Heme oxygenase (HMOX) catalyzes first and rate-limiting step in heme degradation. By its action, carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron and biliverdin which is subsequently reduced to bilirubin are produced. Before discovery of HMOX reaction mechanism, CO was considered only a toxic waste product without any significant importance for human organism. Bilirubin, marker of liver dysfunction, has been also exposed to similar perception. But results from past decades show that HMOX and its metabolic products play an important role in number of physiological as well as defense against pathophysiological processes. The aim of this thesis was to clarify the role of HMOX and its metabolic products, presumably CO and bilirubin, in vivo and in vitro. We focused on the role of CO in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced cholestasis. We were first to describe tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of inhaled CO in this animal model and found out that CO inhalation is associated with anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. In a rat model of ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis, we demonstrated the anticholestatic effect of HMOX. The induction of HMOX by its substrate heme increased the expression of liver transporters thereby increasing bile flow and simultaneously facilitated effective clearance of...

Introduction: Prolonged neonatal jaundice is defined as persistent jaundice at two-three weeksof age. Prolonged neonatal jaundice is usually harmless but one in 2500 newborns have jaundicedue to cholestasis, why further investigation must be made. Region Örebro County introduced anew referral routine for prolonged neonatal jaundice 2021-02-12 that allows for follow up inLindesberg or Karlskoga instead of Örebro alone, and only three variables need to be mentionedfor the referrals to be considered complete, contrary to previous six. Aim: To compare Region Örebro County’s current and previous referral routine for prolongedneonatal jaundice in regard to compliance and complete referrals. Methods: A chart review was performed of all children born in Region Örebro County between2021-02-12 and 2022-02-01 with either sampled bilirubin and/or diagnosis code p.55, p.57-59. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between the routines regarding stoolcolour (p=0.004), general condition (p<0.001), complete referrals (p<0.001) and length ofinvestigation (p<0.001). Significantly fewer patients were lost during investigation (p<0.002) orhad no feedback on their test results (p<0.011). Two cases of cholestasis were found. The meanvalue of conjugated bilirubin was higher in patients who saw a doctor. Few children werereferred from Lindesberg or Karlskoga. Conclusion: The current routine had more complete referrals, shorter investigation times andless absence of feedback as well as fewer patients lost during investigation. Sick patients wereidentified before getting critically ill. Shifting the entire investigation to primary care andimplementing stool charts could possibly improve the routine further.

INTRODUÇÃO: Diversas doenças crônicas do fígado resultam em desenvolvimento de fibrose do parênquima, condição que pode culminar em perda de função do órgão e hipertensão portal grave com indicação de transplante. Nas últimas décadas, alguns estudos têm buscado demonstrar a possibilidade de modulação farmacológica do processo de fibrogênese hepática. Particularmente com relação às obstruções biliares, tem-se sugerido que a administração de corticosteróides pode promover melhora no prognóstico tardio das crianças portadoras de atresia das vias biliares submetidas a portoenterostomia (cirurgia de Kasai). Nenhum trabalho experimental foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar essa hipótese e os modelos descritos para estudo de outras drogas com potencial antifibrogênico, como a pentoxifilina, não incluíram animais jovens. MÉTODOS: Foram operados 119 ratos jovens (21º ou 22º dias de vida), submetidos a laparotomia com ligadura do ducto biliar comum (LDBC) ou cirurgia simulada (CS). Os animais foram divididos em 5 grupos, conforme o procedimento cirúrgico e a medicação administrada: 1. LDBC + água destilada; 2. CS + água destilada; 3. LDBC + pentoxifilina (PTX); 4. LDBC + prednisolona (PRED); 5. LDBC + pentoxifilina + prednisolona (PTX+PRED). Cada grupo foi dividido em 2 subgrupos conforme a duração do experimento (15 ou 30 dias). Ao final do período, os animais foram pesados e submetidos a retirada de um fragmento de fígado, coletado para análise histológica através das colorações de hematoxilina-eosina e de picrossírius. As lâminas coradas pelo picrossírius foram utilizadas para análise quantitativa (morfometria digital) da área preenchida por colágeno e da área total dos espaços-porta. Após a obtenção desses valores, foi calculada a fração de área de colágeno de cada grupo. RESULTADOS: Os animais do grupo PTX apresentaram maior ganho de peso do que os dos grupos PRED e PTX+PRED. Os animais dos 3 grupos terapêuticos (PTX, PRED e PTX+PRED) apresentaram diminuição da área preenchida por colágeno nos espaços-porta. A área total dos espaços-porta foi maior no grupo PTX. CONCLUSÕES: A evolução da fibrose hepática induzida pela ligadura biliar em ratos jovens pôde ser modificada com o uso de medicamentos. A administração de prednisolona e pentoxifilina, isoladamente ou em associação, resultou em diminuição da área preenchida por colágeno nos espaços-porta / INTRODUCTION: Many chronic liver diseases lead to progressive establishment of hepatic fibrosis, condition that can ultimately result in loss of organ function and severe portal hypertension demanding hepatic transplantation. Within the last decades, some studies have been conducted in order to demonstrate the possibility of drug modulation of hepatic fibrogenesis. Particularly related to biliary obstruction, it has been suggested that administration of corticosteroids could promote better late outcomes for biliary atresia children submitted to Kasais portoenterostomy. There is no published experimental study related to that issue, and described models used to test potential antifibrogenic drugs, such as pentoxifylline, have not included growing animals. METHODS: In this experimental study, 119 young rats (21st or 22nd days) were submitted to laparotomy and bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham surgery (SHAM). Animals were divided into 5 groups, according to surgical procedure and administered solution: 1. BDL + distilled water; 2. SHAM + distilled water; 3. BDL + pentoxifylline (PTX); 4. BDL + prednisolone (PRED); 5. BDL + pentoxifylline + prednisolone (PTX+PRED). Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups according to the length of the experiment (15 or 30 days). At the end of the defined period, animals were weighed and one hepatic fragment was collected from each one for histological analysis using hematoxylin-eosin and Sirius red stains. Sirius red stained slides were examined for quantitative analysis (digital morphometry) of collagen-filled area and portal space total area. RESULTS: PTX group animals presented increased weight gain compared to PRED or PTX+PRED groups. Animals from the 3 therapeutic groups (PTX, PRED and PTX+PRED) showed diminished collagen-filled area in portal spaces. Total portal space area was increased in PTX group slides. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in young rats could be modulated by pharmacologic interventions. Pentoxifylline and prednisolone administration, associated or not, resulted in diminished collagen-filled area in portal spaces

Introdução: os tumores biliopancreáticos geralmente são diagnosticados num estágio avançado sem condições de ressecção cirúrgica. A drenagem biliar por colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) é o padrão ouro no tratamento paliativo desses pacientes. Entretanto, em alguns casos a CPRE pode falhar. A drenagem biliar guiada por ultrassom endoscópico (DB-USE) surgiu como uma alternativa nesses casos de falha da CPRE. Os dois métodos principais para a DB-USE são a coledocoduodenostomia (CDS) e a hepaticogastrostomia (HGS). Porém, não existe um consenso sobre a melhor das duas técnicas. Portanto, realizamos uma revisão sistemática e metanálise para avaliar esses dois principais métodos de DB-USE. Métodos: uma revisão sistemática foi conduzida utilizando-se as bases de dados eletrônicas Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus e LILACS. Foram selecionados estudos comparando a CDS com a HGS em pacientes com obstrução biliar maligna com falha na CPRE. Os riscos de vieses foram avaliados pela escala de Jadad para os ensaios clínicos randomizados e pela Newcastle Ottawa Scale para os estudos de coorte. Os dados dos estudos foram extraídos segundo os seguintes desfechos: sucesso técnico, sucesso clínico, eventos adversos, sobrevida e tempo do procedimento. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se os softwares RevMan 5 e Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Resultados: Foram selecionados 10 estudos, sendo dois ensaios clínicos randomizados, dois estudos prospectivos e seis estudos retrospectivos. Um total de 434 pacientes foram incluídos na metanálise: 208 submetidos a drenagem biliar via HGS e os 226 restantes submetidos a CDS. O sucesso técnico para a CDS-USE e HGS-USE foi de 94,1% e 93,7%, respectivamente, não apresentando significância estatística (OR = 0,96, IC 95% = 0,39, 2.33). O sucesso clínico foi de 88,5% na CDS-USE e 84,5% na HGS-USE. Não foi observada diferença nos dois grupos (OR = 0,76, IC 95% = 0,42, 1.35). Em relação aos eventos adversos, também não foi identificada diferença estatística (OR = 0,97, IC 95% = 0,60, 1.56). A diferença entre as médias do tempo de procedimento foi de -2,69 (-4,44, -0,95). Portanto, a CDS-USE foi dois minutos mais rápido. Em relação à sobrevida após o procedimento, a diferença entre as médias foi de 39,5 (-9,75, 88,93). Porém, essa análise foi limitada devido a alta heterogeneidade (I2=97%). Conclusão: A CDS-USE e a HGS-USE apresentam equivalentes eficácia e segurança. Ambas as técnicas estão associadas a uma alta taxa de sucesso técnico e clínico. A escolha da técnica deve ser baseada na experiência do endoscopista e também pela anatomia do paciente. Novos ensaios clínicos randomizados são necessários para comparar os dois procedimentos / Background and Aims: Biliopancreatic tumors are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage without conditions of surgical resection. Biliary drainage by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the gold standard in the palliative treatment of these patients. However, in some cases ERCP may fail. Endoscopic ultrasound guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has emerged as an alternative in these cases of ERCP failure. The two main methods for EUS-BD are choledochoduodenostomy (CDS-EUS) and hepaticogastrostomy (HGS-EUS). However, there is no consensus if one approach is better than the other. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate these two main EUS-BD methods. Methods: a systematic review was conducted using databases Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus and LILACS. We selected studies comparing CDS and HGS in patients with malignant biliary obstruction with ERCP failure. Risks of bias were assessed by the Jadad scale for randomized clinical trials and by the Newcastle Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. The data from the studies were extracted according to the following outcomes: technical success, clinical success, adverse events, survival and procedure time. Statistical analysis was performed using the software RevMan 5 and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Results: among the ten studies included in meta-analysis two were randomized clinical trials, RCT, two prospective and six retrospective. A total of 434 patients were included in the meta-analysis: 208 underwent biliary drainage via HGS-USE and the remaining 226 submitted to CDS-USE. The technical success for CDS-USE and HGS-USE was 94.1% and 93.7%, respectively, without statistical significance (OR = 0.96, IC 95% = 0.39, 2.33). Clinical success was 88.5% in CDS-USE and 84.5% in HGS-USE. No difference was observed in the two groups (OR = 0.76, IC 95% = 0.42, 1.35). In relation to adverse events, no statistical difference was identified (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.60, 1.56). Pooled difference in means was -2.69 (-4.44, -0.95). Therefore CDS was about two minutes faster. Regarding the survival after the procedure, pooled difference in means was 39.5 (-9.75, 88.93). Therefore, this analysis was limited by considerable heterogeneity (I2=97%). Conclusion: EUS-CDS and EUS-HGS have equal efficacy and safety and are both associated with very high technical and clinical success. The choice of approach may be selected based on endoscopist\'s expertise and patient anatomy. Further prospective clinical trials are required to further compare the two procedures

