INTRODUCTION Chronic non-communicable diseases (CND) become the reason of 50 percent of deaths in the welfare societies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has indicated that in the 2025 CND, especially cardiovascular diseases will remain the most important health problem in Europe and in the world [The World health Report, 1998]. The mortality rates from IHD, as well as overall mortality in Lithuania, increased since 1995, a tendency for decrease during the last decade has been observed. According to the Lithuanian Statistics, the mortality rate from IHD in 2001 was 628.2/100000 inhabitants per year [Lithuanian Ministry of Health, 2004]. It decreased almost by quarter as compared to 1995; nevertheless, the mortality rates from IHD in Lithuania exceed the average (mean) of the European Union countries nearly by two fold [WHO Data Base, 2003]. The investigations in the world, as well as in Lithuania have shown that the risk factors (RF) of the CND are common for all the CND [V.Grabauskas, 1995, IU.Haq, 1999]. In Lithuania the epidemiological research on CND has been performed in the context of the international integrated preventive program on non-communicable diseases (CINDI) [J.Petkevičienė, 1994, J.Klumbienė, 1999]. Therefore, the role of the family doctor in the primary prevention of CND, especially the ischemic heart disease (IHD), becomes very important in a certain community. The investigation in Lithuanian have shown that every second 35-64 year old man or woman... [to full text]

The world is changing. India is changing. Food is changing. Bodies are changing. What does this mean for the women of Maharashtra, India? Globalization and modernity manifest in new and interesting ways the world over. As people establish networks of global commodity, capital, and human circulation, anthropologists raise pertinent concerns. While some are apprehensive about cultural loss and western cultural imperialism, others make a case for the rise of glocalization. While some espouse the positives of a free market economy, others are critical of the nutrition transition in developing countries and what this means for the health of the people undergoing this transition. The site of this study is the region of Konkan in Maharashtra, India. India is undergoing fast paced culture change since liberalizing its economy in the year 1991. I focus on the experiences of present day rural and urban Deorukhe Brahmin women (mothers and their daughters), who belong to an endogamous upper caste group that claims to be indigenous to Konkan. Generally, rural Indian regions are modernizing more slowly than urban areas. This study looks at how women are active agents in the changes that are taking place in their bodies, diet, and gender identities. A biocultural study, this dissertation takes into consideration anthropometric data and ethnographic data to comprehend the manner in which women, who are the gastronomic decision makers at the household level, are responding to the increasing influx of non-traditional foods. My study focuses on the moral implications of changing dietary practices and the appearance of chronic non-communicable diseases on the notions of the self. By discussing the manner in which Indian women practice their agency, using traditional gender roles, I aim to demonstrate how these women adjoin that which is thought to index the global and the local to shape a new India.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: A growing concern about possible age-related inequities in health care access has emerged in the increasing debate on the challenges of population ageing and health in sub-Saharan Africa. Older persons may experience systematic exclusion from health services. Viewed as one of the poorest, most marginalized groups in SSA societies, older people are deemed to lack access to even basic, adequate health care. There is an assumption, furthermore, that older persons have less access to required health services than do younger age-groups. This suggests an element of age-related inequity. One possible indicator of age-related inequity may be found through measuring the relative availability of essential medicines for chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD), relative to the availability of medicines for communicable diseases (CD). Aim and objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the availability of essential medicines for NCD and CD in Kenya, as an indicator of age-related inequities in access to health care in Kenya. The three study objectives were as follows, in public and mission facilities in Kenya: 1. To assess the availability of medicines for the following CD: diarrhoea, HIV, malaria, pneumonia and other infections 2. To assess the availability of medicines for the following NCD common in older populations: arthritis, diabetes, glaucoma, gout, heart disease, hypertension and Parkinson’s disease 3. To compare the availability of medicines for CD and NCD and draw conclusions on possible age-related inequities in access. Study design: Using an adapted version of the HAI / WHO methodology, a cross sectional descriptive survey of medicines availability was conducted. HAI and WHO collaboratively developed a standardized and validated methodology for comprehensively measuring medicines availability, as well as prices, affordability and price components. The survey manual, launched in 2003 and revised in 2008, is available to the public. The methodology involves collecting data on the availability and price of medicines found in a sample of health facilities across sectors of interest within national health systems. If the specific medicine, dose and form being surveyed is available on the day of the survey, then the medicine is documented as being