 1 (PFIC1) is a rare genetic disease provoked by mutations inside the ATP8B1 gene resulting in a general loss of bile acids secretion. An episodic and less severe syndrome called Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis (BRIC) have also been associated with mutations in this gene. PFIC1 patients are suffering from many extra-hepatic manifestations. Some of these manifestations are common to Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients, carrying mutations in CFTR gene. Moreover, expression of CFTR is decreased for some PFIC1 patients. This study was carried out to define the role of ATP8B1 in the modulation of CFTR gene expression and protein function. A first approach was to identify both gene expression and protein synthesis among various cell lines. Then, we developed a second approach based on in silico analysis of structure and function of ATP8B1 to construct a 2D model of the protein. This approach was correlated with the localization of known mutations of ATP8B1. This analysis showed two possible protein maturation sites, a rich phosphorylation domain and a nuclear receptor interacting domain. The cleavage of the 180 kDa peptide generates a 145kDa (ATPase) and a second cleavage produces a 90 kDa, all identified with a specific antibody directed toward the C-Terminal region of the protein. The 90 kDa peptide should be readdressed to the nucleus after myristoylation to interact with nuclear receptors and transcription factors. This analysis was completed by an interactomic approach which has shown a possible interaction between CFTR and ATP8B1 proteins either directly or mediated by a linker, PDZK1. The last part of this work was dedicated to assess the role of ATP8B1 on the activity of CFTR using two cell lines expressing two different mutated ATP8B1 genes. From all these results, we concluded that ATP8B1 is probably involved in the regulation of CFTR gene expression and CFTR maturation and function. We therefore propose a schematic representation of ATP8B1 synthesis and maturation associated with its putative biological functions in the cell. / Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université de Cergy-Pontoise

La Cirrhose Amérindienne Infantile (CAI, NAIC) est une forme de cholestase non-syndromique héréditaire à transmission autosomique récessive, décrite uniquement chez les enfants autochtones du Nord-Ouest québécois et issue d’un effet fondateur. La maladie se présente d’abord sous la forme d’une jaunisse néonatale chez un enfant autrement en bonne santé, qui progresse en cirrhose de type biliaire dans l’enfance et dans l’adolescence. Le taux de survie à l’âge adulte est inférieur à 50% et la seule thérapie efficace à ce jour pour les patients avancés dans la maladie demeure la transplantation hépatique. Les recherches antérieures menées par le groupe ont permis d’identifier le locus ainsi que le gène responsable de NAIC, qui encode la protéine nucléolaire Cirhin. Cirhin est exprimée uniquement dans le foie et tous les patients sont homozygotes pour la mutation R565W. La fonction de Cirhin est inconnue, mais les motifs WD40 retrouvés dans sa séquence indiquent qu’elle participerait à des interactions protéine-protéine et serait impliquée dans un mécanisme moléculaire de base. Cirhin interagit avec la protéine nucléaire Cirip, qui a un effet positif important sur la transcription de l’élément activateur HIV-1 LTR et qui a un rôle dans la prolifération cellulaire. L’interaction de Cirhin et Cirip est affectée par la mutation R565W. À l’aide de la technique du double hybride chez la levure, la protéine nucléolaire Nol11 a été identifiée comme étant un partenaire d’interaction de Cirhin. Par son interaction avec MARK3 et c-Myc, Nol11 serait impliquée dans des processus cellulaires tels que le contrôle du cycle cellulaire, la polarité, la croissance cellulaire et possiblement la biogenèse des ribosomes. La portion C-terminale de Nol11 interagirait avec Cirhin, et la mutation R565W abolit cette interaction. Le résidu R565 serait donc important pour la fonctionnalité de Cirhin. / North American Indian childhood cirrhosis (NAIC) is a nonsyndromic form of hereditary autosomal recessive cholestasis, described only in children of Algonquin origin from the Abitibi region of north-western Québec and issued from a founder effect. NAIC typically presents with transient neonatal jaundice in a child who is otherwise healthy, but progresses to biliary fibrosis in childhood or young adulthood. The survival rate at adulthood is lower than 50% and liver transplantation is currently the only effective therapy for patients with advanced disease. Previous research by the group allowed the identification of the locus and the gene responsible for NAIC, which encodes the nucleolar protein Cirhin. Cirhin is expressed only in the liver and all patients are homozygous for the R565W mutation. Cirhin’s function is unknown, but it is a WD40-repeat containing protein, which indicates that it would participate in protein-protein interactions and would be involved in a basic molecular mechanism. Cirhin interacts with the nuclear protein Cirip, which has a significant positive effect on the transcription of the HIV-1 LTR enhancer element and has a role in cellular proliferation. The interaction between Cirhin and Cirip is affected by the R565W mutation. Using the yeast two-hybrid technique, the nucleolar protein Nol11 was identified as an interacting partner of Cirhin. By its interaction with MARK3 and c-Myc, Nol11 may be involved in cellular processes such as cell cycle control, polarity, cell growth and possibly ribosome biogenesis. The C-terminal portion of Nol11 interacts with Cirhin and the R565W mutation abolishes the interaction. The residue R565 may thus be important for Cirhin’s functionality.

