Orientador: Stephen Hyslop / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T14:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_IgorRappFerreirada_M.pdf: 2311174 bytes, checksum: c1f5a65bf448cb7a06bd5d1b0764ad1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O envenenamento causado por Bothrops jararaca pode resultar em dor local, edema, hemorragia e mionecrose, parcialmente causados por SVMPs. Neste trabalho, descrevemos a caracterização da BJ-PI2, uma metaloprotease da classe P-I da peçonha de B. jararaca e suas ações em tecidos locais. BJ-PI2 foi purificada por uma combinação cromatográfica de gel-filtração, troca aniônica e fase reversa em HPLC, e identificada por espectrometria de massas. As atividades coagulante e fibrin(ogen)olítica foram medidas por métodos convencionais. A atividade hemorrágica e as alterações na permeabilidade vascular foram examinadas em pele dorsal de ratos. A mionecrose e a atividade inflamatória foram avaliadas em músculo gastrocnêmio de camundongos. BJ-PI2, uma proteína de cadeia única com massa molecular de 23,08 kDa. Fragmentos trípticos da BJ-PI2 mostraram alta homologia com a SVMP insularinase A oriunda de Bothrops insularis, mas também com a bothrojaractivase, uma SVMP oriunda de B. jararaca; foi observada similaridade menor com a BJ-PI e jararafibrases II e IV isoladas de B. jararaca. A BJ-PI2 não coagula fibrinogênio nem plasma citratado de rato porém teve atividade ?- e ?-fibrinogenase (inibidas por EDTA e 1,10- fenantrolina mas não por PMSF) e atenuou a coagulação de plasma induzida pela recalcificação. BJ-PI2 tem atividade fibrinolítica. BJ-PI2 aumentou a permeabilidade vascular em pele dorsal de rato (atividade inibida por 1,10-fenantrolina). BJ-PI2 não provocou hemorragia ou mionecrose, contudo causou migração de células inflamatórias. Em contrapartida, a peçonha foi fortemente hemorrágica e mionecrótica porém causou pouca infiltração de células inflamatórias. Estes resultados indicam que a BJ-PI2 é uma SVMP não hemorrágica, não mionecrótica e não coagulante da classe PI que pode aumentar a permeabilidade vascular e a migração de células inflamatórias in vivo, mas não contribui com a hemorragia e a necrose induzidas pela peçonha / Abstract: Envenoming by Bothrops jararaca can result in local pain, edema, hemorrhage and necrosis, partially mediated by snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). In this work, we describe the characterization of BJ-PI2, a P-I class SVMP from B. jararaca venom, and its local tissue actions. BJ-PI2 was purified by a combination of gel filtration, anion-exchange chromatography and reverse phase HPLC, and identified by mass spectrometry. Clotting and fibrin(ogen)olytic activities were assayed using conventional methods. Hemorrhagic activity and changes in vascular permeability were examined in rat dorsal skin. Myonecrosis and inflammatory activity were examined in mouse gastrocnemius muscle. BJ-PI2 was a 23.08 kDa single-chain polypeptide. Tryptic fragments showed highest homology with SVMP insularinase A from Bothrops insularis, but also with B. jararaca SVMP bothrojaractivase; less similarity was observed with B. jararaca SVMPs BJ-PI and jararafibrases II and IV. BJ-PI2 did not clot fibrinogen or rat citrated plasma but had ?- and ?-fibrinogenolytic activity (inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline but not by PMSF) and attenuated coagulation after plasma recalcification. BJ-PI2 had fibrinolytic activity. BJ-PI2 increased the vascular permeability of rat dorsal skin (inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline). BJ-PI2 was not hemorrhagic or myonecrotic but caused migration of inflammatory cells. In contrast, venom was strongly hemorrhagic and myonecrotic but caused less infiltration of inflammatory cells. These results indicate that BJ-PI2 is a non-hemorrhagic, non-myonecrotic, non-coagulant P-I class SVMP that may enhance vascular permeability and inflammatory cell migration in vivo, but is not a major contributor to venom-induced hemorrhage and necrosis / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestre em Farmacologia

