Dans le cadre du développement des véhicules électriques et hybrides, la connaissance et la gestion de l'énergie du pack de batteries est une problématique majeure. Pour cela, les constructeurs automobiles ont besoin de modèles numériques pour représenter le comportement dynamique des batteries. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer, d'une part une méthodologie de caractérisation du comportement dynamique des cellules de batterie et de leurs assemblages et d'autre part des modèles numériques associés qui soient simples, rapides, robustes, présentant le meilleur compromis précision/simplicité. La première partie du travail de la thèse a consisté à développer une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation expérimentale avec un modèle de circuit électrique équivalent, qui permet de s'appliquer facilement à différentes batteries et de calibrer la complexité du modèle (nombre de circuits utilisés) en fonction de la durée des mesures de la phase de repos après une sollicitation. Le modèle généré est capable de suivre les évolutions rapides et lentes de la tension de la batterie, ce qui peut améliorer l'estimation de la tension dans les applications BMS (Battery Management System). Des essais de validations sur différentes batteries ont montré que les modèles générés permettent une prédiction précise du comportement dynamique de la batterie. Ensuite, le manuscrit aborde les assemblages des cellules en série avec la méthode de caractérisation élaborée. Elle commence par une définition énergétique de l'assemblage. Puis, la modélisation de l'assemblage avec la méthode de caractérisation est discutée. Les essais de validation ont été menés sur différents assemblages et ont montré que le comportement dynamique de l'assemblage peut aussi être bien représenté avec les modèles identifiés / As part of the development of electric and hybrid vehicles, energy management in the battery pack is a major issue. Car manufacturers need a numerical model to represent the dynamic behavior of batteries. The objective of this work is to develop, on the one hand, a characterization method of the dynamic behavior of battery cells and their assemblies, and on the other hand the combined numerical models which are simple, fast, robust and with the best accuracy/simplicity compromise. The first part of the work is dedicated to develop a new experimental characterization method with an equivalent circuit model, which can be applied easily to different battery cells and allows calibrating the complexity of the model (number of the RC circuits) according to the measurement duration of the resting phase after a solicitation. Therefore, the generated model is able to follow the rapid and slow voltage change of the battery cell, which improves voltage and state of charge estimation for the BMS (Battery Management System) applications. The validation tests on different battery cells show that the generated model allows accurate prediction of the battery cell’s dynamic behavior. The second part of the work studies the cell assemblies with cells connected in series. It begins with an energy definition of the cell assembly. Then modelling of the assembly with the developed characterization method is discussed. The validation tests were carried out on different assemblies and show that the dynamic behavior of the assembly can be also well represented with the identified models

La machine à collecteur mécanique reste, dans de nombreuses applications, une alternative crédible par rapport aux autres types de moteurs électriques. Dans le domaine automobile, ce sont les coûts de fabrication et surtout la fiabilité dû à l'absence d'électronique de puissance qui rendent cette solution si intéressante. Cela est également son point faible : l'absence de dispositif de régulation fragilise l'électronique de bord en cas d'appel de courant trop important au démarrage. L'usure du système balai-collecteur est également un point clé pour un démarreur d'autant plus que, pour assurer un fonctionnement « Stop-Start » en plus du fonctionnement traditionnel, le nouveau cahier des charges impose jusqu'à 450 000 cycles de démarrage (contre 30 000 auparavant). Ceci justifie la recherche actuelle sur ces dispositifs. En effet, une partie importante de cette thèse traite de la modélisation et de la mesure de la commutation dans le démarreur pour mieux évaluer les phénomènes qui y interagissent. L'arc électrique en fin de commutation joue un rôle important dans l'usure du système balais-collecteur. Une meilleure connaissance des facteurs influents permet, par la suite, de concevoir des appareils plus robustes. Dans une deuxième partie de la thèse, on s'intéresse au dimensionnement optimal d'un démarreur. Après avoir passé en revue les différentes méthodes d'optimisation pour traiter un tel problème et avoir sélectionné les plus adaptées, on traite un cas pratique de dimensionnement optimal. Cette problématique est fondamentale pour Valeo au vue des quantités d'appareils fabriqués et des futurs marchés offerts par le développement du « micro-hybride » qui se généralise / Nowadays, brushed DC motors are still used in many applications. In automotive industry, manufacturing cost and reliability are the two most important key indicators. That's why DC motors are preferred to others solutions requiring power electronics supply. But, there are also some drawbacks ; when the inrush current occurs (when the power-contact is switched on) the DC voltage of the battery decrease and can damage electronic components of the car. The wear of the brush-segments system is also a key issue for the life time of the starter. The new specifications for a « Stop-Start » starter use lead to a significant increase of the number of re-start cycles to be done by the device. We consider that a car achieve more than 450000 stop-and-start cycles during its lifetime whereas this number is only 30000 for the standard vehicles. These specifications justify the research work lead by Valeo on such device. An important part of the thesis concerns the modeling and the measurement of the commutation phenomena. The electric arc occurring at the brush trailing edges (when the physical contact ends) causes the wear of the brush-commutator system. A better knowledge of influent factors can lead to more robust device development. In a second part, we study the optimal design of a car starter regarding specifications. After a review of different optimization methods for dealing with such a problem, we select the most relevant ones and solve different practical problem around the starter. This issue is very important regarding the quantities of device manufactured and the market of micro-hybrid which is growing up very fast