available. Methods: Random sampling was carried out in six of Kenya’s eight provinces, targetting ten facilities per province. Data on availability of the targeted medicines was collected by trained data collectors on pilot-tested data collection forms adapted from the standardized WHO / HAI methodology. The list of medicines included sixteen for communicable diseases to treat infections such as diarrhoea, HIV, malaria, and pneumonia and twelve medicines used to treat non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, hypertension, gout, glaucoma, stroke and Parkinson’s disease. Availability of medicines was noted by physical observation by a data collector, and calculated as the percentage of facilities where a medicine was found on the day of data collection. The availability of brands and generics was not distinguished and were combined to establish availability of each medicine. Overall availability of all CD and NCD medicines was compared, and within each category between rural and urban areas and between mission and public facilities. The Ministry of Health was informed of the survey and provided the data collectors with an MOH endorsement letter. The names of facilities participating in the study were recorded on the data collection forms, but not reported. No data on individual patients was collected, and no patients were interviewed for this survey. Data were entered into an Excel file and exported to and analyzed with SPSS. Results: A total of 56 facilities were surveyed: 49 in the public sector and 7 in the mission sector, giving a facility response rate of 93%. Thirty facilities were located in rural settings and 26 were in urban settings. More CD medicines were available than medicines for NCD. Of a total of 896 individual observations of CD medicines, 632 (70.5%) were recorded as available on the day of visit, compared to 306 (45.5%) of 672 possible individual observations of NCD medicines. These differences were highly significant statistically (chi-square=98.8, p<0.001). Furthermore, comparison of availability between urban and rural areas showed statistically significant differences for NCD medicines (40.6% vs. 51.3%, p=0.007), but not CD medicines (72.5% vs. 68.3%, p=0.190). There were no significant differences in availability of medicines in mission compared to public facilities. Conclusions: This study reveals the low relative availability of medicines for NCDs in Kenya’s public and mission sector. Medicines for NCDs were less available in rural vs. urban facilities, but there was no rural vs. urban difference in medicines for CDs. While more research should be carried out to understand the reasons behind these findings, immediate attention to the supply and financing of medicines for NCDs is urgently needed. The relatively lower availability of medicines for NCDs than for CDs may be an indicator of age-related inequities in access to health care in Kenya and calls for more investigations on equity and access to health for older people in Kenya.

Submitted by RAFAEL ORBOLATO null (doriva_tt@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-22T03:25:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ORBOLATO, R. - 2018 - Dissertação Mestrado.pdf: 1151946 bytes, checksum: 0af1b8e7055676e2bcc2c2c3a1ef6813 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-03-22T14:01:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 orbolato_r_me_prud.pdf: 1151946 bytes, checksum: 0af1b8e7055676e2bcc2c2c3a1ef6813 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-22T14:01:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 orbolato_r_me_prud.pdf: 1151946 bytes, checksum: 0af1b8e7055676e2bcc2c2c3a1ef6813 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) é a principal fonte de serviços de saúde da população brasileira, onde aproximadamente 71,1% da população utilizam seus serviços. As Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNTs) exercem um impacto expressivo na morbidade e mortalidade da população. A Atividade Física (AF) é um importante recurso para promoção da saúde, controle da obesidade e principalmente para a prevenção de DCNTs. Objetivo: Investigar as mudanças na prática de AF e tempo de televisão em usuários do SUS durante um período de 18 meses e o impacto do gênero e tempo nessas variáveis, assim como relacionar se a prática de AF, ou a falta dela, influência nos gastos com saúde no SUS. Métodos: Foram avaliados 198 participantes (58 homens e 140 mulheres) durante um segmento de 18 meses, as avaliações ocorreram a cada seis meses. O Nível de AF foi mensurado através do questionário de Baecke, foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e hemodinâmicas (peso, estatura, IMC, circunferência de cintura, pressão arterial), a composição corporal foi analisada pela impedância bioelétrica, foram questionados também a respeito da condição econômica e gastos com saúde. Resultados: Foi verificado que homens apresentaram maiores escores em todas as variáveis de AF de deslocamentos (caminhada [p-valor 0,013], ciclismo [p-valor 0,001] e locomoção [p-valor 0,007]) quando comparados às mulheres, mas para comportamento sedentário não houve diferença significativa. Esses resultados ratificam as consistentes diferenças na prática de AF entre homens e mulheres, as quais são suportadas por fatores socioculturais. Pessoas que acumularam maior prática de ciclismo apresentaram menores valores para IMC (p-valor= 0,03), gordura corporal (p-valor= 0,001), onde o ciclismo explicou 2,4% e 8,6% dessas mudanças, respectivamente. Custos com saúde e maior prática de ciclismo foram negativamente relacionados, onde o ciclismo foi responsável por reduzir 2% de todos custos acumulados durante o período. Conclusão: Homens são usualmente mais ativos que mulheres em diferentes