Les hépatopathies médicamenteuses survenant sur un mode idiosyncrasique représentent un obstacle majeur au développement de médicaments et sont à l’origine du retrait du marché de nombreux d’entre eux. Un des mécanismes mis en cause est lié à la survenue d’un épisode inflammatoire aigu qui, lors d’un traitement médicamenteux, sensibiliserait le foie pour les effets indésirables des médicaments, mettant en évidence leur toxicité idiosyncrasique. A l’heure actuelle, la détection précoce de médicaments potentiellement hépatotoxiques dans un contexte inflammatoire avant leur mise sur le marché, reste encore difficile et leurs mécanismes sous-jacents ne sont pas clairement élucidés. Dans ce contexte, notre travail s’articule sur 3 axes : 1) Développer un nouveau modèle cellulaire in vitro humain, adaptable au criblage à haut débit prédictif d'hépatotoxicité idiosyncrasique liée à un stress inflammatoire, basé sur l’exposition synergique des cellules HepG2 cultivées dans des conditions particulières exposées à des médicaments potentiellement idiosyncrasiques et des médiateurs pro-inflammatoires(LPS et TNF- ).2) Elucider les mécanismes sous jacents de la toxicité de 4 médicaments idiosyncrasiques connus (trovafloxacine, nimésulide, télithromycine et néfazodone), en mettant l'accent sur le stress oxydatif, la stéatose et la cholestase 3) Etudier les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents de la mort cellulaire observée lors d’une hépatotoxicité idiosyncrasique liée à un stress inflammatoire. Ainsi, nous avons développé un modèle cellulaire humain prédictif d’hépatotoxicité idiosyncrasique liée à un stress inflammatoire sensible, spécifique et applicable au criblage en haut débit d’un grand nombre de médicaments. Pour cela, nous avons étudié dans ce modèle, les effets toxiques de quatre médicaments testés et élucidé leurs mécanismes. La trovafloxacine exerce un effet cholestatique par diminution de l’expression et de l’activité de MDR1 et MRP2. Le nimésulide favorise l'accumulation intracellulaire de radicaux superoxydes en plus de son potentiel cholestatique par inhibition de l’activité MRP2. La télithromycine favorise une hépatotoxicité principalement via un mécanisme cholestatique impliquant l’inhibition de MDR1. La néfazodone favorise l'accumulation des radicaux superoxydes en plus de son potentiel stéatosique important et de son effet inhibiteur sur les deux transporteurs MDR1 et MRP2. Bien que chaque médicament idiosyncrasique testé présente un mécanisme de toxicité différent, ils ont tous entraîné une mort hépatocellulaire amplifiée en présence de LPS et TNF- , via la voie apoptotique intrinsèque pour la trovafloxacine, extrinsèque pour la néfazodone et les deux voies de l'apoptose pour le nimésulide et la télithromycine. Le potentiel apoptotique amplifié des quatre médicaments s'est avéré être médié par la surexpression de Bax et de caspase 8 via un mécanisme dépendant de ERK ½. Nos résultats indiquent que notre modèle peut être utilisé non seulement comme un outil préclinique pour l'identification de nouveaux médicaments qui pourraient être potentiellement hépatotoxiques lors d’un stress inflammatoire, mais aussi pour l'élucidation de leurs mécanismes. / Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) are considered as an important subset of ADRs, accounting for approximately 13% ofall acute liver failure cases and representing one of the leading causes for post-marketing drug withdrawal (Shaw et al. 2010). The lack of effective in vitro or in vivo models able to predict the hepatotoxic potential of idiosyncratic drugs before being approved formarketing on one hand, and the ambiguity of the mechanisms underlying their hepatic pathogenesis on the other hand render IADRs a perplexing human health problem (Shaw et al. 2010). Accordingly, the work presented in this thesis was based on three main objectives: 1) Development of a high throughput human-based cellular model for the prediction of inflammation associated idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity; based on the synergistic exposure of HepG2 cells to potentially hepatotoxic drugs and proinflammatory mediators (LPS and TNF- ). 2) Elucidation of the hepatotoxic mechanisms underlying four known idiosyncratic drugs (trovafloxacin, nimesulide, telithromycin and nefazodone) with emphasis on oxidative stress, steatosis and cholestasis.3) Investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying drug-inflammation synergistic induction of hepatocellular death Firstly, the results attained in this thesis demonstrated that the developed model is sensitive, specific and applicable to high throughputtoxicity screening of different categories of drugs. Secondly, our results demonstrated that the inflammation associated hepatotoxicpotentials of the four tested idiosyncratic drugs are mediated as follows: trovafloxacin exerts a cholestatic potential that involves thedown-regulation of both MDR1 and MRP2. Nimesulide promotes the intracellular accumulation of superoxide anions in addition topotently inhibiting MRP2. Telithromycin promotes hepatotoxicity predominately via a cholestatic mechanism that involves the downregulation of MDR1. Nefazodone favors the accumulation of superoxide anions in addition to its prominent steatotic potential and inhibitory effect on both MDR1 and MRP2. Although each of the idiosyncratic drugs exhibited a different mechanism of toxicity they all induced amplified hepatocellular death in presence of LPS and TNF- , which proved to be mediated via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway for trovafloxacin, the extrinsic for nefazodone and both apoptotic pathways for nimesulide and telithromycin. The amplified apoptotic potential of the four drugs proved to be based on the up-regulation of Bax and caspase 8 via an ERK½-dependent mechanism. These results indicate that the presented drug-inflammation model constitute an effective pre-clinical tool not only for the detection of inflammation-associated hepatotoxic drugs but also for the elucidation of their underlying mechanisms.

