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Landscapes that float : reimagining the new urban context.Jordan, Richard. January 2002 (has links)
No abstract available. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.
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The "silent" privatisation of urban public space in Cape Town, 1975-2004.Spocter, Manfred Aldrin January 2005 (has links)
South African cities were subjected to artificial, unnatural growth patterns brought about by apartheid planning that legitimated exclusionary practices in the city and which created and maintained racial, social and class differences between people. Post-apartheid South Africa has witnessed processes of urban fortification, barricading and the gating of urban space that are manifested in contemporary urban South Africa. This research showed that the privatisation of urban public space is not solely a post-apartheid phenomenon. Closure legislation has been, and still is, used by citizens to remove urban space from the public realm through its privatisation. Closures are largely citizen-driven, either individually or as a collective, and it is small public spaces that are privatised, hence the micro-privatisation of public space that could influence the immediate surroundings and erf-sized living space of individuals.
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'n Ondersoek na die implementering van verdigting deur beleid binne Paarl munisipale gebiedVan der Linde, N. M. 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M. Town and regional planning)--Stellenbosch University , 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An ever increasing segment of the population in the current low density category
contributes to the sprawling South African city as we know it today. To provide for the
housing needs o f people, precious agricultural land is being used, and the historic character
o f towns is being destroyed. Densification of the city structure has been put forward as a
solution to this problem. In this way, different components of the city may be connected
and existing infrastructure may be optimally utilised.
The concept of densification is gaining popularity in all spheres o f planning. The
implementation of densification requires suitable policy, as well as the strict application of
the aforesaid. A densification policy must include consultation with all parties involved
with a view to finding a balance between the need for land for development purposes, the
conservation of agricultural land, the conservation of the historic character o f towns and
cities, as well as being in the public interest.
A theoretical investigation was done in which all aspects regarding densification, and its
implementation in the South African context were studied. Attention was also given to
policy formulation. This was followed by an empirical study, based on the Paarl municipal
region as an example, in an attempt to reconcile theory and practice.
It was found that although densification enjoys great support, the perception held by
professional planners as to appropriate methods for the achievement o f higher densities did
not correspond wholly with theoretical arguments in this regard. It was also found that it is
important to view densification in relation to the environment in which it is applied, and to
create an executable policy for a specifically designated area. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Snelgroeiende bevolkingsgetalle in ‘n lae-digtheidsmilieu dra by tot die uitgebreide Suid-
Afrikaanse stad soos ons dit vandag ken. In die proses word kosbare landbougrond
gebruik om in die behuisingsbehoefte van die mens te voorsien en die historiese karakter
van dorpe word vernietig. As oplossing vir hierdie probleem word verdigting van die stad
voorgestel, om sodoende verskillende komponente van die stad te verbind en reeds
bestaande infrastruktuur tot die optimum te benut.
Die konsep van verdigting geniet toenemende gewildheid in alle sfere van beplanning.
Implementering van verdigting kan slegs deur die daarstelling van geskikte beleid en die
toepassing daarvan geskied. By die formulering van ‘n verdigtingsbeleid moet alle
rolspelers in die proses geraadpleeg word en ‘n middeweg tussen die behoefte aan grond
vir ontwikkeling, die bewaring van kosbare landbougrond, die bewaring van die historiese
karakter van ‘n stad en die publiek se belange gevind word.
‘n Deeglike teoretiese ondersoek is geloods, wat teoretiese aspekte omtrent verdigting en
die implementering van verdigting binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks ondersoek het. Daar
is ook aandag aan beleidsformulering gegee. Dit is opgevolg deur ‘n empiriese studie wat
binne Paarl se munisipale gebied uitgevoer is en teoretiese inligting met die praktyk
probeer versoen.
In hierdie studie is bevind dat alhoewel verdigting van die stad groot ondersteuning geniet,
die persepsie van professionele persone in die beplanningsprofessie oor metodes om hoër
digthede te bereik, nie heeltemal met die voorgestelde metodes vervat in teoretiese bronne
ooreenstem nie. Daar is ook bevind dat dit belangrik is om verdigting binne die konteks
van die omgewing waarin dit toegepas word, te beskou en sodoende ‘n uitvoerbare beleid
vir ‘n spesifieke omgewing op te stel.