Orientadores: Sônia Maria Alves Bueno, Síndélia Freitas Azzoni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T06:02:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Radke_VanessaSoraiaCortezdeOliveira_M.pdf: 2121610 bytes, checksum: edb8e8ef74060659b8f0672335ee64c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Emergindo como alvo de estudos para fins terapêuticos, acompanhado de novas tecnologias a fim de explorar todo seu potencial e especificidade, o DNA plasmidial (pDNA) tem demonstrando um importante papel na nova geração de vacinas e terapia gênica como um vetor não viral. No entanto, há grandes desafios para atender altas demandas de preparações de vetores plasmidiais (pDNA), seguindo rigorosos padrões das agências reguladoras internacionais. As dificuldades sobretudo, são encontradas no downstream processing, com alto custo e operações não apropriadas para uso em larga escala e nos longos e caros kits comerciais, este último utilizado para ensaios pré-clínicos. Almejando, explorar as características do DNA plasmidial e tornar cada vez mais factível sua produção e purificação, esta pesquisa teve como foco o desenvolvimento de um protocolo para obtenção de pDNA para aplicação em ensaios in vitro com possível escalonamento para larga escala. Para tanto, buscou-se adsorventes seletivos para a etapa de pré-purificação de pDNA diretamente do lisado celular. O trabalho foi baseado em géis de agarose (S) com ligantes de natureza hidrofóbica e tiofílica, visando testar o comportamento do pDNA em cromatografia negativa e cromatografia tiofílica aromática. Os ligantes eleitos para investigação foram os aminoácidos de natureza hidrofóbica, fenilalanina (Phe) e D-triptofano (T), ambos imobilizados covalentemente em Sepharose 6B®, e um tiofílico, a mercaptopiridina. O tampão de adsorção, e os sais adicionados, foram escolhidos com o objetivo de favorecer um ambiente hidrofóbico, de tal forma que a interação das biomoléculas presentes no lisado celular com os ligantes fosse favorecida. Os sais utilizados para tal foram citrato de sódio 1,5 mol/L, fosfato de potássio 2,0 mol/L e sulfato de amônio 1,5 mol/L. Os resultados obtidos com os sistemas fenilalanina-agarose e D-triptofano-agarose demonstraram seu potencial na retenção de moléculas de RNA e na remoção de grande parte de endotoxinas e proteínas. O sistema adsortivo mercaptopiridina-agarose, permitiu uma urificação bastante satisfatória, com remoção total de endotoxinas e relevante recuperação de pDNA. / Abstract: Coming up as a target for therapeutic studies, together with new technologies in order to explore its potential use and specificity, plasmid DNA (pDNA) has demonstrated an important role in new generation of vaccines and gene therapy as a non-viral vector. However, there are huge challenges to meet high demands of plasmid vectors (pDNA) preparation, following strict standards of international regulatory agencies. Its difficulties are found in downstream processing, with high cost operations which are not suitable for large-scale use and in the long expensive commercial kits, the last one used for preclinical trials. Aiming then, to explore DNA plasmid characteristics and making its production and purification even more feasible, this research focused on a development of a protocol to obtain pDNA for assays in vitro applications with a possible staggering to large scale. Therefore selective adsorvents were sought for pre-step purification of pDNA directly from cell lysate. The work was based on agarose gels (S) with ligands of hydrophobic and thiophilic nature aiming to test pDNA actions in negative chromatography and thiophilic aromatic chromatography. The ligands chosen for investigation were the amino acids of hydrophobic nature, phenylalanine (Phe) and D-tryptophan (T), both covalently immobilized on Sepharose 6B ®, and a thiophilic one, mercaptopyridine. The adsorption caps and as well as its concentration, experienced in this work were chosen in order to support a hydrophobic environment, so that the interaction of the biomolecules in the lysate cell would be easier with the ligands. The salts used for this interaction were sodium citrate 1.5 mol/L, potassium phosphate 2.0 mol/L and ammonium sulfate 1.5 mol/L. The results achieved with the systems phenylalanine- agarose and