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This is a study of the Christianisation of the built environment: the physical manifestation of the transition from paganism to Christianity in the Greek East. The core of this thesis comprises an archaeological exploration of temple conversion in terms of structural mechanics, logistics, chronology and socio-political implications. This work provides a re-assessmenot f the fate of the temples- their deconsecration,d estruction, preservation, abandonment and re-utilisation - by supplementing and questioning the historical record through reference to the wealth of available archaeological evidence. Detailed chapters on the mechanics and chronology of particular forms of conversion scenario illustrate the emergence of an architectural vocabulary of temple conversion from the middle of the Sth century. In order to assess the impact of change on a local level, these primary issues are addressed through the archaeology of provincial Cilicia. This sheds new light on several well-known temple conversions and raises important questions about those for which the evidence is less conclusive. It is through this kind of regional study that the variability in the fate of temples is realised and increasingly attributed not to the influence of a particular piece of legislation, but to local and regional circumstances and context. Detailed studies of individual sites have also enabled the formulation of a methodological critique for the identification of the sites of temple conversion in their various manifestations: from complete incorporation of the temple remains, to piecemeal appropriation of individual architectural elements. Archaeological, historical and epigraphical evidence from over 250 structures in which the influence of a pre-existing temple has been detected, have been incorporated into a highly detailed database, providing a platform for information management and the analysis of trends in the fate of the temples. By looking beyond the subjective narratives of the primary historical sources, this thesis demonstrates that the archaeological evidence can provide us with a deeper understanding of the complexity and variability of temple conversion as it occurred in individual urban contexts. This has enabled the formulation of a more coherent picture of its significance and situation in the cultural and physical transfonnation of the late antique city.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Ce travail est une synthèse de tous les éléments concrets permettant de confirmer la christianisation du Sud de la Lusitanie entre le IVe et le début du VIIIe siècle. Les sources documentaires étant déjà connues, nous avons donc choisi d’étudier et de réunir les données archéologiques, les éléments architecturaux et les inscriptions comme faisant partie d’une seule et même histoire, celle de la lente installation de la religion chrétienne. La première partie est un catalogue (inédit) et son commentaire, de tous les lieux à présence paléochrétienne découverts jusqu’à nos jours dans l’actuel Alentejo, mettant l’accent sur l’analyse du matériel inédit de trois sites essentiels : le matériel des fouilles portugaises des nécropoles et de la basilique de Torre de Palma (Monforte), le matériel architectural de la nécropole paléochrétienne de Silveirona (Estremoz), le relevé intégral du baptistère de Vila Verde de Ficalho (Serpa). La seconde partie se concentre sur l’étude stylistique des motifs décoratifs des éléments architecturaux de cette période, découvrant ainsi les spécificités régionales au sein de la grande école de la capitale Augusta Emerita ainsi que de la Péninsule Ibérique, tandis que la troisième partie s’intéresse à l’étude de l’épigraphie funéraire. Nous terminons enfin sur le questionnement même de la « christianisation » : jusqu’à quel point pouvons-nous appréhender, à travers la culture matérielle, une question aussi délicate comme l’adhésion à cette foi nouvelle. / This thesis is a synthesis of all the concrete elements which confirm the Christianisation of South Lusitania between the 4th and the beginning of the 8th century. Given that the documentary sources are already known, we have chosen to study and to gather all the archaeological data, the architectural elements and the paleochristian inscriptions as being part of the same history, that of the slow adoption of the Christian religion.The first part presents the first ever synthesis of all the places with Christian presence which have so far been discovered in the current area of Alentejo. The emphasis is on the analysis of unpublished material of three essential sites: the elements of Portuguese excavations of the necropolis and basilica of Torre de Palma (Monforte), the architectural equipment of the necropolis of Silveirona (Estremoz) and the complete record of the baptistery of Vila Verde de Ficalho (Serpa). The second part focuses on the stylistic study of the decorative motives of Christian churches and uncovers the various regional styles within the great architectural school of the capital Augusta Emerita and of the Iberian Peninsula. The third part concentrates on the study of funerary epigraphy. Finally, the questioning of 'Christianisation' itself is explored. In particular, to what extent it is possible to understand, via the material culture, such a delicate question as the following of a new faith.

La présente recherche aborde la christianisation et l’intégration culturelle de la Livonie et de l’Estonie au sein du mouvement des croisades baltiques aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles. Plus précisément, le but de ce projet est de comprendre si la conversion de la Livonie médiévale entre 1180 et 1226 fut seulement issue de la violence des croisés, comme le laisse supposer une grande partie de l’historiographie actuelle, ou bien si elle ne fut pas plutôt le résultat à la fois de la force des armes et des stratégies plus pacifiques employées par les missionnaires. Pour répondre à cette question, une analyse approfondie du Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae ainsi que de la Livländische Reimchronik s’avère nécessaire. Par la démonstration du caractère indissociable des branches religieuses et militaires ayant oeuvré en territoire baltique, il sera démontré que les hommes d’Église ainsi que les hommes d’armes collaborèrent la majeure partie du temps lors de cette entreprise. Que cela soit pour évangéliser la population ou bien sacraliser le sol, tant les ordres militaires, les croisés que les missionnaires et les évêques reposaient les uns sur les autres pour pouvoir parachever leur mission : la christianisation de ce territoire jugé hostile et de sa population. Sans les militaires, l’Église n’aurait su se faire entendre des Livoniens, et sans les religieux, les soldats n’auraient pu avoir d’emprise durable sur le sol ni intégrer ce dernier à la chrétienté occidentale.

