The intellectual boundaries of heritage have developed considerably during the last half-century. The theme ‘historic urban landscape’ has replaced such older expressions as ‘monuments’, ‘historic area’, and ‘old town’, and the term ‘conservation’ has been reinterpreted as a sustainable basis for development. Despite these more flexible meanings the spatial boundaries of ‘heritage’ often remain tightly restricted to ancient monuments and sites, and nowhere is this more evident than in Iran where the preservation of outstanding monuments is constantly in tension with the spatial demand of the modern cities. Maibud provides the basis from which a new methodological approach to conservation is developed. It is a city that has a history of several millennia yet has a scale that renders it manageable as a case study with archaeological remains that range across several phases of building development. It is, arguably, an archetypal example of middle-sized Iranian cities, and affords the possibility to study the entire urban landscape and its spatial, functional and morphological iterations. Within this overall picture a methodology was developed to explore and analyse various typological elements of the city, the three key components of which are the town plan, the building type, and construction materials. The analysis combines a rigorous survey and observation of the standing structures with scarce archaeological and written sources that shed light on an interpretation of the urban fabric. The methodologies developed as the basis for a study of Maibud provide new perspectives on Islamic urbanism in general, and Islamic urbanism in Iran particularly. An analysis of the town plan illustrated a slow process of change over many centuries that contributed to the permanence of street systems and property boundaries. This durability of the town plan explains how the inherited urban nucleus of late antiquity mutated gradually in the early Islamic period and how there was concentration of development around the early mosque. The building fabric demonstrated that there existed not only commonalities between buildings of the same period, but between buildings of different periods in the same region. A gradual mutation of building form and its synchronic and diachronic progression was noted, through the identification of building typologies as characterised in the urban fabric of Maibud. Consequently, it has been hypothesised that the pre-Islamic matrix of char-suffa, a small courtyard house, gradually developed into medieval and late-medieval houses, and that this incremental development of traditional houses of the region ultimately reached its latest transformation in its modern form. A study of earthen construction and the inherent feature of mud brick has been advanced, featuring its availability, flexibility, homogeneity, sustainability, as well as its vulnerability. A detailed study of these characteristics, coupled with an ability to date the different types and sizes of mud bricks has facilitated an understanding of construction and allows researchers to meet the challenge of dating and interpreting buildings. By concentrating on the ‘laboratory’ city of Maibud and the specificities of its earthen construction, a chronological table of mud brick has been developed. A synthesis has been advanced, based on archaeological, architectural, epigraphic and textual evidence, that the streets of the town plan are the most durable feature of urban landscapes and once laid out, they change very little. Consequently, property boundaries have essentially remained fixed with most dating back to the medieval period. By contrast, buildings and particularly residential buildings were the least durable element of the urban fabric, and changed faster based still on earlier designs. It is imperative that these interrelationships − of town plan, buildings and materials – must be understood in order to formulate an approach for the management and conservation of historic urban landscapes.

This thesis examines the social and urban history of mapmaking in Edinburgh between c.1880 and c.1920 and argues that cartography, along with the associated printing and publishing industries in the city, provides an effective lens on broader urban concerns. The predominant focus of the archival research is on the family-run firm John Bartholomew & Co., internationally-renowned map publishers during the period. The central questions of the thesis relate to print, knowledge, space and place. The work is grounded, in particular, within urban history and the geography of the book. Chapters are structured around the 'lifecycle' of a map and a re-modelled version of Robert Darnton's 'communications circuit'. Map production can profitably be contextualised within late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Edinburgh. A taxonomy of the contemporary printing and publishing industries shows - following Pierre Bourdieu's theory of the 'field of cultural production' - that it is crucial to understand the economic, industrial and intellectual setting in which cartographers operated. In this respect, mapmaking is viewed as a fundamentally social process, a theme that continues into the factory, where technological developments are considered in the context of workers' experiences. The buildings and spaces in which mapmaking occurred take on epistemological significance: they reflect how ideas about city space were made and the related importance of local knowledge. Changes in the sites and conditions of cartographic production corresponded with the increasing organisation of space shown in maps and fire insurance plans such as those produced by the firm Charles E. Goad. Once maps left the premises, a geographical approach to understanding distribution advances links between production and consumption: the local conditions of their making influenced international, national and local sales networks. Throughout, the thesis emphasises the importance of understanding maps as socially constituted objects. This also allows for new insights into the purchasing, ownership and use of maps. Tracing specific instances of use shows that meaning was not solely shaped by cartographers but also by the ongoing interactions and interventions of owners or readers. Overall, the thesis shows that mapmaking was a continually developing way of understanding the city. This was true for cartographers, city officials, or insurers, each of whose increasingly detailed conception of urban space corresponded with more accurate production practices and the greater availability of printed cartographic material. Mapmaking was also part of a broader move towards the growing documentation of urban places. The forms of cartography examined in this thesis show how codified, empirical systems of knowledge came to occupy a privileged position in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century cities. In particular, mapmaking practices in Edinburgh changed not only how the urban was depicted, but also how city spaces were conceptualised and used.