Introdução: os tumores biliopancreáticos geralmente são diagnosticados num estágio avançado sem condições de ressecção cirúrgica. A drenagem biliar por colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) é o padrão ouro no tratamento paliativo desses pacientes. Entretanto, em alguns casos a CPRE pode falhar. A drenagem biliar guiada por ultrassom endoscópico (DB-USE) surgiu como uma alternativa nesses casos de falha da CPRE. Os dois métodos principais para a DB-USE são a coledocoduodenostomia (CDS) e a hepaticogastrostomia (HGS). Porém, não existe um consenso sobre a melhor das duas técnicas. Portanto, realizamos uma revisão sistemática e metanálise para avaliar esses dois principais métodos de DB-USE. Métodos: uma revisão sistemática foi conduzida utilizando-se as bases de dados eletrônicas Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus e LILACS. Foram selecionados estudos comparando a CDS com a HGS em pacientes com obstrução biliar maligna com falha na CPRE. Os riscos de vieses foram avaliados pela escala de Jadad para os ensaios clínicos randomizados e pela Newcastle Ottawa Scale para os estudos de coorte. Os dados dos estudos foram extraídos segundo os seguintes desfechos: sucesso técnico, sucesso clínico, eventos adversos, sobrevida e tempo do procedimento. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se os softwares RevMan 5 e Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Resultados: Foram selecionados 10 estudos, sendo dois ensaios clínicos randomizados, dois estudos prospectivos e seis estudos retrospectivos. Um total de 434 pacientes foram incluídos na metanálise: 208 submetidos a drenagem biliar via HGS e os 226 restantes submetidos a CDS. O sucesso técnico para a CDS-USE e HGS-USE foi de 94,1% e 93,7%, respectivamente, não apresentando significância estatística (OR = 0,96, IC 95% = 0,39, 2.33). O sucesso clínico foi de 88,5% na CDS-USE e 84,5% na HGS-USE. Não foi observada diferença nos dois grupos (OR = 0,76, IC 95% = 0,42, 1.35). Em relação aos eventos adversos, também não foi identificada diferença estatística (OR = 0,97, IC 95% = 0,60, 1.56). A diferença entre as médias do tempo de procedimento foi de -2,69 (-4,44, -0,95). Portanto, a CDS-USE foi dois minutos mais rápido. Em relação à sobrevida após o procedimento, a diferença entre as médias foi de 39,5 (-9,75, 88,93). Porém, essa análise foi limitada devido a alta heterogeneidade (I2=97%). Conclusão: A CDS-USE e a HGS-USE apresentam equivalentes eficácia e segurança. Ambas as técnicas estão associadas a uma alta taxa de sucesso técnico e clínico. A escolha da técnica deve ser baseada na experiência do endoscopista e também pela anatomia do paciente. Novos ensaios clínicos randomizados são necessários para comparar os dois procedimentos / Background and Aims: Biliopancreatic tumors are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage without conditions of surgical resection. Biliary drainage by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the gold standard in the palliative treatment of these patients. However, in some cases ERCP may fail. Endoscopic ultrasound guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has emerged as an alternative in these cases of ERCP failure. The two main methods for EUS-BD are choledochoduodenostomy (CDS-EUS) and hepaticogastrostomy (HGS-EUS). However, there is no consensus if one approach is better than the other. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate these two main EUS-BD methods. Methods: a systematic review was conducted using databases Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus and LILACS. We selected studies comparing CDS and HGS in patients with malignant biliary obstruction with ERCP failure. Risks of bias were assessed by the Jadad scale for randomized clinical trials and by the Newcastle Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. The data from the studies were extracted according to the following outcomes: technical success, clinical success, adverse events, survival and procedure time. Statistical analysis was performed using the software RevMan 5 and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Results: among the ten studies included in meta-analysis two were randomized clinical trials, RCT, two prospective and six retrospective. A total of 434 patients were included in the meta-analysis: 208 underwent biliary drainage via HGS-USE and the remaining 226 submitted to CDS-USE. The technical success for CDS-USE and HGS-USE was 94.1% and 93.7%, respectively, without statistical significance (OR = 0.96, IC 95% = 0.39, 2.33). Clinical success was 88.5% in CDS-USE and 84.5% in HGS-USE. No difference was observed in the two groups (OR = 0.76, IC 95% = 0.42, 1.35). In relation to adverse events, no statistical difference was identified (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.60, 1.56). Pooled difference in means was -2.69 (-4.44, -0.95). Therefore CDS was about two minutes faster. Regarding the survival after the procedure, pooled difference in means was 39.5 (-9.75, 88.93). Therefore, this analysis was limited by considerable heterogeneity (I2=97%). Conclusion: EUS-CDS and EUS-HGS have equal efficacy and safety and are both associated with very high technical and clinical success. The choice of approach may be selected based on endoscopist\'s expertise and patient anatomy. Further prospective clinical trials are required to further compare the two procedures

