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O presente trabalho busca compreender como o Informe do Padre jesuíta Francisco de Figueroa, a respeito dos índios das Missões de Maynas, na Amazônia, se adequa às determinações impostas às atividades evangelizadoras no conjunto sul-americano pelos três primeiros Concílios de Lima, ocorridos entre 1551 e 1583. O objeto de estudo serão as relações de aproximação e de identificação das práticas missionárias no contexto da cristianização dos povos amazônicos da região de Maynas com os decretos das sessões conciliares limenses por meio da análise da situação das missões feita por Figueroa em seu relato. As fontes para este trabalho são o informe do Padre Figueroa, redigido entre os anos de 1659 a 1661 e republicado na coleção Monumenta Amazónica em 1986 e os decretos conciliares de Lima completos publicados por Rubén Vargas Ugarte em 1951 e por Francesco Leonardo Lisi em 1990, disponíveis em castelhano e latim na Biblioteca Provincial dos Redentoristas. / This study aims to understand how the Report of the Jesuit Father Francisco de Figueroa, about the Indians of the missions of Maynas, in the Amazon, suits to the determinations imposed on evangelizing activities in the South American group the first three councils of Lima, occurred between 1551 and 1583. The object of study will be the relations of approaching and identification of the missionary practices in the context of Christianization of Amazonian tribes of Maynas region with the decrees of Lima´s council sessions by analyzing the situation of the missions made by Figueroa in his report. The sources for this work are the report of Father Figueroa, written between the years 1659-1661 and republished in Monumenta Amazónica collection in 1986 and the complete conciliar decrees of Lima Councils published by Rubén Vargas Ugarte in 1951, and by Francesco Leonardo Lisi in 1990, available in Spanish and Latin in the Provincial Library of the Redemptorists.

O presente trabalho busca compreender como o Informe do Padre jesuíta Francisco de Figueroa, a respeito dos índios das Missões de Maynas, na Amazônia, se adequa às determinações impostas às atividades evangelizadoras no conjunto sul-americano pelos três primeiros Concílios de Lima, ocorridos entre 1551 e 1583. O objeto de estudo serão as relações de aproximação e de identificação das práticas missionárias no contexto da cristianização dos povos amazônicos da região de Maynas com os decretos das sessões conciliares limenses por meio da análise da situação das missões feita por Figueroa em seu relato. As fontes para este trabalho são o informe do Padre Figueroa, redigido entre os anos de 1659 a 1661 e republicado na coleção Monumenta Amazónica em 1986 e os decretos conciliares de Lima completos publicados por Rubén Vargas Ugarte em 1951 e por Francesco Leonardo Lisi em 1990, disponíveis em castelhano e latim na Biblioteca Provincial dos Redentoristas. / This study aims to understand how the Report of the Jesuit Father Francisco de Figueroa, about the Indians of the missions of Maynas, in the Amazon, suits to the determinations imposed on evangelizing activities in the South American group the first three councils of Lima, occurred between 1551 and 1583. The object of study will be the relations of approaching and identification of the missionary practices in the context of Christianization of Amazonian tribes of Maynas region with the decrees of Lima´s council sessions by analyzing the situation of the missions made by Figueroa in his report. The sources for this work are the report of Father Figueroa, written between the years 1659-1661 and republished in Monumenta Amazónica collection in 1986 and the complete conciliar decrees of Lima Councils published by Rubén Vargas Ugarte in 1951, and by Francesco Leonardo Lisi in 1990, available in Spanish and Latin in the Provincial Library of the Redemptorists.

<p>The written sources concerning the process of christianization in Sweden has for a long time been limited to two main texts, Rimberts vita of St. Ansgarius and Adam of Bremen´s History of the bishops of Hamburg. This is due to a rigid source criticism in the beginning of the 20th century, which put other material – in particular the norse sagas – out of consideration. The last twenty years however, new questions have been raised concerning the christianization, partly because of new archaeological findings, new interpretations of the significance of runic stones and the recent debate about the formation of the Swedish medieval kingdom. The subject has been discussed from many different angles, and with a lot of scholarly effort.</p><p>This text raises the question whether the christianization of Sweden was a peaceful or violent process, and investigates the possibility of answering the question through an analysis of all the relevant written material available and in the light of recent archaeological findings. There are several methodological problems pertaining to written material from the early middle ages which are raised and discussed. The sources are initially presented from a critical viewpoint, and then the material is analyzed with a matrix construed from the categories Wortmission, Tatmission, and Schwertmission, each with subdivisions drawn from the texts. The author contends that the source material conclusively supports that the christianization was a violent process and also a fairly rapid one.</p>

The written sources concerning the process of christianization in Sweden has for a long time been limited to two main texts, Rimberts vita of St. Ansgarius and Adam of Bremen´s History of the bishops of Hamburg. This is due to a rigid source criticism in the beginning of the 20th century, which put other material – in particular the norse sagas – out of consideration. The last twenty years however, new questions have been raised concerning the christianization, partly because of new archaeological findings, new interpretations of the significance of runic stones and the recent debate about the formation of the Swedish medieval kingdom. The subject has been discussed from many different angles, and with a lot of scholarly effort. This text raises the question whether the christianization of Sweden was a peaceful or violent process, and investigates the possibility of answering the question through an analysis of all the relevant written material available and in the light of recent archaeological findings. There are several methodological problems pertaining to written material from the early middle ages which are raised and discussed. The sources are initially presented from a critical viewpoint, and then the material is analyzed with a matrix construed from the categories Wortmission, Tatmission, and Schwertmission, each with subdivisions drawn from the texts. The author contends that the source material conclusively supports that the christianization was a violent process and also a fairly rapid one.