D-tryptophan-agarose have demonstrated its potential in the retention of the RNA molecules and the removal of most part of endotoxin, and proteins. The mercaptopyridine-agarose adsorptive system enabled a satisfactory purification, with a total removal of endotoxins and pDNA relevant recovery. / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T19:12:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Becker_DeniseFabianaSilvestre_M.pdf: 900288 bytes, checksum: e50fbc13377c8a197a1ae572e3f21114 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos tem sido crescente a detecção de fraudes em azeite de oliva, sendo que o controle analítico é quase inexistente no Brasil. Com o intuito de disponibilizar ao setor de vigilância e controle de qualidade mais um instrumento na detecção de adulterações no azeite de oliva, realizou-se neste trabalho a adequação da metodologia para determinação da composição em fitosteróis no azeite de oliva, mediante saponificação da amostra na presença de padrão interno (dihidrocolesterol), extração e separação dos componentes insaponificáveis por cromatografia em camada delgada, isolamento e extração dos esteróis totais e identificação e quantificação de seus constituintes por cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chama. A separação cromatográfica dos fitosteróis foi realizada em coluna capilar de sílica fundida LM- 5 (5% fenil 95% metil polisiloxano, 30m x 0,25mm x 0,3µm), com isoterma a 300ºC. Foram adquiridas 29 marcas de azeite de oliva (azeite de oliva extra virgem, azeite de oliva e azeite de oliva puro) disponíveis no comércio de Campinas, importadas da Argentina, Espanha, Itália e Portugal, sendo que 27 marcas foram envasadas no país de origem. As amostras foram submetidas previamente à determinação da acidez (% AGL), medida do coeficiente de extinção específica (K232 e K270 nm), determinação da composição em ácidos graxos, teor de mono e poliinsaturados, teor de isômeros trans e dos índices de iodo e de saponificação calculados. Observou-se que o grau de acidez encontrava-se dentro dos limites estabelecidos para a classificação de cada tipo de azeite, mas 8 marcas apresentaram absorção específica no ultravioleta a 232 e 270 nm acima dos valores limites para a categoria do azeite. Pela composição em ácidos graxos e conseqüente avaliação dos índices de iodo e de saponificação, 4 marcas de azeite foram descartadas, em função do baixo teor de ácido oléico e elevado conteúdo de ácidos linoléico, linolênico e isômeros trans. Diante das irregularidades observadas, confirmou-se para estas 4 marcas a adulteração grosseira com outro óleo vegetal. As 25 marcas restantes foram submetidas à avaliação da composição em fitosteróis, de modo a testar a eficiência da metodologia e avaliar a legitimidade dos azeites. As determinações foram realizadas em duplicata. O resultado do percentual dos principais fitosteróis mostrou que é possível detectar fraude no azeite de oliva com outros óleos vegetais, por apresentar teor de beta-sitosterol inferior ao valor mínimo de 93%, recomendado pela Resolução nº 482 da ANVISA. A quantificação dos fitosteróis totais complementou as informações anteriores e permitiu detectar adulteração do azeite de oliva com azeite de oliva de qualidade inferior / Abstract: The detection of frauds in olive oil has been on the increase in the recent years, being the control almost inexistent in Brazil. With the intention to make it available another olive oil detection tool adulterations to the inspection and quality control sector it was accomplished in this work the methodology adequacy to determinate the phytosterols composition in olive oil, through saponification of the sample with internal standard (alpha-cholestanol), extraction of unsaponifiable matter and separation of the unsaponifiable components through thin layer chromatography, total sterols isolation and extraction and identification and quantification of its contents through gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The phytosterols chromatographic separation was accomplished in melted silica capillary column LM-5 (5% phenyl 95% methyl polisiloxane, 30m x 0.25 mm x 0.3 µm), with isotherm at 300ºC. Twenty nine brands of olive oil were