INTRODUÇÃO: Diversas doenças crônicas do fígado resultam em desenvolvimento de fibrose do parênquima, condição que pode culminar em perda de função do órgão e hipertensão portal grave com indicação de transplante. Nas últimas décadas, alguns estudos têm buscado demonstrar a possibilidade de modulação farmacológica do processo de fibrogênese hepática. Particularmente com relação às obstruções biliares, tem-se sugerido que a administração de corticosteróides pode promover melhora no prognóstico tardio das crianças portadoras de atresia das vias biliares submetidas a portoenterostomia (cirurgia de Kasai). Nenhum trabalho experimental foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar essa hipótese e os modelos descritos para estudo de outras drogas com potencial antifibrogênico, como a pentoxifilina, não incluíram animais jovens. MÉTODOS: Foram operados 119 ratos jovens (21º ou 22º dias de vida), submetidos a laparotomia com ligadura do ducto biliar comum (LDBC) ou cirurgia simulada (CS). Os animais foram divididos em 5 grupos, conforme o procedimento cirúrgico e a medicação administrada: 1. LDBC + água destilada; 2. CS + água destilada; 3. LDBC + pentoxifilina (PTX); 4. LDBC + prednisolona (PRED); 5. LDBC + pentoxifilina + prednisolona (PTX+PRED). Cada grupo foi dividido em 2 subgrupos conforme a duração do experimento (15 ou 30 dias). Ao final do período, os animais foram pesados e submetidos a retirada de um fragmento de fígado, coletado para análise histológica através das colorações de hematoxilina-eosina e de picrossírius. As lâminas coradas pelo picrossírius foram utilizadas para análise quantitativa (morfometria digital) da área preenchida por colágeno e da área total dos espaços-porta. Após a obtenção desses valores, foi calculada a fração de área de colágeno de cada grupo. RESULTADOS: Os animais do grupo PTX apresentaram maior ganho de peso do que os dos grupos PRED e PTX+PRED. Os animais dos 3 grupos terapêuticos (PTX, PRED e PTX+PRED) apresentaram diminuição da área preenchida por colágeno nos espaços-porta. A área total dos espaços-porta foi maior no grupo PTX. CONCLUSÕES: A evolução da fibrose hepática induzida pela ligadura biliar em ratos jovens pôde ser modificada com o uso de medicamentos. A administração de prednisolona e pentoxifilina, isoladamente ou em associação, resultou em diminuição da área preenchida por colágeno nos espaços-porta / INTRODUCTION: Many chronic liver diseases lead to progressive establishment of hepatic fibrosis, condition that can ultimately result in loss of organ function and severe portal hypertension demanding hepatic transplantation. Within the last decades, some studies have been conducted in order to demonstrate the possibility of drug modulation of hepatic fibrogenesis. Particularly related to biliary obstruction, it has been suggested that administration of corticosteroids could promote better late outcomes for biliary atresia children submitted to Kasais portoenterostomy. There is no published experimental study related to that issue, and described models used to test potential antifibrogenic drugs, such as pentoxifylline, have not included growing animals. METHODS: In this experimental study, 119 young rats (21st or 22nd days) were submitted to laparotomy and bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham surgery (SHAM). Animals were divided into 5 groups, according to surgical procedure and administered solution: 1. BDL + distilled water; 2. SHAM + distilled water; 3. BDL + pentoxifylline (PTX); 4. BDL + prednisolone (PRED); 5. BDL + pentoxifylline + prednisolone (PTX+PRED). Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups according to the length of the experiment (15 or 30 days). At the end of the defined period, animals were weighed and one hepatic fragment was collected from each one for histological analysis using hematoxylin-eosin and Sirius red stains. Sirius red stained slides were examined for quantitative analysis (digital morphometry) of collagen-filled area and portal space total area. RESULTS: PTX group animals presented increased weight gain compared to PRED or PTX+PRED groups. Animals from the 3 therapeutic groups (PTX, PRED and PTX+PRED) showed diminished collagen-filled area in portal spaces. Total portal space area was increased in PTX group slides. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in young rats could be modulated by pharmacologic interventions. Pentoxifylline and prednisolone administration, associated or not, resulted in diminished collagen-filled area in portal spaces

La survenue de lésions hépatiques représente une cause majeure de retrait des médicaments au cours de leur développement et après leur mise sur le marché. La manifestation la plus fréquente des effets secondaires liés aux médicaments est lacholestase qui résulte d’un blocage de la sécrétion biliaire. Ils peuvent être prévisibles, généralement dépendants de la dose, ou dans certains cas n’être observés que chez un nombre restreint de patients traités, par exemple avec la chlorpromazine (CPZ), un neuroleptique. Il s’agit alors d’une hépatotoxicité idiosyncratique. Notre travail a eu pour but d’induire une cholestase avec ce médicament et d’étudier les mécanismes impliqués, en présence ou non d’un stress inflammatoire en utilisant comme modèle expérimental les cellules hépatiques différenciées HepaRG dérivées d’un cholangio-hépatocarcinome humain. Nous avons tout d’abord validé ce modèle en montrant que les principaux transporteurs d’influx et d’efflux canaliculaires et basolatéraux sont bien localizes dans les domaines membranaires appropriés, et que les canalicules biliaires sont fonctionnels et fermés comme dans les hépatocytes humains cultivés en sandwich, le modèle de référence. Le traitement par CPZ à une concentration élevée (50μM) entraine après 15min la génération d’un stress oxydant associé à une altération du potentiel membranaire mitochondrial et de la distribution péricanaliculaire des microfilaments de F-actine et à une inhibition de l’efflux canaliculaire de l’acide taurocholique. Après 24h, on observe notamment une inhibition de l’expression des deux principaux transporteurs canaliculaires, BSEP et MDR3, du transporter d’influx NTCP et une surexpression du transporteur basolatéral MRP4. Ces effets suggèrent une réponse compensatrice des cellules face à l’accumulation intracellulaire des acides biliaires. L’inflammation est considérée comme un facteur de