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Examining unique domestic migration processes and relationships between Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach CountiesUnknown Date (has links)
by Eric M. Power. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2008. / Bibliography: leaves 99-112.
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Essays on Cities and Climate ChangeMateen, Haaris January 2023 (has links)
This dissertation investigates the financial health of municipalities in the United States, their margins of response to fiscal shocks, and their exposure and response to climate risk stemming from hurricanes.
In Chapter 1, we construct a novel data set on the fiscal position of municipalities in the United States and document a secular decline in their financial health. Our data combines financial data from the Annual Comprehensive Financial Reports (ACFRs) of municipalities along with Census data of their revenue and expenditure cash flows. We find that a large share of municipalities operate with a negative net position---akin to a negative book equity position in the corporate context. We find that most of the decline originates from the accumulation of legacy obligations, i.e., pensions and other post-employment benefits (OPEBs); this is recognized by municipal bond markets through higher credit spreads. While accounting values from the ACFRs are informative, they are based on book valuations which potentially convey limited information about the economic value of assets and liabilities. Thus, we turn to the market valuation of local governments' equity by estimating an SDF that matches the valuation of a wide range of assets in the economy to prices future tax and expenditure claims. Using market prices for tax and expenditure claims, and market valuations of liability positions we find that the market values of equity are highly correlated with the book values. The negative equity position---in terms of book and market values---for some local governments suggests the presence of implicit insurance by the state and federal governments.
The deteriorating fiscal position of municipalities across the United States raises questions about fiscal adjustment mechanisms municipalities have at their disposal and the general equilibrium effects of any adjustment taken. In Chapter 2, we utilize quasi-experimental variation in the year of property tax assessments in the state of Connecticut to provide causal evidence of the fiscal adjustment following a large decline in property values after the Great Financial Crisis. We find that local governments adjust tax rates to maintain stable tax revenues; there is no change in public employment levels and limited adjustments of public services. Our micro data on people's location further allows us to causally estimate the migration elasticity to a change in property tax rates. We find evidence of inter-state migration in response to an increase in property tax rates; and no statistically significant response of intra-state migration. Detailed property and location choice data reveal the elasticity of migration with regard to the property tax bill. An increase in the property tax bill by ten percent leads to an average increase in the migration propensity by about 1.5%.
Finally, in Chapter 3, I investigate the investment component of local economic growth in municipalities after hurricanes. Using hand collected and web-scraped statutory property tax rate data in the U.S., I find that municipalities respond to hurricane impact by raising tax rates. I find the hike in tax rates is persistent for 3-4 years after hurricane impact. The response is four times larger for major hurricanes compared to minor hurricanes. However, the increase in tax rates is not expected to be large enough to cause significant out-migration after the average hurricane. I supplement these findings with a novel data set of firm facility-level hurricane impact. I find that firms initially decrease investment in the quarter following hurricane impact and increase it in the final quarters of the second year after impact. Taken together, this chapter presents a novel set of stylized facts on government and firm mitigation investment response to hurricane disasters. In particular, the precarious fiscal health of municipalities coupled with increasing costs of mitigating and managing climate risk poses serious questions about optimal policy in assisting local governments vulnerable to climate change.
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High school lessons on human sprawl in the Inland EmpireIbekwe, Anieno Abasiofiok 01 January 2008 (has links)
The aim of this project was to develop curriculum that educators could use to assist high school students (ages 14-17 years) in the Inland Empire of Southern California to apply critical thinking skills to understanding the negative effects of uncontrolled urban sprawl. The problems and issues which result from sprawl are emphasized in the learning activites.
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An evaluation of selected housing strategies with special reference to KhayelitshaNkwenkwezi, Thandabantu Sydney 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis attempts to provide alternative solutions to housing and developmental
problems faced by the government in South Africa's urban/metropolitan areas in
general and in Khayelitsha in particular. The root causes of the problems have been
identified and linked to urbanisation-related government policies of the past. The
Group Areas "urban model of development" influenced the planning, management and
development (spatial policies) in the urban/metropolitan areas.
The rural-urban migration process through the migrant labour system during the
industrialisation period was engineered by the "Corporate State" and consolidated by
the introduction of tax systems and laws regulating land ownership by the African
people (Natives). These have impoverished the African people both in rural and
urban/metropolitan areas. The existing gap in development between rural and
urban/metropolitan areas, in particular in the peri-urban areas, is evident in persistent
poverty and unemployment as effects of the conditions which generate increased
migration.