purchased (extra virgin olive oil, olive oil and pure olive oil) available in Campinas market, imported from Argentina, Spain, Italy and Portugal, from which 27 brands were bottled in the origin country. The samples had previously undergone a free fatty acid determination (%FFA), specific extinction coefficient determination (K232 e K270 nm) and fatty acid composition determination and consequent evaluation of mono and polyunsaturated, of trans isomers content and calculated iodine and saponification values. It was observed that acidity content was within the established limits for the classification of each type of oil, however 10 brands that showed an ultraviolet absorptivity at 232 e 270 nm above the limit values for the oil category. Through the fatty acid composition and consequent evaluation of saponification and iodine values, 4 brands of oil were discarded, due to the low oleic acid and high linoleic, linolenic and trans isomers contents. Before the observed irregularities, it was confirmed for these 4 brands a gross adulteration with another vegetable oil. The remaining 25 brands were submitted to the evaluation of phytosterols composition, in order to test the efficiency of the methodology and to evaluate the legitimacy of the oils. The determinations were performed in duplicates. The percentual result of the main phytosterols showed that it is possible to detect a fraud in olive oil with other vegetable oils, for presenting a beta-sytosterol content inferior to the minimum value of 93%, recommended by the ANVISA Resolution nº 482. The quantity of total phytosterols complemented the previous information and allowed to detect olive oil aduterations with inferior quality olive oils / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-17T19:14:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro, Anézia Lima Chaves [Dissertação, 2011].pdf: 3144917 bytes, checksum: 028a1b168bde80a2bfe9b881b9c28b08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T19:14:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro, Anézia Lima Chaves [Dissertação, 2011].pdf: 3144917 bytes, checksum: 028a1b168bde80a2bfe9b881b9c28b08 (MD5) / O glifosato é um herbicida organofosforado amplamente utilizado que constitui um poluente potencial do meio ambiente; ácido aminometilfosfônico (AMPA) é o seu principal metabólito. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um método direto rápido e sensível para a quantificação dos herbicidas, a fim de monitorar seus resíduos na água de diferentes fontes. Além disso, este estudo teve como objetivo elaborar um procedimento para a determinação simultânea de glifosato, AMPA e F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3 -, SO4 2- e PO4 3- na água. Em ambos os casos, foram usados a cromatografia de troca iônica com detecção condutométrica. A determinação de glifosato pode ser realizada em modo isocrático (6,0 mmol L-1 Na2CO3 e 2,0 mmol L-1 NaHCO3), enquanto a separação simultânea de glifosato, AMPA e ânions foi realizada por gradiente com as seguintes fases móveis: A: 15,0 mmol L-1 NaOH + 1,0 mmol L-1 Na2CO3 e B : Na2CO3 - 15,0 mmol L-1. A confirmação de espécies AMPA (m / z = 110) e glifosato (m / z = 168) foi realizada pelo IC-MS. A determinação do isótopo 31P por ICPMS permitiu a determinação indireta destas espécies e um teste de recuperação resultou em cerca de 105%. O método foi validado utilizando matrizes de agua ultrapura, agua superficial, mineral e água subterrânea. Por eluição isocrática, os limites de detecção (LODs) encontrados para o glifosato foram: 10 μgL-1 em água ultrapura , 54 μgL-1 em água subterrânea. Para a determinação simultânea de glifosato e AMPA, os LODs foram: 9,6 μgL-1 , 9,8 μgL-1 (água ultrapura), 9,5 μgL-1 , 60 μgL-1 (água mineral), 12,4 , 29,7 μgL-1 (agua superficial) respectivamente para glifosato e AMPA. A determinação de glifosato por IC/Condutimetria mostrou-se adequada à aplicação em águas naturais, alcançando valores de LD muito abaixo dos permitidos pela legislação vigente (500 μgL-1; Portaria MS 518 de 25/03/2004 e Resolução CONAMA 396 de 03/04/2008) e, também outros órgão internacionais como EPA, sem necessidade de preparação prévia da amostra como extração, pré-concentração