susceptibilité dans l’hépatotoxicité idiosyncratique. Nous avons recherché si dans un context inflammatoire induit par l’IL-6 et l’IL-1β, les effets cytotoxiques et cholestatiques de CPZ sont aggravés. Après un prétraitement de 24h par les deux cytokines proinflammatoires, les cellules HepaRG, ont été co-exposées à 20μM CPZ pendant 1 à 5 jours. Bien que les cytokines aient induit un stress inflammatoire et inhibé le métabolisme de la CPZ et les transcrits de CYP3A4 et CYP1A2, deux principaux CYPs impliqués dans le métabolisme de ce médicament, la modulation des effets cytotoxiques et cholestatiques de la CPZ observés est restée limitée, y compris après 5 jours. Une cytotoxicité accrue de 20% et une amplification de l’inhibition des transcrits et de l’activité de NTCP ainsi que la dérégulation de l’expression d’autres gènes liés à la cholestase, ont été constatées suite au co-traitement à CPZ et aux cytokines. Au total, nos résultats montrent qu’il est possible d’induire une cholestase in vitro à partir des cellules HepaRG et que la cholestase induite par CPZ a pour origine l’induction d’un stress oxydant. Ils montrent en outre que l’étude de certains facteurs de susceptibilité peut être envisagée. / Drug-induced liver injury is the major cause of drug withdrawal during development and marketing process. The most common manifestation of adverse drug reactions is cholestasis, which results from alteration of bile flow. Adverse drug reactions are usually classified either as dose-dependent and reproducible (intrinsic) or unpredictable (idiosyncratic) occurring only in certain susceptible patients as observed with chlorpromazine (CPZ), a neuroleptic drug. Our work aimed to induce cholestasis with this drug and to study the mechanisms involved in the presence or absence of an inflammatory stress using differentiated HepaRG liver cells derived from a human cholangio-hepatocarcinoma as an experimental model. We firstly validated this cell model by demonstrating that the major canalicular and basolateral influx and efflux transporters are localized to the appropriate membrane domains, and that the bile canaliculi are functional and closed as in sandwichcultured human hepatocytes, the reference model. Treatment with CPZ at a high concentration (50μM) induces, as early as 15min, generation of oxidative stress which is associated with altered mitochondrial membrane potential, disruption of the pericanalicular F-actin cytoskeleton distribution and inhibition of canalicular efflux of taurocholic acid. After 24-hour treatment with CPZ, mRNA expression of the two main canalicular bile transporters, BSEP and MDR3, and of the main influx transporter, NTCP, was decreased. By contrast, expression of MRP4 mRNA, a basolateral transporter, was increased. These latter events likely represent hepatoprotective responses which aim to reduce intrahepatic accumulation of toxic BA. Inflammation is considered as a factor of susceptibility to idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. We investigated whether in an inflammatory stress induced by IL-6 and IL-1β, cytotoxic and cholestatic effects of CPZ are exacerbated. After a 24 hour pre-treatment by either pro-inflammatory cytokines, HepaRG cells were co-exposed to 20μM CPZ for 1 to 5 days. Although cytokines have induced inflammatory stress and inhibited the metabolism of CPZ and transcripts of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, two main CYPs involved in the metabolism of this drug, the modulation of cytotoxic and cholestatic effects of CPZ was limited, even after 5 daily treatments. Increased cytotoxicity by 20 %, amplification of NTCP mRNA and activity inhibition and deregulation of the expression of other genes associated with cholestasis, were observed in CPZ- and cytokine-co-treated cells. Altogether, our results show that it is possible to induce in vitro cholestasis using HepaRG cells and that CPZ-induced cholestasis depends on the generation of oxidative stress. They also show that the certain susceptibility factors may be investigated.

Introdução: O diagnóstico histológico das estenoses biliares é fundamental na definição da terapêutica a ser empregada, devido à heterogeneidade dos resultados dos estudos comparando o uso do escovado citológico e da biópsia transpapilar na colangiopancreatografia retrógada endoscópica (CPRE) com a punção aspirativa ecoguiada com agulha fina (ECO-PAAF) no diagnóstico histológico da estenose biliar maligna, e o fato de não existirem revisões sistemáticas e metanálises comparando esses métodos, este estudo propõe comparar esses dois métodos no diagnóstico histológico da estenose biliar maligna, através de revisão sistemática e metanálise da literatura. Métodos: Utilizando as bases de dados eletrônicas Medline, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, CINAHL, e Scopus foram pesquisados estudos datados anteriormente a novembro de 2014. De um total de 1009 estudos publicados, foram selecionados três estudos prospectivos comparando ECO-PAAF e CPRE no diagnóstico histológico da estenose biliar maligna e cinco estudos transversais comparando ECO-PAAF com o mesmo padrão-ouro dos outros três estudos comparativos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao mesmo padrão-ouro. Foram calculadas as variáveis do estudo (prevalência, sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos e acurácia) e realizada a metanálise utilizando os softwares Rev Man 5 e Meta-DiSc 1.4. Resultados: Um total de 294 pacientes foi incluído na análise. A probabilidade pré-teste para estenose biliar maligna foi de 76,66%. As sensibilidades médias da CPRE e da ECO-PAAF para o diagnóstico histológico da estenose biliar maligna foram de 49% e 76,5%, respectivamente; especificidades foram de 96,33% e 100%, respectivamente. As probabilidades pós-teste também foram determinadas: valores preditivos positivos de 98,33% e 100%, respectivamente, e valores preditivos negativos de 34% e 58,87%. As