This thesis examines the relationship between the production of urban space and the reproduction of capital. Taking the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park as a case study, I conducted ethnographic research during the London 2012 Olympics and the Park's first 'Legacy' year. My research proceeded from an embodied walking practice (which prompted reflection on my transgender presentation as a complicating factor), and also included interviews and archival research. My analysis centres on Henri Lefebvre, situating his work on space within a concern for the relationship between everyday life and the concrete abstractions constituted therein. Taking this relationship as essential to the reproduction of capital, I explore the production of the Olympic Park as an actually-existing abstract space that mirrors the dual character of the value form. I open my account of this production with the Olympic festival, a total social moment mobilised towards the realisation of value. I then examine each of Lefebvre's three formants of abstract space in turn. I present the construction of the Park as the materialisation of an abstractly conceived space designed to incorporate a disordered post-industrial space into a new mode of accumulation. I frame the inhabitation of the Park in its Legacy era as a temporalisation of empty space, arguing that abstract time is co-constituted with abstract space in internally contradictory everyday practice. And I address the incorporation of the Park into a set of post-industrial, anti-urban, and leisureoriented spaces that form a representational space reflective of the movement of capital in its ascendant, financialised, form. I conclude with a discussion of the Olympic Park as 'catalyst', securing the reproduction of capital by encouraging further redevelopment, but also sharpening capital's contradictions as an abstract space in conflict with its own concrete content, predicated on the subsumption of the utopian potential of everyday life.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 98. / by Nora Cecilia Aristizabal. / M.S.

Idealizado como uma \"cidade industrial ideal\", o antigo núcleo industrial de Batatuba, situado no município de Piracaia (SP, Brasil), é praticamente invisível na historiografia das realizações urbanísticas no Brasil, embora em seu projeto sobressaiam seu caráter social e sua filiação ao pensamento moderno. Batatuba integrara um programa internacional de cidades destinado a concretizar, arquitetônica e urbanisticamente, a expansão mundial da Companhia calçadista Bata, que se iniciara e florescera no entreguerras. Ainda que emissárias dos princípios da racionalidade e eficiência de Taylor e Ford, as ações dos dirigentes da Companhia - inicialmente as de seu fundador, Tomas Bata (1876-1932, chamado de Henry Ford da Europa Central) e depois as de Jan Antonin Bata (1898-1965) - contribuíram para inaugurar novas referências nos campos do planejamento urbano e territorial, da organização industrial e das relações de trabalho naquelas décadas. O núcleo industrial de Batatuba fora iniciado por Jan Antonin Bata por volta de 1940, sendo possível notar a permanência, tanto no desenho de sua planta urbana, quanto nos remanescentes atuais, do \"vocabulário\" urbanístico replicado nas \"cidades-em-série\" da Companhia. Assim, não seria gratuita a flagrante semelhança do plano de Batatuba com outros planos para uma cidade industrial ideal, como Batovany-Partizanske (atual Eslováquia). Durante a expansão internacional da empresa nos anos 1930 este vocabulário desenvolvera-se gradualmente em Zlín (atual República Tcheca), então a cidade-sede da Companhia Bata, e por meio de seu escritório de arquitetos, sendo a base desta linguagem a racionalidade no uso de materiais e técnicas construtivos e a padronização e reprodutibilidade. Esta orientação se expressou nos planos urbanos, onde os bairros residenciais revelavam a preferência pelo modelo da cidade-jardim e o lema de Tomas Bata \"Trabalhar coletivamente e viver individualmente\". Aspecto fundamental desta evolução foi a aproximação da empresa com os arquitetos dos CIAM (Congressos Internacionais de Arquitetura Moderna) e alguns de seus expoentes, como Le Corbusier, atraídos pelo ideário social, arquitetônico e urbanístico da Companhia e pelas possibilidades projetuais proporcionadas pelo porte global desta. Elemento de ruptura desta evolução, a Segunda Guerra Mundial representou uma inflexão no modus operandi da Companhia. Por volta de 1940, Jan Antonin Bata iniciou nova etapa nos negócios, adquirindo no Brasil, onde passou a residir definitivamente, as empresas Companhia de Viação São Paulo - Mato Grosso e Companhia Comercial