In this context, Khayelitsha is used as a case study to illustrate study variables (urban
policies and management, rapid urbanisation and their impact on housing and
development) at grassroots level. Comparison is made undertaken between South
African housing and developmental problems and those of other developing countries.
Tanzania and Zimbabwe as African countries and former British Colonies (African
connection) have been chosen for this purpose. Data were gathered through
questionnaires, interviews and participatory observation. This makes the study
objective, but also subjective. The research concludes that there is a need to devote more resources to rural
development programmes accompanied by decentralisation strategies. This will help to
reduce the gap between rural and urban development. It is hoped that the information
contained in this thesis will provide a basic background to meet the social and economic
challenges by addressing housing and developmental problems, in Khayelitsha in
particular and South Africa in general. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word daar gepoog om moontlike oplossings te vind vir die behuisings en
ontwikkelingsprobleme wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering en
stedelike/metropolitaanse gebiede oor die algemeen en Khayelitsha in die besonder
ondervind word. Die kernoorsake van die probleme word geïdentifiseer en verbind aan
die vorige regering se verstedelikingsbeleide. Beplanning, bestuur en ontwikkeling
(ruimtelike beleide) in die stedelike/metropolitaanse gebiede is beïnvloed deur die
Groepsgebiede-model vir stedelike ontwikkeling.
Die landelike-stedelike migrasieproses, geïnisieer deur die trekarbeidstelsel gedurende
die industrialiseringsera, is deur die "Korporatiewe Staat" bewerkstellig en
gekonsolideer deur die instelling van belastingstelsels en wette ter regulering van
grondbesit deur swart mense. Dit het gelei tot die verarming van swart mense in
landelike en stedelike/metropolitaanse gebiede. Die bestaande gaping in ontwikkeling
tussen landelike en stedelike gebiede, in die besonder in buitestedelike gebiede, blyk
duidelik uit gevestigde armoede en werkloosheid as uitvloeisels van die omstandighede
wat tot toenemende migrasie lei.
In hierdie konteks is Khayelitsha gebruik as 'n gevallestudie om die studieveranderlikes
(stedelike beleide, stedelike bestuur, snelle verstedeliking en die impak daarvan op
behuising en ontwikkeling) op voetsoolvlak te illustreer. Vergelykings is getref ten
einde Suid-Afrikaanse behuisings- en ontwikkelingsprobleme met ander ontwikkelende
lande te vergelyk. Vir die doel is Tanzanië en Zimbabwe as Afrikalande en eertydse
Britse kolonies (Afrika-konneksie) gekies. Data is ingesamel deur middel van vraelyste, onderhoude en deelnemende waarneming. Dit het daartoe gelei dat die studie
nie alleen objektief nie, maar ook subjektief is.
Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat meer hulpbronne tesame met
desentraliseringstrategieë gerig op landelike ontwikkelingsprogramme benodig word.
Dit sal bydra tot vernouing van die gaping tussen landelike en stedelike ontwikkeling.
Daar word derhalwe gehoop dat die inligting vervat in hierdie tesis basiese agtergrond
sal verskaf om die sosiale en ekonomiese uitdagings die hoof te bied deur die bestaande
behuisings - en ontwikkelingsprobleme in Khayelitsha in die besonder en Suid-Afrika
oor die algemeen aan te spreek.
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Development challenges in Khayelitsha : an analysis of related issuesNqadini, Mlungisi Patrick 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Apartheid statutes like the former Group Areas Act created what is referred as "Apartheid
Dormitory Cities". Khayelitsha is a typical creation of apartheid. As a result Khayelitsha faces
many socio-economic challenges such as poverty, low standard of living characterised by low
income distribution or no income, high rate of unemployment, illiteracy, education problems,
housing problems, health problems and poor economic conditions. Attempts were made to create
civic associations and development structures to deal with socio-economic challenges in
Khayelitsha, but all those attempts never brought about development solutions. The Khayelitsha
community tends to have a poor participatory planning role in development related issues.