This paper aims to give an account of, and to discuss the view-points and theories of different researchers on the christianization of Sweden, especially the province of Öland, during the early middle ages. Its purpose is to investigate how, and in what sense, their positions can be said to correspond to what we may know of the historical “facts”. This will be possible by comparing different points of view with a study of the development in a single parish. An overall difficulty however, is the nature of the sources relating to the time in question, they are scarce or even non-existent. Part I of the paper consists of an outline of the field of research and the different theories put forward on the subject. The account is thematic, since there are several different problematic areas linked to the subject of Sweden’s christianization that each needs separate attention – though they all are, of course, interrelated. The account continues in part II, but with the focus on the iron-age society of Öland, its social, administrative and economic structure, and the major societal change that occurred roughly around AD 1000 – a change wherein the christianization was an important aspect. Part III consists of a micro-study of Föra parish in the north of Öland through the years 400-1300 approximately. Finally, part IV gives a summary and the results of the study in part III are compared to relevant theories and view-points discussed in parts I and II. The conclusions that can be drawn from the comparison are A) Some of the view-points can be seen as tentatively confirmed (and some others as refuted), and B) An extended comparative approach could serve as an instrument for shaping theoretical models with a higher level of generality, since the comparison also shows that the results of historical research often is governed by a theoretical bias, even when empirical material is incomplete, corroborated or contradictory to the results.

Historians have written extensively about the process of Christianization within the Kongo nation, as well as among the Native Americans of Lower Canada. Scholars agree that this process was disparate across the Atlantic World. This paper explores the process within each region through the analysis of two dominant missionary accounts representing each region during the late seventeenth century. These missionary accounts are joined with the stories of Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and Catherine Tegahkouita, two notable indigenous Christians from each region. A comparative analysis of Kongo and Lower Canada reveals that the process of Christianization is highly dependent upon the social and political location of its indigenous converts. This paper argues that the experience of Christianization among indigenous people was neither homogenous across nations nor within them.

Nesse projeto apresentamos o desenvolvimento da proposta de estudo sobre o processo de cristianização dos espaços, tendo como objeto central de análise a coleção de lamparinas escavadas no sítio arqueológico de Apollonia-Arsuf, Israel. Constata-se que as lamparinas concernentes ao período de dominação romana na Palestina encontram-se mutiladas na parte relativa às cenas figurativas do paganismo. Artefatos cujo período de atividade estende-se do século I ao século III d.C.. O conhecimento e análise da citada coleção, tanto nos níveis formal quanto imagético, contribui para uma caracterização e maior conhecimento do paradoxo que circunda nosso objeto. A investigação permite questionamentos sobre a construção do orbis romanorum e as relações estabelecidas dentro desse âmbito. / In this project I present the development of the research about the process of early Christianization in Roman Palestine via the analysis of Roman-period discus lamps retrieved from the archaeological site of Apollonia-Arsuf (Israel). It appears that the discus lamps that came from Roman Apollonia, of the late 1st to 3rd century AD, had the usual pagan and erotic moulded figurative scenes on the upper body intentionally broken away. The knowledge and analysis of this assemblage of hundreds of lamps, both through form and imagery contributes to a better understanding and characterization of the paradox that surrounds our subject of study. The research thus allows questions about the construction of orbis Romanorum and the relations established within this framework.

The following study seeks to explore the subjects of Christianisation and Christian identity during the transitional period of the fourth century from an ecclesiological perspective, and argues that the very question of Christian identity is, indeed, an ecclesiological one. It approaches the subject through the writings of Cyril of Jerusalem, specifically his Catechetical Lectures, the earliest complete catechetical programme that has come down to us, making it an invaluable resource for anyone hoping to understand the Catholic Church's efforts to preserve and construct its identity in the wake of Constantine's formal conversion to its faith. Moreover, Cyril, who became bishop of the Holy City around 350, affords us a unique perspective on the question at hand, teaching as he did from the 'very centre of the earth', following the creation of a Christian holy land and pilgrimage centre in the midst of what remained a largely pagan province, and in a city still central to Judaism. The ability to possess the sites and relics associated with the life of Christ and the Prophets for the first time in Christian history not only made the drama of salvation tangible in Jerusalem like nowhere else, but raised new and important questions around the extent to which this sacred topography was compatible with Christianity's departure from the temple-centred worship of the Old Testament. It also provides valuable insight into the relationship between the local and the universal as regards notions of the Church's catholicity, Cyril's definition of &kappa;&alpha;&theta;&omicron;&lambda;&iota;&kappa;? in his eighteenth lecture arguably being the earliest. Membership of the Church, and therefore Christian identity, is for Cyril primarily ontological, defined and effected through mysteriological participation, with baptism - the believer's death, rebirth, and union with Christ - representing the dividing line between insider and outsider, a fact enforced by the so-called Disciplina Arcani, by which all knowledge of the Church's sacraments were jealously guarded from the unbaptised. The thesis explores how this notion of ontological membership underpins and informs Cyril's dealings with the various groups against which he sought to define his own community - the Greeks, Jews, and heretics - while also looking at the ecclesiological significance of the baptismal act itself.

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