This thesis examines and analyzes the extant archaeological, historical, and literary evidence for the beliefs and practices of the Greenland Norse, their influences, and their evolution over time. By critically examining previously held assumptions about the cultural, climatic, and religious conditions of Greenland during this time the available data is placed in its proper context and reveals the geoconceptual world of the Greenlanders and their place in it. This interdisciplinary approach illustrates the extent to which the physical environment and location of Greenland played a role in the transition from a collective of enterprising colonists to an established Christian community over the course of almost 500 years. Specific questions addressed within include: 1 ­ How does archaeology challenge, support, or augment the historical and literary narrative of Greenland’s transition into a Christian place?; 2 – What are the physical correlates of the Greenlanders’ beliefs and practices, and how have they been interpreted? This thesis finds that the development of Christianity was driven by the Greenlanders’ increasing perception of their place in the world as one of marginality and spiritual danger.

Pas de résumé français / Pas de résumé anglais

This thesis analyzes the Christianisation process of the Roman Empire from the time of Constantine the Great to that of Justinian. The purposes of the ecumenical councils and the codes on the religious issues will be discussed in the framework of the religious policies of the emperors in that time. Between the time of Constantine and that of Justinian the Roman Empire became Christian Roman Empire. The Christianisation of the Roman Empire will be dealt with both from the religious and political point of view in this thesis.

The work is devoted to elucidating the process of Christianisation of the last pagan region in Europe – Samogitia as a process of overcoming paganism or depaganisation in the 15th – 16th centuries. The main problem is a chronological difference in the conceptions that has existed in historiography for 500 years between what is considered to be the end of Samogitia’s Christianisation. This problem is solved, first of all, at a theoretical level taking over the conception of “conversion” from Western historiography applied to both political changes during the Christianisation period (the “official conversion”) and to the epoch of the society’s transformation from a pagan society into a Christian one (“conversion” in a broad sense). Attempts are made in the thesis to show the main phases of Samogitia’s early Christianisation beginning with the stage of mission Christianisation whose main historical fact is Jeronimas Prahiškis’ mission in 1401–1404 that ended in the last victory of paganism. During the period of the “official conversion”, which encompasses baptising campaigns and the establishment of a diocese, the factor of paganism manifested itself in the pagan reaction – in the 1418 revolt, which failed to terminate the processes supervised by the international forum of that time – the Council of Constance. The end of the conversion in a broad sense is assessed according to the following indicators: the density of the network of parishes, the facts of the last baptisms of... [to full text] / Darbas skirtas paskutinio Europoje pagoniško regiono – Žemaitijos christianizacijos kaip pagonybės įveikos arba depagonizacijos proceso XV–XVI a. išsiaiškinimui. Pagrindinė problema – istoriografijoje egzistuojantis 500 metų chronologinis sampratų skirtumas tarp to, kas laikoma Žemaitijos christianizacijos pabaiga. Ši problema sprendžiama pirmiausia teoriniame lygmenyje, perimant iš Vakarų istoriografijos „konversijos“ sąvoką, taikomą tiek christianizacijos politinių permainų laikotarpiui („oficialioji konversija“), tiek visuomenės virsmo iš pagoniškos į krikščionišką epochai („konversija“ plačiąja prasme). Disertacijoje siekiama parodyti pagrindinius Žemaitijos ankstyvosios christianizacijos tarpsnius, pradedant misijiniu christianizacijos etapu, kurios pagrindinis istorinis faktas yra Jeronimo Prahiškio misija 1401–1404 m., pasibaigusi paskutine pagonybės pergale. „Oficialiosios konversijos“ lūžyje, kuris apima krikštijimo akcijas ir vyskupijos įkūrimą, pagoniškasis veiksnys pasireiškė pagoniška reakcija – 1418 m. maištu, kuris vis dėlto nebenutraukė to meto tarptautinio forumo – Konstanco bažnytinio susirinkimo kuruojamo proceso. Konversijos plačiąja prasme pabaiga yra įvertinama pagal tokius rodiklius: parapijų tinklo tankis, paskutinių suaugusiųjų krikštijimų faktai, bažnyčių lankymo socialinės kontrolės sistemos faktai, dievų sąrašų bei pagoniškų praktikų liudijimai. Visi šie rodikliai leidžia teigti, kad XVII a. pradžią galima laikyti Žemaitijos konversijos pabaiga.