Práce se zabývá studiem superkondenzátorů (SC). Výstupem je detailní studie principů přenosu náboje ve struktuře SC, ukládání energie a nový náhradní model SC, který je založen na fyzikálních zákonitostech a principech SC. Dále byl vytvořen matematický model SC, který popisuje chování náboje v jeho aktivní vrstvě. SC byly testovány metodami umělého stárnutí. Závislosti poklesu parametrů SC vlivem různých metodik stárnutí jsou v práci shrnuty.

In this work, a new organic light-emitting device (OLED) structure is proposed that allows light-emission from a metal-free device region, thus reducing the hurdles towards an electrically pumped organic solid state laser (OSL). Our design concept employs a stepwise change from a highly conductive but opaque metal part to a highly transparent but less conductive intrinsic emission layer. Here, the high current densities are localized to an area of a few micrometer in square, which is in the range of the mode volume of the transverse mode of an organic vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Besides these experimental results, we present findings from simulations which further support the feasibility of our design concept. Using an equivalent circuit approach, representing the current ow in the device, we calculate the time-dependent length of the emission zone and give estimations for appropriate material parameters.

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The objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the small-signal and broadband noise performance of highly scaled silicon-based field-effect transistors (FETs), and develop high-frequency noise models for robust radio frequency (RF) circuit design. An analytical RF noise model is developed and implemented for scaled Si-CMOS devices, using a direct extraction procedure based on the linear two-port noise theory. This research also focuses on investigating the applicability of modern CMOS technologies for extreme environment electronics. A thorough analysis of the DC, small-signal AC, and broadband noise performance of 0.18 um and 130 nm Si-CMOS devices operating at cryogenic temperatures is presented. The room temperature RF noise model is extended to model the high-frequency noise performance of scaled MOSFETs at temperatures down to 77 K and 10 K. Significant performance enhancement at cryogenic temperatures is demonstrated, indicating the suitability of scaled CMOS technologies for low temperature electronics. The hot-carrier reliability of MOSFETs at cryogenic temperatures is investigated and the worst-case gate voltage stress condition is determined. The degradation due to hot-carrier-induced interface-state creation is identified as the dominant degradation mechanism at room temperature down to 77 K. The effect of high-energy proton radiation on the DC, AC, and RF noise performance of 130 nm CMOS devices is studied. The performance degradation is investigated up to an equivalent total dose of 1 Mrad, which represents the worst case condition for many earth-orbiting and planetary missions. The geometric scaling of MOSFETs has been augmented by the introduction of novel FET designs, such as the Si/SiGe MODFETs. A comprehensive characterization and modeling of the small-signal and high-frequency noise performance of highly scaled Si/SiGe n-MODFETs is presented. The effect of gate shot noise is incorporated in the broadband noise model. SiGe MODFETs offer the potential for high-speed and low-voltage operation at high frequencies and hence are attractive devices for future RF and mixed-signal applications. This work advances the state-of-the-art in the understanding and analysis of the RF performance of highly scaled Si-CMOS devices as well as emerging technologies, such as Si/SiGe MODFETs. The key contribution of this dissertation is to provide a robust framework for the systematic characterization, analysis and modeling of the small-signal and RF noise performance of scaled Si-MOSFETs and Si/SiGe MODFETs both for mainstream and extreme-environment applications.

The growing urgency of climate change has led to growth in the electrification technology field, where batteries have emerged as an essential role in the renewable energy transition, supporting the implementation of environmentally friendly technologies such as smart grids, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles. Battery cell degradation is a common occurrence indicating battery usage. Optimizing lithium-ion battery degradation during operation benefits the prediction of future degradation, minimizing the degradation mechanisms that result in power fade and capacity fade. This degree project aims to investigate battery degradation prediction based on capacity using deep learning methods. Through analysis of battery degradation and health prediction for lithium-ion cells using non-destructive techniques. Such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy obtaining ECM and three different deep learning models using multi-channel data. Additionally, the AI models were designed and developed using multi-channel data and evaluated performance within MATLAB. The results reveal an increased resistance from EIS measurements as an indicator of ongoing battery aging processes such as loss o active materials, solid-electrolyte interphase thickening, and lithium plating. The AI models demonstrate accurate capacity estimation, with the LSTM model revealing exceptional performance based on the model evaluation with RMSE. These findings highlight the importance of carefully managing battery charging processes and considering factors contributing to degradation. Understanding degradation mechanisms enables the development of strategies to mitigate aging processes and extend battery lifespan, ultimately leading to improved performance.

