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The Rainbow Nation is a critical analysis of the notions of community in the thinking of Desmond Tutu. An attempt is being made in this study to demonstrate that the ideal of the Rainbow Nation –an inclusive human community- is a defining motif in Tutu's theological and biblical hermeneutical work. The main discussion in the research project begins by raising a fundamental question which serves as the basis for an analytical construct to examine Tutu's understanding and view of community. The second part of this study focuses on Tutu's early life experiences of community within the South African context. Tutu's writings, sermons, public addresses and statements are systematically and chronologically arranged and presented. This study concludes that Tutu's theology against the apartheid system and his vision for new South Africa, the Rainbow Nation- an inclusive South African Community- rests on triadic doctrines: The Imago Dei, creation of man in the image of God, The Delicate Networks of Interdependence (African Spirit of Ubuntu) and Ecclesiology, which represents the kingdom of God on earth. It is no wonder that out of an oppressive condition Tutu sought a universal vision of inclusive humanity which transcends the barriers of race, class, tribe, ethnicity, religion and other forms of sectarianism. The fundamental problem addressed here, is the notions of community. Its importance and relevance lies in its examination of his approach to the logical development understanding, and realisation of the ideal of the Rainbow Nation. A serious contention in this study is that a critical analysis of the problem in Tutu's thinking can yield insight into the conception, character and realisation of a more inclusive, loving and caring human community. However the author of this study is aware of the fact that one cannot possibly exhaust all the salient aspects of the rainbow nation as a model of an inclusive human community. What this study is attempting to provide here is the insight into the thinking of Desmond Tutu that makes contribution to the discussion of the realisation of the beloved human community. The model of human inclusive community proposed here is functional not contemplative theoretical. Human inclusive community has always been a dynamic force and has social implications which cannot all be covered by this study. / Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

The Rainbow Nation is a critical analysis of the notions of community in the thinking of Desmond Tutu. An attempt is being made in this study to demonstrate that the ideal of the Rainbow Nation –an inclusive human community- is a defining motif in Tutu's theological and biblical hermeneutical work. The main discussion in the research project begins by raising a fundamental question which serves as the basis for an analytical construct to examine Tutu's understanding and view of community. The second part of this study focuses on Tutu's early life experiences of community within the South African context. Tutu's writings, sermons, public addresses and statements are systematically and chronologically arranged and presented. This study concludes that Tutu's theology against the apartheid system and his vision for new South Africa, the Rainbow Nation- an inclusive South African Community- rests on triadic doctrines: The Imago Dei, creation of man in the image of God, The Delicate Networks of Interdependence (African Spirit of Ubuntu) and Ecclesiology, which represents the kingdom of God on earth. It is no wonder that out of an oppressive condition Tutu sought a universal vision of inclusive humanity which transcends the barriers of race, class, tribe, ethnicity, religion and other forms of sectarianism. The fundamental problem addressed here, is the notions of community. Its importance and relevance lies in its examination of his approach to the logical development understanding, and realisation of the ideal of the Rainbow Nation. A serious contention in this study is that a critical analysis of the problem in Tutu's thinking can yield insight into the conception, character and realisation of a more inclusive, loving and caring human community. However the author of this study is aware of the fact that one cannot possibly exhaust all the salient aspects of the rainbow nation as a model of an inclusive human community. What this study is attempting to provide here is the insight into the thinking of Desmond Tutu that makes contribution to the discussion of the realisation of the beloved human community. The model of human inclusive community proposed here is functional not contemplative theoretical. Human inclusive community has always been a dynamic force and has social implications which cannot all be covered by this study. / Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