comportamentos relacionados à prática de atividade física e a prática de ciclismo impactou positivamente na redução dos custos com saúde na atenção primária e indicadores de adiposidade. / The Unified Health System (SUS) is the main source of health services for the Brazilian population, where approximately 71.1% of the population use their services. The Chronic Non-communicable Diseases (DCNTs) have a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of the population. The Physical Activity (AF) is an important resource for health promotion, control of obesity and especially for the prevention of DCNTs. Objective: To investigate changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior in users of the Brazilian National Health System during 18 months and the impact of gender and time on such variables, as well to relate whether the practice of AF, or the lack of it, influence health expenditures in the SUS. Methods: 198 participants (58 men and 140 women) were assessed. Physical activity level was assessed using the Baecke questionnaire, anthropometrical and hemodynamic measures (weight, stature, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure) were performed, body composition was analyzed by bioelectrical impedance, were also questioned about the economic condition and health expenditures. Results: It was verified that men presented higher scores in all physical activity variables (walking [p-value 0.013], cycling [p-value 0.001] and locomotion [p-value 0.007]) when compared to women, but for sedentary behavior there was no significant difference between genders, which are supported by sociocultural factors. People who accumulated more cycling had lower values for BMI (p-value = 0.03), body fat (p-value = 0.001) where cycling explained for 2.4% and 8.6% of these changes, respectively. Costs with health and greater cycling were negatively related, where cycling was responsible for reducing 2% of all costs accumulated during the period. Conclusion: Men are usually more active than women in different domains of physical activity and changes through the time are similar between genders and cycling practice had a positive impact on the reduction of health care costs in primary care and adiposity indicators.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-26T13:25:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 chislenepereiravanelli.pdf: 1181150 bytes, checksum: 7977ccd5a6660800b22cf060d5f86b37 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-27T11:03:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 chislenepereiravanelli.pdf: 1181150 bytes, checksum: 7977ccd5a6660800b22cf060d5f86b37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-27T11:03:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 chislenepereiravanelli.pdf: 1181150 bytes, checksum: 7977ccd5a6660800b22cf060d5f86b37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-10 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Introdução: As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis estão associadas a grande morbimortalidade e a elevados custos financeiros para o sistema público de saúde. Dentre estas doenças, destaca-se a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), uma doença de alta prevalência e que se associa frequentemente com complicações metabólicas, renais e, sobretudo cardiovasculares. Diante dessa realidade, foi implantado o Programa Hiperdia Minas no Estado de Minas Gerais, visando garantir o acesso à assistência especializada aos indivíduos com hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes mellitus e doença renal crônica. O presente estudo foi dividido em duas etapas, as quais tiveram por objetivo descrever o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico dos usuários, além da caracterização das equipes das unidades de saúde avaliadas. Metodologia: O estudo descreveu e analisou a base de dados do Centro HIPERDIA Minas de Juiz de Fora e também as unidades de atenção primária a saúde (UAPS) que encaminharam usuários a este Centro. Foram incluídos no estudo 943 usuários encaminhados e atendidos para controle da HAS. Foram entrevistados os profissionais de saúde de 14 UAPS da cidade de Juiz de Fora, selecionadas pelo número de encaminhamentos ao Centro HIPERDIA. Resultados: A média de idade dos indivíduos foi 58,8±13,1 anos, sendo 61,3% do gênero feminino. Apenas 20,7% dos usuários chegaram ao Centro HIPERDIA com HAS em estágio 3. Do total de usuários avaliados, 78,6% apresentava excesso de peso. Hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia e elevação do colesterol LDL estiveram presentes em 45,0, 49,6 e 66,5%, respectivamente. Além disso, 49,9% apresentaram taxa de filtração glomerular estimada < 60 mL/min, 15,3% dos usuários apresentavam coronariopatia, 76,1% disfunção diastólica de ventrículo esquerdo e 34,8% alto risco cardiovascular. A pressão arterial esteve elevada em 72,5% dos hipertensos por ocasião da admissão no Centro HIPERDIA Minas de Juiz de Fora. UAPS com equipes incompletas foram relatadas por 53,8% dos supervisores. Não foram realizadas “Referência” e “Contra referência” de atendimento de usuários entre a atenção básica e os outros níveis de complexidade em 61,5% das unidades. Em 84,6% das UAPS, a coordenação não analisou os relatórios emitidos pelo sistema de informações do Hiperdia. Conclusões: Observou-se elevada prevalência de dislipidemia, doença cardiovascular e redução na taxa de filtração glomerular. Encaminhamentos inadequados, mau controle da hipertensão arterial e a elevada prevalência de lesões de órgãos alvo sugerem a fragmentação no sistema de atenção à saúde e a ineficiência de interlocução entre os diferentes níveis da rede de atenção à saúde. / Introduction: The chronic non-communicable diseases are