Alto-Paraná. Nesta fase as ações de Jan Bata adquiriram nova tonalidade. Com suas empresas, participa do desbravamento do oeste paulista e do sul do então Mato Grosso, planejando e fundando cidades e núcleos de caráter agroindustrial: Vila CIMA (Companhia Industrial, Mercantil e Agrícola), Mariápolis, Bataguassu, Batayporã, Kennedyba - intentando, afinal, contribuir para incorporar os \"espaços vazios\" de Vargas à economia brasileira. No que se refere às realizações arquitetônicas e urbanísticas, a fase brasileira de Jan Bata, por sua quase total ausência na historiografia, ainda carece de melhor conhecimento e análise. Este trabalho pretende distinguir esta fase - situada entre os anos de 1940 e 1965 - e relacioná-la com as cidades da Companhia Bata criadas durante os anos do entreguerras (1918-1940). Busca analisar, preliminarmente e à luz do Movimento Moderno e das questões locais, em que medida aquela constância programática exercida pela Companhia, no planejamento da vida coletiva, do trabalho e da produção industrial, de expressão urbanística e de cunho econômico, foi seguida no ambiente brasileiro sendo preservada ou reinventada. / Idealized as an \"ideal industrial city\", the old industrial core of Batatuba, located in Piracaia (SP, Brazil) is virtually invisible in historiography of urban achievements in Brazil - although its project manifests a social character and an ascendancy of modernist thinking. Batatuba had integrated an international cities\' program aimed to materialize in architectonic and urban ways the global expansion of Bata footwears company, which began and flourished during the 1920-1930 decades. Although reiterating Taylor\'s and Ford\'s rationality and efficiency principles, the actions of Bata Company\'s directors (the first, Tomas Bata, 1876-1932, so-called \"Henry Ford of Central Europe\", and afterwards, Jan Antonin Bata, 1898-1965) added to inaugurate new references on urban and territorial planning, industrial organization and labor relations in those decades. The industrial core of Batatuba had been launched by Jan Antonin Bata by 1940, and its possible to notice the persistence of urban vocabulary replicated in the companys serial-cities, even in its urban plan and in its remaining buildings. In this sense, it wouldn\'t be a coincidence the clear similarity between Batatuba\'s plan and others Bata\'s \"ideal industrial city\", such as Batovant-Partizanske (Slovakia). During the company\'s international expansion during the 1930s that vocabulary had been gradually developed by Bata\'s architects in Zlín (Czech Republic nowadays, then the host city of the Company). Rationality in material\'s use and construction techniques, standardization and reproducibility turned into the basis of that language. Those orientations were expressed in urban plans, where residential neighborhoods revealed the preference for a garden-city model and for Tomas Batas motto: \"Working collectively and living individually.\" An important feature of that development was the company\'s approach to CIAM\'s (International Congresses of Modern Architecture) and some of its exponents - such as Le Corbusier, attracted by Bata\'s social, urban and architectonic ideas and by the possibilities offered by company\'s global extents. Second World War represented a collapse on that evolution and a shift in Bata\'s modus operandi. By 1940, Jan Antonin Bata started a new stage in his business, buying in Brazil - where he would live definitively the Road Company Sao Paulo-Mato Grosso and the Alto Paraná Commercial Company. At this stage, Bata\'s actions acquired new hues. With his companies, he participates in the profiteering of the West of São Paulo and Southern of the old Mato Grosso States, planning and founding cities and urban cores marked by an agro-industrial character: Vila CIMA (Industrial, Commercial and Agricultural Company Town), Mariápolis, Bataguassu, Batayporã, Kennedyba searching for, at least, contribute to incorporate the Brazilian empty spaces to national economy during Vargas years. In relation to urban and architectural achievements, the Brazilian phase of Jan Bata - by its almost complete absence in historiography - still needs better understanding and analysis. This paper aims to distinguish this stage - located between the years 1940 and 1965 - and relate it to Bata\'s cities created during the interwar years (1918-1940). Besides, this paper searches for analyze - preliminarily and under local issues and Modern Movements focus in which terms that programmatic constancy featured by Bata\'s (on planning collective life, work, industrial production in urban and economic ways) would been maintained or reinvented in Brazil.