Text in German / Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung geht von der Beobachtung aus, dass die postmoderne Gesellschaft tendenziell isolierend auf die Menschen wirkt. Demgegenüber wohnt der Kirche ein Gemeinschaftspotential inne, das eine greifbare Alternative für vereinsamte Menschen anbieten kann. Diese Untersuchung stellt nun die zentrale Frage, wie die Kirche ihr gemeinschaftsförderndes Potential effektiver in die Gesellschaft einbringen kann. Hierzu werden zunächst die soziologischen und theologischen Voraussetzungen geklärt, denen dann, anhand einer begrenzten empirischen Studie, praktische Erfahrungen von Menschen mit kirchlicher Gemeinschaft an die Seite gestellt werden. Zuletzt wird die zeitgenössische Gemeindebauliteratur vergleichend herangezogen, um schlussendlich die zentrale Frage dieser Untersuchung mit einigen praktischen Vorgehensvorschlägen zu beantworten. Summary of Dissertation This study has its roots in the observation, that the postmodern society has a tendency to isolate the people. In contrast to this, the church has an inherent potential of community, which can offer a concrete alternative for isolated people. This study now asks the central question, how the church can be enabled to bring their community-promoting potential more effectively into the society. For this, firstly the sociological and theological conditions are clarified, to which then, on the basis of a limited empirical study, practical experiences of people with church community are placed beside. At last, the contemporary literature of church growth is consulted comparatively, in order to finally answer the central question of this study by some practical procedure suggestions. / Practical Theology / M.Th. (Practical Theology)

The rapid changes in the world of work today have resulted in the paradigm shift from standard to non-standard types of employment. These changes are intimately connected with the world of the economy that has brought extreme inequalities between rich and poor in the world. First, the primary objective of this thesis is to discuss the concept of work in the context of the paradigm shift using Karl Marx's concept of alienation manifested within a capitalist society driven by the institutions of economic globalization. This paradigm shift has seen an increase in casualization of work across the globe. The thesis provides an analysis of the contemporary changes in countries like Brazil, Argentina, Japan and South Africa. These changes have influenced the International Labour Organization (ILO) to reflect on the alternative types of work that are dignified hence its call for the adoption of decent work by affiliated countries. Second, the thesis explores the concept of decent work as proposed by the ILO. The thesis deals comprehensively with the four components of decent work analysing its relevance to the world of work today. In addition, the thesis critically analyses South Africa‟s New Growth Path as a policy framework designed to ensure the realization of decent work. Third, the thesis proposes a theology of decent work as an alternative to a paradigm shift from standard to non-standard type employment. Using the Contextual Bible Study (CBS) as a tool for liberation theology the thesis argues vehemently for an alternative type of employment. It provides the tools for churches and ecumenical organizations to speak theologically and prophetically about work today. Economic Globalization Casualization Decent Work Contextual Bible Study (CBS) and Theology. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

Text in German / Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung geht von der Beobachtung aus, dass die postmoderne Gesellschaft tendenziell isolierend auf die Menschen wirkt. Demgegenüber wohnt der Kirche ein Gemeinschaftspotential inne, das eine greifbare Alternative für vereinsamte Menschen anbieten kann. Diese Untersuchung stellt nun die zentrale Frage, wie die Kirche ihr gemeinschaftsförderndes Potential effektiver in die Gesellschaft einbringen kann. Hierzu werden zunächst die soziologischen und theologischen Voraussetzungen geklärt, denen dann, anhand einer begrenzten empirischen Studie, praktische Erfahrungen von Menschen mit kirchlicher Gemeinschaft an die Seite gestellt werden. Zuletzt wird die zeitgenössische Gemeindebauliteratur vergleichend herangezogen, um schlussendlich die zentrale Frage dieser Untersuchung mit einigen praktischen Vorgehensvorschlägen zu beantworten. Summary of Dissertation This study has its roots in the observation, that the postmodern society has a tendency to isolate the people. In contrast to this, the church has an inherent potential of community, which can offer a concrete alternative for isolated people. This study now asks the central question, how the church can be enabled to bring their community-promoting potential more effectively into the society. For this, firstly the sociological and theological conditions are clarified, to which then, on the basis of a limited empirical study, practical experiences of people with church community are placed beside. At last, the contemporary literature of church growth is consulted comparatively, in order to finally answer the central question of this study by some practical procedure suggestions. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Practical Theology)