acurácias foram 60,66% e 82,25%, respectivamente. Conclusão: A ECO-PAAF é superior a CPRE com escovado citológico e/ou biópsia transpapilar no diagnóstico histológico da estenose biliar maligna. No entanto, um teste de ECO-PAAF ou CPRE com amostra histológica negativa não pode excluir a estenose biliar maligna, pois ambos os testes apresentam baixo valor preditivo negativo / Background and Aims: Due the heterogeneity of the results of studies comparing the use of ERCP-based brush cytology and forceps biopsy and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration for the diagnosis of malignant biliary stricture, and the fact that there are no systematic reviews and meta-analysis comparing these methods, in this review, we will compare ERCP against EUS-FNA for tissue diagnosis of malignant biliary stricture. Design: A systematic review of comparative studies (prospective or retrospective) was conducted analyzing EUS and ERCP for tissue diagnosis of malignant biliary stricture. Methods: The databases Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, LILACS, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched for studies dated previous to November 2014. We identified three prospective studies comparing EUS-FNA and ERCP for the diagnosis of malignant biliary stricture and five cross sectional studies comparing EUS-FNA with the same gold standard of the other three studies. All patients were submitted to the same gold standard method. We calculated study variables (prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy) and performed a meta-analysis using the Rev Man 5 and Meta-DiSc 1.4 softwares. Results: A total of 294 patients were included in the analysis. The pretest probability for malignant biliary stricture was 76.66%. The mean sensitivities of ERCP and EUS-FNA for tissue diagnosis of malignant biliary stricture were 49% and 76.5%, respectively; specificities were 96.33% and 100%, respectively. The post-test probabilities, positive predictive value (98.33% and 100%, respectively) and negative predictive value (34% and 58.87%, respectively) were determined. The accuracies were 60.66% and 82.25%, respectively. Conclusion: EUS- FNA is superior to ERCP with brush cytology and forceps biopsy for diagnosing malignant biliary strictures. However, a negative EUS-FNA or ERCP test may not exclude malignant biliary stricture because both have low negative post-test probabilities

<p>Žučne kiseline deluju kao signalni molekuli u organizmu i uključene su u regulaciju brojnih metaboličkih, inflamatornih i imunomodulatornih procesa. Ova endogena jedinjenja ostvaruju svoje efekte najvećim delom putem nuklearnih receptora. Farnezoid X receptor (FXR) je glavni regulator homeostaze žučnih kiselina, a pokazano je da je značajno uključen i u procese inflamacije i kancerogeneze, prevashodno u jetri i intestinalnom traktu. Aktivacija FXR receptora predstavlja značajnu farmakolo&scaron;ku strategiju za terapiju holestatskih bolesti jetre, inflamatorne bolesti creva i karcinoma kolona. Definisana je uloga žučnih kiselina u signalnim putevima koji reguli&scaron;u ćelijski ciklus i doprinose razvoju ili regresiji maligniteta, ali je malo poznat uticaj ovih jedinjenja na epigenetske mehanizme regulacije ključnih ćelijskih procesa. Imajući u vidu da su efekti žučnih kiselina determinisani njihovom polarno&scaron;ću, cilj istraživanja je bio da se ispita uticaj sintetski dobijenog keto derivata holne kiseline, 12-monoketoholne kiseline (MKH), u komparaciji sa prirodnim žučnim kiselinama, hidrofobnom henodeoksiholnom kiselinom (HDH) i hidrofilnom ursodeoksiholnom kiselinom (UDH), na ćelijske procese apoptoze, oksidativnog stresa i inflamacije, koji su od značaja za hemoprevenciju i terapiju karcinoma kolona, u in vitro i in vivo sistemima. Cilj istraživanja je takođe obuhvatao i ispitivanje uloge odabranih žučnih kiselina u epigenetskoj regulaciji ovih procesa u ćelijama karcinoma kolona. Na in vivo modelu intrahepatične holestaze kod eksperimentalnih životinja, pokazano je da UDH i MKH ispoljavaju antiapoptotski, antioksidativni i antiinflamatorni efekat u jetri i intestinumu. Utvrđeno je da UDH i MKH sprečavaju mitohondrijalni put aktivacije apoptoze u jetri, dok UDH ispoljava antiapoptotski efekat i u intestinumu eksperimentalnih životinja sa holestazom. Ove dve žučne kiseline su u značajnoj meri modulirale ekspresiju gena uključenih u antioksidativnu za&scaron;titu, kao i aktivnost antioksidativnih enzima, u jetri i intestinumu eksperimentalnih životinja sa holestazom, ka nivoima ekspresije i aktivnosti kod zdravih, netretiranih životinja. Dok su UDH i MKH u dozi od 4 mg/kg ispoljile antiinflamatorno dejstvo u jetri i intestinumu smanjenjem ekspresije gena za proinflamatorni transkripcioni faktor NF-&kappa;B, primena HDH i MKH u dozi od 20 mg/kg je imala suprotan efekat. Na modelu HT-29 ćelijske linije adenokarcinoma kolona, utvrđeno je da polusintetska žučna kiselina MKH ispoljava značajno manju citotoksičnost u odnosu na HDH i ne&scaron;to veću citotoksičnost u odnosu na UDH. Epigenetski lek vorinostat je ispoljio sinergističko citotoksično dejstvo sa sve tri ispitivane žučne kiseline. Vorinostat je ostvario proapoptotski i antiproliferativni efekat u HT-29 ćelijama, koji je bio najizraženiji u kombinaciji sa MKH, s obzirom da je do&scaron;lo do značajnog povećanja odnosa ekspresije BAX i BCL2 gena i smanjenja ekspresije gena za marker proliferacije ciklin D1. Vorinostat je, takođe, značajno smanjio antioksidativni kapacitet HT-29 ćelija smanjenjem ekspresije NRF2 gena i sledstvenim smanjenjem ekspresije gena za antioksidativne enzime. HDH je dodatno smanjila, a MKH pobolj&scaron;ala antioksidativni kapacitet HT-29 ćelija modulacijom ekspresije NRF2 gena. U in vitro i in vivo sistemu u okviru ove doktorske disertacije je pokazano da, pored HDH kao poznatog endogenog agoniste FXR receptora, MKH takođe povećava ekspresiju gena za FXR i njegovog ciljnog gena za