e derivatização / Glyphosate is a widely used organophosphorated herbicide, which constitutes a potential pollutant of the environment; aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is its main metabolite. The purpose of this study was to develop a direct, rapid and sensitive method for quantification of the herbicide in order to monitor its residues in water from different sources. Furthermore, this study aimed to draw up a procedure for the simultaneous determination of glyphosate, AMPA and F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3 -, SO4 2- and PO4 3- in water. In both cases, ion-exchange chromatography with conductimetric detection were used. The determination of glyphosate could be performed in isocratic mode (6.0 mmol L-1 Na2CO3 and 2.0 mmol L-1 NaHCO3), while the simultaneous separation of glyphosate, AMPA and anions was performed by gradient elution with the following mobile phases: A - 15.0 mmol L-1 NaOH + 1.0 mmol L-1 Na2CO3 and B - 15.0 mmol L-1 Na2CO3. Confirmation of species AMPA (m/z = 110) and glyphosate (m/z = 168) were carried out by IC-MS. The determination of the isotope 31P by ICPMS allowed the indirect determination of these species and a recovery test resulted in about 105%. The method was validated using ultrapure, river, mineral and groundwater. With isocratic elution, limits of detection (LODs) of 10 μg L-1 in ultrapure water and 54 μg L-1 in groundwater were found for glyphosate. For the simultaneous determination of glyphosate and AMPA, LODs were, respectively, 9.6 μg L-1, 9.8 μg L-1 (ultrapure water), 9.5 μg L-1, 60 μg L-1 (mineral water), 12.4 μg L-1, 29.7 μg L-1 (river water). The determination of glyphosate IC / Conductimetry proved to be suitable for application in natural waters, reaching LD values far below those allowed by legislation (500 μg L-1), MS portaria 518 of 25/03/2004 and CONAMA Resolution 396 of 03 / 04/2008), and also other international bodies such as EPA, without previous sample preparation and extraction, pre-concentration and derivatization

Orientador: Carol Hollingworth Collins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T16:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chaudhry_ZahraFazal_D.pdf: 3872022 bytes, checksum: b24a0aac0711390db05a94078e2b747f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: As fases estacionárias (FE) são consideradas uma das peças chave na técnica de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Neste trabalho foram avaliadas FE preparadas a partir de seis diferentes sílicas utilizadas como suporte para a imobilização do polímero poli(metiloctadecilsiloxano) (PMODS). Três destes suportes são sílicas com poros grandes, que atualmente apresentam grande aplicação em separações de macromoléculas. O primeiro passo para os testes cromatográficos das FE desenvolvidas foi o preparo de uma nova mistura padrão. A partir dela foi possível avaliar comparativamente as principais características das novas FE como a eficiência, a hidrofobicidade, a capacidade de separação de compostos de estruturas espaciais similares além de compostos de diferentes polaridades. Durante o estudo da metodologia de preparo das FE, definiu-se o tratamento térmico como a técnica utilizada para a imobilização do polímero sobre o suporte. Análises de ressonância magnética nuclear mostraram que, através desta metodologia, o polímero é adsorvido sobre a superficie de sílica formando uma monocamada estável distribuída de forma altamente favorável ao processo de transferência de massa entre a FE e a fase móvel (FM). Os suportes de sílica foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com suas caracteristicas estruturais, e em cada um dos grupos, foi realizada a otimização de variáveis como a carga de polimero adsorvido na superficie do suporte, a temperatura ideal de imobilização térmica e o tempo de imobilização. Os resultados obtidos através de testes cromatográficos mostraram que a variável tempo de imobilização é extremamente relevante no desempenho e eficiência das FE devendo ser ajustada seguindo as caracteristicas estruturais do suporte. Isto se deve principalmente à maneira como se organizam as cadeias do PMODS dentro dos poros da sílica e sobre sua