Text in German / We live in a time of postmodern influence which proclaims that there are no absolute values and all opinions are equal. Consequently it is thought that no one can judge whether something is right or wrong. But, according to the Bible`s instructions, that is exactly what we should do. We shouldn’t conform to the world, but let God change our thinking and being. This is the only way to recognize right or wrong (Romans 12:2). As Christians we have been commissioned by Jesus to carry the gospel into all the world and to lead people to become his followers. For this reason we have to ask the question in this age of how the gospel can be made plausible in a postmodern context and how Christian values can be made understood. H-P Hempelmann has already dealt with such questions intensively. For this reason, this thesis will, among other things, examine his apologetic method. / Wir leben in einer Zeit postmoderner Einflüsse, in der dafür eingetreten wird, dass es keine absoluten Werte gibt und alle Meinungen gleichwertig sind. Dies hat zur Folge, dass angeblich keiner mehr beurteilen kann, ob etwas richtig oder falsch ist. Doch genau dies sollen wir nach den Anweisungen der Bibel tun. Wir sollen uns nicht der Welt anpassen, sondern unser Denken und Wesen von Gott verändern lassen. Nur auf diese Weise ist es möglich, zu erkennen, was richtig oder falsch ist (Röm 12,2). Als Christen haben wir von Jesus Christus den Auftrag erhalten, das Evangelium in alle Welt hinauszutragen und Menschen in seine Nachfolge zu führen. Aus diesem Grund stellt sich in der heutigen Zeit die Frage, wie das Evangelium im postmodernen Kontext plausibilisiert werden kann und wie christliche Werte verständlich gemacht werden können. Heinzpeter Hempelmann hat sich bereits sehr intensiv mit solchen Fragen auseinandergesetzt. Deshalb wird in dieser Arbeit u.a. sein apologetischer Ansatz überprüft. / Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)

Text in German / We live in a time of postmodern influence which proclaims that there are no absolute values and all opinions are equal. Consequently it is thought that no one can judge whether something is right or wrong. But, according to the Bible`s instructions, that is exactly what we should do. We shouldn’t conform to the world, but let God change our thinking and being. This is the only way to recognize right or wrong (Romans 12:2). As Christians we have been commissioned by Jesus to carry the gospel into all the world and to lead people to become his followers. For this reason we have to ask the question in this age of how the gospel can be made plausible in a postmodern context and how Christian values can be made understood. H-P Hempelmann has already dealt with such questions intensively. For this reason, this thesis will, among other things, examine his apologetic method. / Wir leben in einer Zeit postmoderner Einflüsse, in der dafür eingetreten wird, dass es keine absoluten Werte gibt und alle Meinungen gleichwertig sind. Dies hat zur Folge, dass angeblich keiner mehr beurteilen kann, ob etwas richtig oder falsch ist. Doch genau dies sollen wir nach den Anweisungen der Bibel tun. Wir sollen uns nicht der Welt anpassen, sondern unser Denken und Wesen von Gott verändern lassen. Nur auf diese Weise ist es möglich, zu erkennen, was richtig oder falsch ist (Röm 12,2). Als Christen haben wir von Jesus Christus den Auftrag erhalten, das Evangelium in alle Welt hinauszutragen und Menschen in seine Nachfolge zu führen. Aus diesem Grund stellt sich in der heutigen Zeit die Frage, wie das Evangelium im postmodernen Kontext plausibilisiert werden kann und wie christliche Werte verständlich gemacht werden können. Heinzpeter Hempelmann hat sich bereits sehr intensiv mit solchen Fragen auseinandergesetzt. Deshalb wird in dieser Arbeit u.a. sein apologetischer Ansatz überprüft. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)