Khayelitsha as an apartheid legacy city will take a long time to dismantle in social, economic and
purely practical terms. Rebuilding Khayelitsha equitably will be a tough exercise. The
government strives to develop South Africa from a society of racially based compartmentalisation
into a non-racial, developed country with equal opportunities, better education, health, housing and
employment.These challenges are Khayelitsha's major problems which cannot be solved overnight.
The problem faced is the re-integration of the separated zones of the former group areas. This
makes it difficult to share the economic resources that are needed in Khayelitsha in order to solve
its socio-economic problems. The integration of cities will only come about if the restructuring is
in accordance with specific needs of the Khayelitsha community. People of Khayelitsha should be
involved in the planning of their own city and be able to make informed decisions.
The objective of this thesis is to analyse related development issues and challenges in Khayelitsha
and to provide possible solutions contributing to development.
Government and development agencies can draw lessons from the recommendations of this thesis
and come up with sustainable and people-centred development-related strategies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Eertydse Apartheidswetgewing soos die herroepte Groepsgebiedewet as een van die wetgewende
elemente van die Apartheidsperiode, was verantwoordelik vir die skepping van sogenaamde
"apartheidslaapdorpe". Khayelitsha kan beskou word as 'n tipiese voorbeeld en skepping van so 'n
"slaapdorp" as gevolg van Apartheid. As direkte resultaat hiervan ervaar Khayeltisha talle sosio-ekonomiese
uitdagings soos armoede, lae lewenstandaarde gekenmerk deur huishoudings met lae
inkomste verdelings en in sommige gevalle geen inkomstes, hoë werkloosheid, ongeletterdheid,
onderwysprobleme, behuisingsprobleme, gesondheidsprobleme en algemene swak ekonomiese
omstandighede. Pogings is wel in die verlede aangewend om burgerlike organisasies in Khayelitsha
van stapel te stuur, maar hierdie pogings het daarin gefaal om werklike en meetbare
ontwikkelingsoplossings te bewerkstellig. Die Khayelitsha gemeenskap vervul 'n beperkte
deelnemende beplanningsrol in ontwikkelinggebaseerde aangeleenthede.
In praktyk sal Khayelitsha, as apartheidstad, lank neem om volwaardig te ontluik in terme van
sosiale-, ekonomiese-, en verwante aanwysers en sal die regverdige en verteenwoordigende
heropbouingsproses nie sonder struikelblokke ervaar word nie. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering
strewe daarna om die land te ontwikkel vanaf 'n samelewing gekenmerk deur rasgebaseerde
kompartementalisering na 'n nie-rasgebonde gemeenskap met gelyke geleenthede in terme van
onderwys, gesondheid, behuising en werksgeleenthede. Hierdie aangeleenthede vorm deel van die
uitdagings wat Khayelitsha in die oog staar. Oplossings sal nie sommer oornag gevind word nie.
Die probleem wat oorkom moet word is die herintegrasie van aparte sones as gevolg van eertydse
geskepte groepsgebiede. As gevolg hiervan is dit moeilik om ekonomiese hulpbronne, wat
dringend in Khayelitsha benodig word, te herverdeel en te versprei ten einde die omvangryke sosio-ekonomiese
probleem te verlig. Die integrasie van stede en spesifiek Khayelitsha, sal alleenlik
suksesvol wees indien die herstruktueringsproses plaasvind met inagneming van die spesifieke
benodighede en tekortkominge van die gemeenskap. Die gemeenskap van Khayelitsha moet betrek
word in die beplanning van hul eie stad en deurgaans deel vorm van effektiewe konsultasie ten
einde ingeligde besluite te kan maak, iets wat tans ontbreek.
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Periferia: um estudo sobre a segregação socioespacial na cidade de São PauloHughes, Pedro Javier Aguerre 19 November 2003 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2003-11-19 / This research analyses the development of periferic areas of São Paulo city.
During the different stages of this development, we observed a progressive degeneration of the worker's condition in their job so as in their everyday lifea These people were expelled to the suburb areas due to a precarious residencial and urbane situation.
Thus, this is a reflection uppon violence and the actual situation in this context, trying to find a new meaning to the City based on this reality / O presente estudo pretende colocar em evidência o processo histórico que leva a um padrão periférico de crescimento urbano na cidade de São Paulo, característico dos processos de urbanização subdesenvolvidos, segregando a população para localizações cada vez mais distantes dos centros do mercado de trabalho, em assentamentos geralmente precários.