associated to large morbimortality and to elevated financial costs for the public health system. Amongst these diseases, highlights the systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), a disease of high prevalence which is frequently associated to metabolic, renal and, mostly, cardiovascular complications. Facing this reality, the Hiperdia Minas Program was implemented in the state of Minas Gerais, aiming at guaranteeing the access to specialized care for the individuals with systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. This study was divided into two stages, which aimed to describe the sociodemographic and clinical profile of users, and the characterization of teams of health units evaluated. Methodology: This study described and analyzed the database of the HIPERDIA Minas center of Juiz de Fora and also the primary healthcare unities (UAPS) which forwarded users to this Center. 943 users who were forwarded and attended for the control of SAH were included. The health professionals of 14 UAPS in the city of Juiz de Fora, selected by the number of forwarding to the HIPERDIA Center, were interviewed. Results: the individual age average was 58.8±13.1 years old, being 61.3% females. Only 20.7% of the users arrived to the HIPERDIA Center presenting stage 3 HAS. Out of all the evaluated users, 78.6% were overweight. Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia and elevated LDL cholesterol were present in 45.0, 49.6 and 66.5%, respectively. In addition, 49.9% had estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min, 15.3% of users had coronary artery disease, 76.1% diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle and 34.8% high cardiovascular risk. Blood pressure was elevated in 72.5% of hypertensive on admission in HIPERDIA Minas center of Juiz de Fora. UAPS with incomplete teams were reported by 53.8% of supervisors. User attendance “Reference” and “Counter reference” between basic care and other attendance complexity levels were not performed in 61.5% of the units. In 84.6% of the UAPS, the coordination didn’t analyze the reports emitted by the Hiperdia information system. Conclusions: A high prevalence of dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease and reduced in the glomerular filtration rate were observed. Inadequate forwarding, poor control of arterial hypertension and high prevalence of lesions of targeted organs suggest the fragmentation of the health care system and the inefficiency of dialog between the different levels of the health care network.

Obesity and obesity-related diseases – such as type 2 diabetes – have become the most crucial indicators of population health in the 21st century. Formerly understood as ‘diseases of affluence’, obesity is now prevalent in the Global South posing serious risk to socioeconomic development. This is particularly true for rapidly developing countries where nutrition transitions are most apparent. There are many factors which impact on risk of obesity (e.g. gender, culture, environment, socioeconomic status, biological determinants). The problem is further aggravated within small island developing states where food security is exacerbated by factors associated with globalization and development. The thesis examines the surge of obesity and type 2 diabetes within Caribbean populations, using Barbados as a case study. A holistic approach was applied using an ecological health model. Moving away from the lifestyle model, the theoretical framework underpinning included sub-theories (e.g. social constructivism, feminism, post-colonial theory, concepts of memory and trauma).

Obesity and obesity-related diseases – such as type 2 diabetes – have become the most crucial indicators of population health in the 21st century. Formerly understood as ‘diseases of affluence’, obesity is now prevalent in the Global South posing serious risk to socioeconomic development. This is particularly true for rapidly developing countries where nutrition transitions are most apparent. There are many factors which impact on risk of obesity (e.g. gender, culture, environment, socioeconomic status, biological determinants). The problem is further aggravated within small island developing states where food security is exacerbated by factors associated with globalization and development. The thesis examines the surge of obesity and type 2 diabetes within Caribbean populations, using Barbados as a case study. A holistic approach was applied using an ecological health model. Moving away from the lifestyle model, the theoretical framework underpinning included sub-theories (e.g. social constructivism, feminism, post-colonial theory, concepts of memory and trauma).

Obesity and obesity-related diseases – such as type 2 diabetes – have become the most crucial indicators of population health in the 21st century. Formerly understood as ‘diseases of affluence’, obesity is now prevalent in the Global South posing serious risk to socioeconomic development. This is particularly true for rapidly developing countries where nutrition transitions are most apparent. There are many factors which impact on risk of obesity (e.g. gender, culture, environment, socioeconomic status, biological determinants). The problem is further aggravated within small island developing states where food security is exacerbated by factors associated with globalization and development. The thesis examines the surge of obesity and type 2 diabetes within Caribbean populations, using Barbados as a case study. A holistic approach was applied using an ecological health model. Moving away from the lifestyle model, the theoretical framework underpinning included sub-theories (e.g. social constructivism, feminism, post-colonial theory, concepts of memory and trauma).