Este estudo busca trazer elementos para explicar a crise que dissolveu a Unilabor, uma experiência autogestionária operária única a seu tempo, em São Paulo, através da análise da documentação interna da empresa, das informações prestadas por alguns dos participantes, entrevistados, e pelo recurso à hipótese de prevalência de uma racionalidade instrumental, a certa altura dos acontecimentos, em lugar da racionalidade substantiva pressuposta nos fundamentos da comunidade. Os elementos para a formulação e exame dessa hipótese provêm das teorias marxistas do trabalho, conforme reformuladas e atualizadas por autores como Robert Kurz, Roberto Schwarz, Moishe Postone, Jürgen Habermas, André Gorz e Ricardo Antunes, os quais, mesmo não uniformemente, apontam os elementos atuais de uma crise da categoria \'trabalho\' como elemento central da formação da riqueza. Também os conceitos de comunidade, solidariedade, esperança e amizade, conforme expostos e analisados por Giorgio Agamben e Terry Eagleton, servirão para problematizar as conclusões do trabalho. O aspecto estético, consubstanciado no desenho industrial utilizado nos móveis produzidos pela Unilabor, aparece como fundamento secundário da hipótese de insuficiência substantiva apresentada, pois pretendeu ser fator pedagógico, portanto de aprendizado de ofício, para os operários envolvidos na autogestão. Tal programa estético, tanto quanto a solidariedade, a amizade e a racionalidade substantiva, também mostrou-se insuficiente para a manutenção dos laços comunitários. / This study aims to gather elements to explain the crisis that dissolved Unilabor, a workers\' self-management experience in São Paulo that was unique in its time, through the analysis of the company\'s internal documentation, through information provided by some of the participants who were interviewed, as well as by resorting to the hypothesis of prevalence of an instrumental rationality, at one point, in place of the substantive rationality assumed in the fundamentals of the community. The elements for the formulation and analysis of this hypothesis come from Marxist theories of labor, as reformulated and updated by authors such as Robert Kurz, Roberto Schwarz, Moishe Postone, Jürgen Habermas, André Gorz, and Ricardo Antunes, who, albeit not uniformly, have pointed out the current elements of a crisis of the category \'work\' as a central element in the creation of wealth. Additionally, the concepts of community, solidarity, hope, and friendship, as defined and analyzed by Giorgio Agamben, and Terry Eagleton will be used to open the conclusions of this paper up to discussion. The aesthetic aspect, embodied in the industrial design of the furniture produced by Unilabor is present as a background for the substantive insufficiency hypothesis that is presented, since it intends to function as a factor that is pedagogical, thus concerning the learning of one\'s craft by workers involved in the self-management. This aesthetic program, as much as the solidarity, friendship, and substantive rationality, also proved to be insufficient for the maintenance of community ties.

Este estudo busca trazer elementos para explicar a crise que dissolveu a Unilabor, uma experiência autogestionária operária única a seu tempo, em São Paulo, através da análise da documentação interna da empresa, das informações prestadas por alguns dos participantes, entrevistados, e pelo recurso à hipótese de prevalência de uma racionalidade instrumental, a certa altura dos acontecimentos, em lugar da racionalidade substantiva pressuposta nos fundamentos da comunidade. Os elementos para a formulação e exame dessa hipótese provêm das teorias marxistas do trabalho, conforme reformuladas e atualizadas por autores como Robert Kurz, Roberto Schwarz, Moishe Postone, Jürgen Habermas, André Gorz e Ricardo Antunes, os quais, mesmo não uniformemente, apontam os elementos atuais de uma crise da categoria \'trabalho\' como elemento central da formação da riqueza. Também os conceitos de comunidade, solidariedade, esperança e amizade, conforme expostos e analisados por Giorgio Agamben e Terry Eagleton, servirão para problematizar as conclusões do trabalho. O aspecto estético, consubstanciado no desenho industrial utilizado nos móveis produzidos pela Unilabor, aparece como fundamento secundário da hipótese de insuficiência substantiva apresentada, pois pretendeu ser fator pedagógico, portanto de aprendizado de ofício, para os operários envolvidos na autogestão. Tal programa estético, tanto quanto a solidariedade, a amizade e a racionalidade substantiva, também mostrou-se insuficiente para a manutenção dos laços comunitários. / This study aims to gather elements to explain the crisis that dissolved Unilabor, a workers\' self-management experience in São Paulo that was unique in its time, through the analysis of the company\'s internal documentation, through information provided by some of the participants who were interviewed, as well as by resorting to the hypothesis of prevalence of an instrumental rationality, at one point, in place of the substantive rationality assumed in the fundamentals of the community. The elements for the formulation and analysis of this hypothesis come from Marxist theories of labor, as reformulated and updated by authors such as Robert Kurz, Roberto Schwarz, Moishe Postone, Jürgen Habermas, André Gorz, and Ricardo Antunes, who, albeit not uniformly, have pointed out the current elements of a crisis of the category \'work\' as a central element in the creation of wealth. Additionally, the concepts of community, solidarity, hope, and friendship, as defined and analyzed by Giorgio Agamben, and Terry Eagleton will be used to open the conclusions of this paper up to discussion. The aesthetic aspect, embodied in the industrial design of the furniture produced by Unilabor is present as a background for the substantive insufficiency hypothesis that is presented, since it intends to function as a factor that is pedagogical, thus concerning the learning of one\'s craft by workers involved in the self-management. This aesthetic program, as much as the solidarity, friendship, and substantive rationality, also proved to be insufficient for the maintenance of community ties.