superficie. Esta técnica de imobilização por tratamento térmico produziu FE de grande eficiência, capazes de realizar separações similares às observadas em colunas cromatográficas comerciais, como foi comprovado pelos resultados de separações de fármacos e pesticidas avaliados neste trabalho. / Abstract: Stationary phases (SP) are an important component in HPLC technique. ln this work, SP with the polymer poly(methil octadecylsiloxane) (PMODS) immobilized onto six different silica surfaces were evaluated. Three of these supports were wide pore silicas that offer ample application in macromolecule separations. The first step for the chromatograprnc tests was to develop a new test mixture of analytes. This test rnade possible comparative evaluations of the to main characteristics of the newly prepared SP, such as efficiency, hidrofobicity and the separation capacity of compounds with different polarities. During the study of SP preparation methodology, thermal treatments were defined as the technique for immobilization of PMODS onto the silica supports. Analyses of nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrated that, through this methodology, the polymer is sorved on the silica surface forming a distributed stable monolayer, leading to a highly favorable mass transfer process between SP and mobile phase (MP). The silica supports were divided into two groups according to their structural characteristics. In each group, optimization of variables, such as polymer load and the ideal temperature and time of thermal immobilization, was performed. The chromatographic results showed that time of immobilization is an extremely important variable for SP efficiency and that it should be adjusted according to the structural characteristics of the support. This is due mainly to the manner in which PMODS chains are organized inside the pores of silica surface. The proposed technique of immobilization by thermal treatment produced high efliciency SP that offer potential for applications in chemical separations similar to thase observed with commercially available columns, as showed by separations of pharmaceutical compounds and herbicides with these new chromatographic columns. / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Class of 2012 Abstract / Specific Aims: To assess the chemical stability of ampicillin for injection in normal saline at pH values ranging from 5 to 6. Methods: A stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and used to determine the stability of ampicillin for injection in normal saline following buffering with sodium acetate and acid adjustment with HCl at pH values of 5, 5.5, and 6. To confirm that the assay was stability-indicating, ampicillin trihydrate reference standard (1 mg/mL) was exposed to alkali, acid, and oxidative stress conditions and analyzed by HPLC for the presence of degradation products. Analysis was performed on a reverse-phase (C-18) column with a mobile phase consisting of water, acetonitrile, 1 M monobasic potassium phosphate, and 1 N acetic acid (909:80:10:1). Other HPLC parameters were: flow rate 1 mL/min; detection wavelength 254 nm; injection volume 20 µL; column temperature 30˚C. The method was evaluated for linearity, precision, and accuracy. The chemical stability of ampicillin for injection (18 mg/mL) in normal saline and sodium acetate (pH adjusted at values of 5, 5.5, and 6) was assessed at baseline (t=0), 7, 11, 17, 31, and 44 hours and compared to a control solution (no pH adjustment). Measurements at each time interval were performed in triplicate. Main Results: Ampicillin trihydrate reference standard (1 mg/mL) was adequately separated from degradation products following exposure to alkali, acid, and oxidative stress conditions. After 16 hours, a precipitate was observed in the solution at pH 6, and therefore stability is not reported. All other solutions (pH 5, pH 5.5, and control) were stable for at least 24 hours at room temperature and yielded t90 values of 110, 64.2, and 27.5 hours, respectively. Conclusions: Adjustment of intravenous ampicillin solutions to pH values of 5 or 5.5 significantly increased stability. Ampicillin appears to be most stable at a pH near its isoelectric point (pH 5).