Assim, desde os anos 40, por diversos mecanismos e razões históricas, diferentes segmentos sociais são envolvidos por essa dinâmica, sendo impelidos em direção a formas cada vez mais precárias de moradia, infraestrutura urbana e de acesso aos serviços e equipamentos públicos, possibilitando muitas vezes a posse da moradia e a fuga do aluguel, mas configurando, de qualquer modo, processos de segregação socioespacial que intensificam a exclusão social e do mercado de trabalho.
Nas últimas décadas, as transformações econômicas e do mercado de trabalho acentuam essa tendência, promovendo, especialmente nos anos 90, uma verdadeira diáspora das classes trabalhadoras, que não conseguem mais se manter nas áreas melhor servidas.
Assim, se agudiza ainda mais o processo de periferização, com o adensamento progressivo das áreas de ampliação da fronteira urbana metropolitana, Neste contexto, a partir de suas novas características sociais e demográficas, as periferias se apresentam, no presente, como um objeto de estudo relevante, com características urbanísticas e sociais singulares, que redefinem sua importância na problematização do estatuto urbano da cidade de São Paulo e das condições sociais de vida desses segmentos sociais, que são a maioria da população.
O presente estudo busca resgatar a especificidade das periferias, incluindo estudos recentes desenvolvidos no âmbito do Projeto Bairro Legal, desenvolvido pela Secretaria de Habitação e Desenvolvimento Urbano do Município de São Paulo, acrescido de reflexões, entrevistas e dados de outras fontes, enfatizando três distritos considerados de alta exclusão social (Jardim Ângela, Brasilândia e Cidade Tiradentes), os quais representam emblemáticas expressões territorializadas e tipologias, no amplo leque da precariedade urbanística e habitacional.
Neste campo, propõe-se, por fim, a problematização da questão da violência, pois, a julgar pelas estatísticas e dados sobre os homicídios — sua manifestação mais aguda e visível — nos distritos de maior exclusão social, ele se apresenta como um aspecto privilegiado de análise. Esta questão é entendida como uma referência privilegiada para ampliar a visibilidade sobre os estratos majoritários da infância e juventude, propondo-se a desestigmatização da relação entre pobreza, juventude e violência e qualificandomais o fenômeno, com vistas à problematização da questão da cidadania e das perspectivas de vida nesses estratos sociais
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Housing tenure, property rights, and urban development in developing countriesNavarro, Ignacio Antonio 13 May 2008 (has links)
The dissertation explores how distinctive institutional factors related to property rights
determine urban development patterns and housing tenure modalities in a developing economy context. The first part proposes a choice-theoretic model that explains the existence of the
Antichresis contractual arrangement as a way to temporarily divide property rights. The model
explains why the Antichresis contract dominates the Periodic-Rent contract in terms of landlord
profits for certain types of property in which the gains in expected profits from solving the
problem of adverse selection of tenants offset the loss of expected profits created by the moral
hazard in landlords investments. The empirical section of the dissertation provides evidence in
support of the model. Using data from Bolivia, I find that property types that require less
landlord maintenance investment have higher capitalization rates under Antichresis contracts
than they would under Monthly-Rent contracts and vice-versa. Additionally, the model shows that the Antichresis contract has limited capacity for helping the poor as suggested by recent literature. On the contrary, it can be hurtful for the poor in markets were landlords have limited information about tenants, in markets with inefficient court systems, or in markets with tenant-friendly regulations.
The second part of the dissertation explores the issue of squatter settlements in the developing world. The theoretical model presented in this part explains how the landlord squatter
strategies based on credible threats drive capital investment incentives and ultimately
shape urban land development in areas with pervasive squatting. The model predicts that squatter settlements develop with higher structural densities than formal sector development. This prediction explains why property owners of housing that originated in squatter settlements take longer periods of time to upgrade than comparable property owners who built in the formal sector even after they receive titles to their property. The higher original structural density increases the marginal benefit of waiting in the redeveloping decision creating a legacy effect of high-density low-quality housing in these types of settlements. Geo-coded data from Cochabamba, Bolivia, support the hypotheses proposed by the theoretical model and raise questions about the unintended consequences of current policies affecting informal development.
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