Except for tyrosine, the amino acid requirement of parenterally fed (PN) human neonates has not been derived. Methionine and cysteine are indispensable and dispensable sulphur amino acids respectively. Cysteine is synthesized from methionine. Cysteine is unstable in solution, and is left out or added in very small amounts to amino acid solutions. Methionine is added to compensate for the lack of cysteine, assuming that the neonate will convert methionine to cysteine to meet the body’s metabolic demand. Methionine is hepatotoxic and there is evidence that the neonate has limited ability for its conversion to cysteine. To determine the requirement of the neonate for methionine, PN-fed, stable, post-surgical neonates received graded intakes of methionine. The mean methionine requirement was estimated to be 49 mg.kg-1.day-1, which is 48 to 90% of the methionine content of current commercial amino acid solutions. Because cysteine is the rate limiting substrate for glutathione (GSH) synthesis and current methods of determining amino acid requirement measure requirement for protein synthesis, SAA requirements for maintenance of GSH status was deleniated in healthy adult males and in PN-fed human neonates. GSH kinetics was measured in healthy men receiving the mean methionine requirement and graded intakes of cysteine. GSH synthesis did not change with the addition of cysteine. Additionally, PN-fed post-surgical neonates recieved a methionine-adequate cysteine-free PN followed by cysteine supplemented PN for two 3-day periods and GSH kinetics measured on days 3 and 6. There was no change in GSH synthesis in response to cysteine supplementation. It is concluded that the PN-fed human neonate is capable of synthesizing enough cysteine from methionine not only for protein synthesis but for GSH synthesis. For both healthy men and stable post-surgical neonates, the requirement for GSH synthesis is met at the sulphur amino acid requirement derived using the indicator amino acid technique

Except for tyrosine, the amino acid requirement of parenterally fed (PN) human neonates has not been derived. Methionine and cysteine are indispensable and dispensable sulphur amino acids respectively. Cysteine is synthesized from methionine. Cysteine is unstable in solution, and is left out or added in very small amounts to amino acid solutions. Methionine is added to compensate for the lack of cysteine, assuming that the neonate will convert methionine to cysteine to meet the body’s metabolic demand. Methionine is hepatotoxic and there is evidence that the neonate has limited ability for its conversion to cysteine. To determine the requirement of the neonate for methionine, PN-fed, stable, post-surgical neonates received graded intakes of methionine. The mean methionine requirement was estimated to be 49 mg.kg-1.day-1, which is 48 to 90% of the methionine content of current commercial amino acid solutions. Because cysteine is the rate limiting substrate for glutathione (GSH) synthesis and current methods of determining amino acid requirement measure requirement for protein synthesis, SAA requirements for maintenance of GSH status was deleniated in healthy adult males and in PN-fed human neonates. GSH kinetics was measured in healthy men receiving the mean methionine requirement and graded intakes of cysteine. GSH synthesis did not change with the addition of cysteine. Additionally, PN-fed post-surgical neonates recieved a methionine-adequate cysteine-free PN followed by cysteine supplemented PN for two 3-day periods and GSH kinetics measured on days 3 and 6. There was no change in GSH synthesis in response to cysteine supplementation. It is concluded that the PN-fed human neonate is capable of synthesizing enough cysteine from methionine not only for protein synthesis but for GSH synthesis. For both healthy men and stable post-surgical neonates, the requirement for GSH synthesis is met at the sulphur amino acid requirement derived using the indicator amino acid technique

INTRODUÇÃO: A prótese biliar endoscópica é aceita em todo o mundo como a primeira escolha de tratamento paliativo na obstrução biliar maligna. Atualmente ainda persistem dois tipos de materiais utilizados em sua confecção: plástico e metal. Consequentemente, muitas dúvidas surgem quanto a qual deles é o mais benéfico para o paciente. Esta revisão reúne as informações disponíveis da mais alta qualidade sobre estes dois tipos de prótese, fornecendo informações em relação à disfunção, complicação, taxas de reintervenção, custos, sobrevida e tempo de permeabilidade; e pretende ajudar a lidar com a prática clínica nos dias de hoje. OBJETIVO: Analisar, através de metanálise, os benefícios de dois tipos de próteses na obstrução biliar maligna inoperável. MÉTODOS: Uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados (RCT) foi conduzida, com a última atualização em março de 2015, utilizando EMBASE, CINAHL (EBSCO), Medline, Lilacs / Centro (BVS), Scopus, o CAPES (Brasil), e literatura cinzenta. As informações dos estudos selecionados foram extraídas tendo em vista seis desfechos: primariamente disfunção, taxas de reintervenção e complicações; e, secundariamente, custos, sobrevivência e tempo de permeabilidade. Os dados sobre as características dos participantes do RCT, critérios de inclusão e exclusão e tipos de próteses também foram extraídos. Os vieses foram avaliados principalmente através da escala de Jadad. Esta metanálise foi registrada no banco de dados PROSPERO pelo número CRD42014015078. A análise do risco absoluto dos resultados foi realizada utilizando o software RevMan 5, calculando as diferenças de risco (RD) de variáveis dicotômicas e média das diferenças (MD) de variáveis contínuas. Os dados sobre a RD e MD para cada desfecho primário foram calculados utilizando o teste de Mantel-Haenszel e a inconsistência foi avaliada com o teste Qui-quadrado (Chi2) e o método de Higgins (I2). A análise de sensibilidade foi realizada com a retirada de estudos discrepantes e a utilização do efeito aleatório. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para a comparação das médias aritméticas ponderadas, em relação aos desfechos secundários. RESULTADOS: Inicialmente foram identificados 3660 estudos; 3539 foram excluídos por título ou resumo, enquanto 121 estudos foram totalmente avaliados e foram excluídos, principalmente por não comparar próteses metálicas (SEMS) e próteses plásticas (PS), levando a treze RCT selecionados e 1133 indivíduos metanálise. A média de idade foi de 69,5 anos, e o câncer mais comum foi de via biliar (proximal) e pancreático (distal). O diâmetro de SEMS mais utilizado foi de 10 mm (30 Fr) e o diâmetro de PS mais utilizado foi de 10 Fr. Na metanálise, SEMS tiveram menor disfunção global em comparação com PS (21,6% versus 46,8% p < 0,00001) e menos reintervenções (21,6% versus 56,6% p < 0,00001), sem diferença nas complicações (13,7% versus 15,9% p = 0,16). Na análise secundária, a taxa média de sobrevida foi maior no grupo SEMS (182 contra 150 dias - p < 0,0001), com um período maior de permeabilidade (250 contra 124 dias - p < 0,0001) e um custo semelhante por paciente, embora menor no grupo SEMS (4.193,98 contra 4.728,65 Euros - p < 0,0985). CONCLUSÃO: SEMS estão associados com menor disfunção, menores taxas de reintervenção, melhor sobrevida e maior tempo de permeabilidade. Complicações e custos não apresentaram diferença / INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic stenting is accepted worldwide as the first choice palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction. There are still two types of materials currently being used, which are plastic and metal. Therefore, many doubts are raised as to which one is the most beneficial to the patient. This review gathers the highest quality information available about these two types of stent, giving information in regards to dysfunction, complication, reintervention rates, costs, survival, and patency time; and intends to help handle clinical practice nowadays. OBJECTIVE: To analyze through meta-analyses the benefits of two types of stents in the inoperable malignant biliary obstruction. METHODS: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCT) was conducted, with the last update on March 2015, using EMBASE, CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE, LILACS/CENTRAL (BVS), SCOPUS, CAPES (Brazil), and gray literature. Information of the selected studies was extracted in sight of six outcomes: primarily regarding dysfunction, reintervention and complication rates; and secondarily costs, survival, and patency time. The data about characteristics of trial participants, inclusion and exclusion criteria and types of stents were also extracted. The biases were mainly assessed through the Jadad scale. This meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database by the number CRD42014015078. The analysis of the absolute risk of the outcomes was performed using the software RevMan 5, by computing risk differences (RD) of dichotomous variables and mean differences (MD) of continuous variables. Data on RD and MD for each primary outcome were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel test and inconsistency was qualified and reported in Chisquared (Chi2) and the Higgins method (I2). Sensitivity analysis was performed withdrawing discrepant studies and using random effect. Student\'s t-test was used for the comparison of weighted arithmetic means regarding secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Initial searching identified 3660 studies; 3539 were excluded through title or abstract, while 121 studies were fully assessed and were excluded mainly because they did not compare Self Expanding Metal Stents (SEMS) and Plastic Stents (PS), leading to thirteen RCT selected and 1133 subjects meta-analyzed. The mean age was 69.5 years old, that were affected mostly by bile duct (proximal) and pancreatic tumors (distal). The preferred SEMS diameter used was the 10 mm (30 Fr) and the preferred PS diameter used was 10 Fr. In the meta-analysis, SEMS had lower overall stent dysfunction compared to PS (21.6% versus 46.8% p < 0.00001) and fewer reintervention (21.6% versus 56.6% p < 0.00001), with no difference in complications (13.7% versus 15.9% p=0.16). In the secondary analysis, the mean survival rate was higher in the SEMS group (182 versus 150 days - p < 0.0001), with a higher patency period (250 versus 124 days - p < 0.0001) and a similar cost per patient, although lower in the SEMS group (4193.98 versus 4728.65 Euros - p < 0.0985). CONCLUSION: SEMS are associated with lower stent dysfunction, lower reintervention rates, better survival, and higher patency time. Complications and costs do not show difference