The potential of countercurrent chromatography (CCC) as a small footprint bioreactor/separator for manufacture of enantiopure chiral molecules was explored, using as a model reaction the isolation of L-amino butyric acid (L-ABA) from a DL-ABA racemate and the enantioselectivity of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). Bioconversion of D-ABA to ketobutyric acid (KBA) by DAAO, immobilised by selective partitioning in the stationary phase of the CCC centrifuge, was accompanied by separation of unreacted L-ABA from KBA by the countercurrent action of the centrifuge. For effective bioreactor/separator action, a high partition of the biocatalyst to the stationary phase was required in order to retain the biocatalyst in the coil, with differing partitions of substrates and products between the stationary phase (SP) and mobile phase (MP) so that these could be separated. Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) were the major two-phase systems used to provide SP and MP, as these are well reported to be effective in preserving enzyme activity. The distribution ratios of DL-ABA, KBA and DAAO were measured in a range of phases with polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of different molecular weights, different salts, and different compositions of PEG and salt, using an automated robotic method, developed for the purpose. A system of 14% w/w PEG 1000/ 14% w/w potassium phosphate, pH 7.6, gave the best combination of distributions ratios (CPEG phase/Csalt phase = CSP/CMP) for ABA, KBA and biocatalyst (DAAO) of 0.6, 2.4 and 19.6 respectively. A limited number of aqueous-organic and ionic liquid two-phase systems were also reviewed, but found unsatisfactory. CCC operating conditions such as substrate concentration, biocatalyst concentration, the mobile phase flow rate (residence time in the CCC coil), temperature, rotational speed and operational modes (single flow and multiple-dual flow) and types of mixing (cascade and wave-like) were optimised to produce total conversion of D-ABA to KBA, which was then completely separated from unreacted, enantiomerically pure (>99% ee), LABA. Advantages of the CCC bioreactor over conventional technology include reduced equipment footprint, cheaper running costs, and faster purifications. However, in its current format the drawbacks, such as enzyme instability and excessive optimisation time, reduce its commercial appeal. Additional investigations into the use of whole cell preparations of biocatalyst in the CCC bioreactor showed potential to overcome the problem of enzyme instability and this may in the future give the CCC bioreactor a place in the enantioseparation field.

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA), a sympathomimetic amine, has been widely used over the past 40 years as a decongestant and, in much larger dosages, as an appetite suppressant. Considerable interest has recently been shown in this drug due to its increasing popularity as an over-the-counter anorectic agent. Much controversy exists concerning the unfavourable side-effects of PPA resulting from the higher doses required for appetite suppression and the potential of this drug for abuse. A literature search revealed a paucity of information concerning the determination of PPA in biological fluids and, most noticeably, on the pharmacokinetics of this drug. An original method for determining PPA in serum and urine using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which has increased sensitivity over other published HPLC methods is presented here. The simplicity of the extraction from biological fluids and subsequent determination by HPLC, enables concentrations of PPA to be monitored after a single dose of the drug. This method is therefore readily applicable to bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies. The dissolution profiles of 4 sustained-release formulations of PPA were determined in a modified USP rotating paddle apparatus and the samples analysed using HPLC. A mathematical equation was applied to these data which are expressed in terms of dissolution parameters. Oral test dosage forms and solutions of PPA were investigated in bioavailability trials using the developed HPLC method to analyse the urine and serum samples. Linear one body compartment kinetics were assumed and the WagnerNelson method used to transform in vivo serum data to absorption plots which were then fitted to the well known Weibull equation. In order to more appropriately characterize the kinetic processes of absorption, distribution and elimination, a more complex model was utilized which involved numerical integration of a series of differential equations. The data were fitted to these models using nonlinear regression techniques. The pharmacokinetics of PPA are shown to exhibit some evidence of nonlinearity. The absorption of the drug appears to be di scontinuous and PPA seems to favour a two body compartment model.