The aim of this work was to model a four-port waveguide as a simple circuit,by first starting with a two-port then a three-port waveguide. Duethat the work was based on Nathan Marcuvitz book Waveguide handbook,an analytical solution for the circuit parameters was desired. In order toobtain an analytical solution three methods were studied; the Variationalmethod, the Integral equation method and the Static method. Out of thesethree methods the latter was chosen, because its strength of simplifying theboundary conditions. The goal to model a four-port and a three-portedwaveguide was too complicated. This led to that the goal was changed totrying to get a higher accuracy on the existing circuit model for a two-portwaveguide, by solving an extension to the circuit parameter. This was donebecause Marcuvitz only treated the first two modes correctly and it was notclear if the circuit model was stable for the higher orders of Taylor series. Inthe end a circuit model for a waveguide with an iris that treats the first 16modes correctly was solved. By looking at the dispersive properties of thecircuit a comparison with simulation software CST Microwave Studio couldbe done, which resulted in that the circuit model gave good results up to2b/ < 1. It was also showed that the accuracy was about the same as thecircuit model found in Waveguide handbook, but it can be mentioned thatthe accuracy is minimally better for the circuit model that was developed inthis work. Something that was discovered in this work is that the restrictionmentioned in Waveguide handbook for the case when the window is centeredis unreliable, it should be 2b/ < 1. It also appeared that the circuit modelremained stable for higher orders of the Taylor series, in this case up to the16:th order. / M°alet med detta arbete var att modellera en fyr-portars v°agledare somen simpel elektrisk krets, genom att f¨orst b¨orja med en tv°a-portars sedantre-portars -v°agledare. Detta arbete var baserat p°a Nathan Marcuvitz bokWaveguide handbook, d¨arav s¨oktes det en analytisk l¨osning f¨or kretsparametrarna.F¨or att kunna f°a en analytisk l¨osning, studerades tre metoder;Variationsmetoden, Integralsekvationsmetoden samt den Statiskametoden.Av dessa tre metoder valdes den sistn¨amnda, p°a grund av dess styrka medatt f¨orenkla randvillkoren. M°alet att modellera en fyr-portars samt en treportarsv°agledare var alldeles f¨or komplicerat. Detta ledde till att m°alet¨andrades till att f¨ors¨oka f°a en h¨ogre precision p°a den befintliga kretsmodellenf¨or en tv°a portars v°agledare, genom att l¨osa ut flera termer till kretsparametern.Detta gjordes d°a Marcuvitz endast hanterade de tv°a f¨orstamoderna korrekt, samt att det inte framgick ifall kretsmodellen ¨ar stabil f¨orh¨ogre ordningar av Taylor serier. I slut¨andan l¨ostes en kretsmodel f¨or env°agledare med en iris som hanterar de f¨orsta 16 moderna korrekt. Genomatt kolla p°a de dispersiva egenskaperna f¨or kretsen, kunde en j¨amf¨orelse medsimuleringsprogrammet CST Microwave Studio ske, d¨ar slutsatsen blev attkretsmodellen gav goda resultat upp till 2b/ < 1. Det visade ¨aven sig attprecisionen var ungef¨ar densamma som den kretsmodell som°aterfinns i Waveguidehandbook, men det kan n¨amnas att precisionen ¨ar minimalt b¨attref¨or den kretsmodell som togs fram i detta arbete. En sak som uppt¨acktes underdetta arbete var att restriktionen som n¨amns i Waveguide handbook f¨orfallet n¨ar gapet f¨or irisen ¨ar centrerad st¨ammer inte, den b¨or vara 2b/ < 1.Dessutom visade det sig att kretsmodellen fortfarande var stabil f¨or h¨ogreordningar av Taylorserier, i detta fall upp till den 16:e ordningen.

The master’s thesis Improvement power parameter of small induction motors deals with issues of lowering the losses of small induction motors. The first part introduces with design and principles of operation of induction motors. Also introduces to theoretical problematic of losses, their lowering and measuring. In the practical part there are results of the measuring the losses in the induction motor ATAS Elektromotory Náchod a.s. T22VT512 (71-0512). There are proposed methods of increasing the efficiency of induction motor due to measuring and their verification in the Maxwell software. The last part is dedicated to measuring the losses of prototype motor from ATAS and comparison of results with previous motor.