transkripcioni korepresor SHP, &scaron;to ukazuje da ova polusintetska žučna kiselina može da aktivira FXR. Osim toga, utvrđeno je da žučne kiseline ispoljavaju različite efekte prema ekspresiji gena za histon deacetilaze HDAC1 i HDAC2 u jetri i intestinumu eksperimentalnih životinja, kao i u HT-29 ćelijama karcinoma kolona, a jedino je UDH značajno smanjila ekspresiju gena za oba ispitivana enzima uključena u epigenetsku regulaciju ćelijskih procesa, i u isptivanim tkivima i HT-29 ćelijama. Rezultati na&scaron;eg rada ukazuju da bi se UDH i MKH mogle koristiti u hemoprevenciji karcinoma kolona u niskim dozama, s obzirom na utvrđene efekte u modulaciji ekspresije gena uključenih u procese apoptoze, oksidativnog stresa i inflamacije. Takođe, s obzirom na ostvaren sinergistički efekat žučnih kiselina sa epigenetskim antitumorskim agensom vorinostatom, otvara se mogućnost kombinovane farmakolo&scaron;ke strategije u terapiji solidnih tumora, koji u najvećem procentu pokazuju rezistenciju prema samom vorinostatu.</p> / <p>Bile acids act as signaling molecules in the organism and they are involved in the regulation of numerous metabolic, inflammatory and immunomodulatory processes. These endogenous compounds exert their effects mostly by binding and activation of nuclear receptors. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the main regulator of bile acid homeostasis, and has been shown to be significantly involved in processes of inflammation and carcinogenesis, primarily in the liver and intestinal tract. Activation of FXR receptor represents a significant pharmacological strategy for the treatment of cholestatic liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon carcinoma. The role of bile acids in signaling pathways regulating the cell cycle and contributing to the development or regression of malignancies is well determined, but the effects of these compounds on epigenetic mechanisms of key cellular processes regulation is yet to be elucidated. Given that the effects of bile acids are mostly determined by their polarity, the aim of our study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo effects of semi-synthetic keto derivative of cholic acid, 12-monoketocholic acid (MKC), in comparison to natural bile acids, hydrophobic chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) and hydrophilic ursodeoxycholic acid (UDC), on processes of apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, which are significant for both&nbsp; chemoprevention and therapy of colon cancer. Besides, the aim of our study was to examine the role of selected bile acids in the epigenetic regulation of these processes in colon cancer cells. In in vivo model of intrahepatic cholestasis in experimental animals, it has been demonstrated that UDC and MKC exhibit antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory effects in the liver and intestine. It was shown that UDC and MKC prevent the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis activation in the liver, while UDC exhibits an antiapoptotic effect in the intestine of experimental animals with cholestasis as well. These two bile acids significantly modulated the expression of genes involved in antioxidant protection, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes, in the liver and intestine of experimental animals with cholestasis, towards levels of expression and activity in healthy, untreated animals. While UDC and MKC at a low dose of 4 mg/kg exhibited an antiinflammatory effect in the liver and intestine by reducing the expression of the gene encoding the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-&kappa;B, the application of CDC and MKC at a high dose of 20 mg/kg exerted the opposite effect. In HT-29 human adenocarcinoma cell line, it has been demonstrated that semi-synthetic bile acid MKC exhibits significantly lower cytotoxicity than CDC and slightly higher cytotoxicity than UDC. The epigenetic drug vorinostat has exhibited a synergistic cytotoxic effect with all three investigated bile acids. Vorinostat exerted proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects in HT-29 cells, which were most pronounced in combination with MKC, as there was a significant increase in the ratio of BAX and BCL2 genes expression and a decrease of the proliferation marker cyclin D1 gene expression. Vorinostat also significantly reduced the antioxidant capacity of HT-29 cells by reducing the expression of NRF2 gene and consequently decreasing the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. CDC further reduced, while MKC improved the antioxidant capacity of HT-29 cells by modulating the expression of NRF2 gene. In both in vitro and in vivo systems, it was demonstrated that, in addition to CDC as a known endogenous FXR agonist, MKC also increased the expression of the gene encoding FXR, and FXR target gene encoding transcriptional co-repressor SHP as well, indicating that this semi-synthetic bile acid can also activate FXR. Besides, bile acids have been shown to exert distinct effects on the expression of the histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2 gene in the liver and intestine of experimental animals, and in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Only UDC significantly reduced the expression of the genes for both studied enzymes involved in the epigenetic regulation of cell processes, in both tissues and HT-29 cells. The results of our work indicate that UDC and MKC could be used in chemoprevention of colon cancer at low doses, considering determined effects in the modulation of expression of the genes involved in processes of apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, synergistic effects of bile acids with the epigenetic antitumor agent vorinostat open up the possibility of a combined pharmacological strategy in the treatment of solid tumors, which are at the high percentage resistant to the effects of vorinostat alone.</p>