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Technology: Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / The thermodynamic properties of mixtures involving ionic liquids (ILs) with organic acid (acetic acid or propanoic acid) or acetonitrile at different temperatures were determined. The ILs used were imidazolium-based: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulphate [EMIM]+[EtSO4]-, 1-butyl- 3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate [BMIM]+[SCN]- and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([BMIM]+[Tf2N]-. The ternary excess molar volume (V E ), isentropic compressibility (ks) and deviation in isentropic compressibility ( ks123 ) were determined for four ternary liquid mixtures of {[EMIM]+[EtSO4]- or [BMIM]+[SCN]− + acetic or propionic acid + acetonitrile} at different temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K and at a pressure of 0.1 MPa with aid of the experimental density (ρ), speed of sound (u) data. The calculated data were correlated by using the Cibulka equation with the help of Redlich–Kister parameters obtained from fitting the Redlich–Kister equation for the corresponding binary systems. Furthermore, the density and speed of sound were also measured for eight corresponding binary systems at the same experimental conditions. The binary excess molar volume, isentropic compressibility and deviation in isentropic compressibility were also calculated for measured systems and fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation to obtain the Redlich–Kister parameters as well as to check the accuracy of measured data which were used to correlated experimental data using Cibulka equation. These results were discussed, in terms of how the sign and magnitude of thermodynamic functions were influenced by the addition of a third component to liquid systems. Also, the possible molecular and pair-wise interactions between component molecules and the effect of temperature on the thermophysical and thermodynamic properties were predicted. In addition, the work focussed on application of ([BMIM]+[Tf2N]-) ionic liquid for the separations of (alkane/aromatic), (alkane/alk-1-ene), (cycloalkane/aromatic) and (water/alkan-1-ol) using gas- liquid chromatography (GLC) technique. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution, , for 31 organic solutes (alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, alkanol and ketones) and water in ionic liquid were measured at temperatures of (323.15, 333.15, 343.15, 353.15 and 363.15) K. Stationary phase loadings of (42.83 and 68.66) % by mass were used to ensure repeatability of E , measurements. Partial molar excess enthalpies at infinite dilution, H1 , were also determined. The selectivities, S , and capacities, k , were determined for the above separations. The separating ij j ability of the investigated ionic liquid was compared with previously investigated ionic liquids and industrial solvents such as sulfolane, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidine (NMP) and n-formylmorpholine (NFM). The results obtained suggested that in general, the [BMIM]+[Tf2N]− had outperformed the conventional solvents such as sulfolane, NMP and NFM in terms of selectivity, while the [BMIM][Tf2N] had in general, performed better overall when the performance index was used for comparison. / D

Abstract Despite tightened environmental legislation, spillages of petroleum products remain a serious problem worldwide. The environmental impacts of these spillages are always severe and reliable methods for the identification and quantitative determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in environmental samples are therefore needed. Great improvements in the definition and analysis of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were finally introduced by international organizations for standardization in 2004. This brought some coherence to the determination and, nowadays, most laboratories seem to employ ISO/DIS 16703:2004, ISO 9377-2:2000 and CEN prEN 14039:2004:E draft international standards for analysing TPH in soil. The implementation of these methods, however, usually fails because the reliability of petroleum hydrocarbon determination has proved to be poor. This thesis describes the assessment of measurement uncertainty for TPH determination in soil. Chemometric methods were used to both estimate the main uncertainty sources and identify the most significant factors affecting these uncertainty sources. The method used for the determinations was based on gas chromatography utilizing flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Chemometric methodology applied in estimating measurement uncertainty for TPH determination showed that the measurement uncertainty is in actual fact dominated by the analytical uncertainty. Within the specific concentration range studied, the analytical uncertainty accounted for as much as 68–80% of the measurement uncertainty. The robustness of the analytical method used for petroleum hydrocarbon determination was then studied in more detail. A two-level Plackett-Burman design and a D-optimal design were utilized to assess the main analytical uncertainty sources of the sample treatment and GC determination procedures. It was also found that the matrix-induced systematic error may also significantly reduce the reliability of petroleum hydrocarbon determination. The results showed that strict implementation of the ISO and CEN draft standards is necessary owing to the method dependence of the analyzed parameter. Care should be taken to ensure that the methods used for petroleum hydrocarbon determination are comprehensively validated, and that routine quality control is carried out in order to ensure that the validation conclusions are applicable in the daily work.