O presente trabalho sistematiza as principais questões relacionadas ao processo de urbanização das cidades portuárias durante as décadas finais do século XX, de modo a compreender as transformações sócio-espaciais, face às determinações econômicas e tecnológicas surgidas ou enfatizadas no período, considerando as especificidades locais. Procura também explicitar a maneira como estas questões vêm sendo apreendidas pelas ações de planejamento desenvolvidas para tais cidades. A análise de projetos urbanos realizados em algumas cidades portuárias, embasa- dos pelas teorias de planejamento vigentes, evidencia uma tendência a estabelecer-se como concentradora da relação porto-cidade a questão da reincorporação ao tecido urbano de áreas correspondentes a etapas tecnológicas anteriores e, conseqüentemente, considerar estas áreas o foco único das intervenções. Partindo da convicção de que a questão destas áreas, chamadas obsoletas, não é a única a ser enfrentada por estas cidades, nem tampouco está desvinculada das demais que se materializam no espaço do porto, busca-se a partir da presente pesquisa, expor quais outras influenciam na dinâmica atual entre cidade e porto, focando especialmente naquelas ligadas ao espaço operacional, de modo a criar uma base multidisciplinar de conhecimento que possa oferecer ao planejamento intra-urbano uma visão de conjunto, assim como destacar o papel da teoria e do método nas etapas de planejamento precedentes à elaboração das propostas. / The present work systematizes the main questions related to the port city\'s urbanization process throughout the last decades of the 20th century, in order to com- prehend the socio-spatial transformations regarding the economic and technological determinations of the period, both new and the emphasized, and considering their local specificities. It also aims to explicit how these questions have been taken into consideration by urban planning actions carried out in these cities. The analysis of recent urban plans for port cities, and based upon current planning theories, shows the tendency of reducing the port-city\'s relation issue to the reincor- poration of obsolete structures to the cíty\'s urban fabric, and, consequently, considering it the only focus of interventions. Supported by the conviction that this is not the only issue to be faced by these cities, nor is detached from the many others materialized on the space of the port, we intend, through the present research, to establish what questions influence today\'s port-city dynamic, aiming particularly those related to the operational space, in order to create a multidisciplinary base that can offer intra-urban planning a broader view. lt\'s our goal, as well, to highlight the role of theory and method on the planning process precedent to the proposal phase.

As cidades consomem cerca de 75% da energia primária global, que por sua vez é responsável por 68% das emissões de CO2. Análises que integrem as variáveis responsáveis pelo consumo de energia das cidades são fundamentais para a avaliação de ações de planejamento visando a redução do consumo de energia e das emissões. Através da modelagem baseada em agentes (ABM), este trabalho procura explorar as relações entre as características das cidades, o consumo direto de energia e as emissões de CO2, provenientes do consumo direto de energia. Inicialmente, apresenta-se uma discussão da base teórica a partir da revisão da literatura publicada nos últimos cinco anos. Em seguida apresenta-se o modelo proposto, desde os pressupostos para a sua construção até as fórmulas para cálculo da estimativa de consumo energético e emissões. Os resultados das simulações mostram que as características das cidades afetam o consumo direto de energia, contudo o efeito bumerangue pode cancelar os benefícios das ações de planejamento urbano voltados para a conservação de energia. Verificou-se que a integração das variáveis em um modelo sistêmico apresenta resultados distintos de modelos isolados. Por fim, é concluído que o aumento da densidade urbana e a inserção de áreas verdes podem anular os benefícios das ações estratégicas ou ainda culminar em aumento da demanda energética, se considerados os impactos diretos e indiretos em todos os usos finais energéticos. Apesar disso, devido às características da oferta elétrica local, o aumento da densidade populacional contribui para a redução das emissões. Os resultados apresentados podem servir de base para discussões no âmbito do planejamento urbano de cidades de baixo consumo de energia e emissões de GEE / Worldwide cities consume 75% of the primary energy, which is related to 68% of the CO2 emissions. Analyses that integrate the variables responsible for energy consumption in cities are fundamental in planning procedures aiming energy efficiency and emission reductions. This work explores, through agent-based modeling (ABM), relationships between city characteristics, direct energy consumption, and CO2 emissions from direct energy consumption. Initially, we discuss the theoretical basis and present the literature review predominantly based on five years. In the methods section the proposed model and the formulas for calculating the consumption and emission estimates are presented. The numerical results of the simulations show that city characteristics affect direct energy consumption and CO2 emissions, but the rebound effect may cancel out the benefits of urban planning actions targeting energy conservation. The integration of multiple variables in a systhemic model yields distinct results when compared to results from models based on specific variables. Finally, it is concluded that increasing urban density and expanding green areas may cancel out the benefits of strategic actions or even lead to greater energy demand and greater emissions, considering the direct and indirect impacts on all energy services. However, due to the local electricity supply, increasing population density yields emission reductions. Results provide a basis for discussions in urban planning towards low energy cities

Education in South Africa is experiencing challenges of interest in its learners towards science and mathematics within the primary and secondary phases of learning. The result of this failed interest is represented by the amount of scarce skills present in the technology, ICT and engineering sectors, resulting in a lack of research and development of current and future technologies. The solution to this problem is to create a lateral approach through learners’ interests by using performance media as a medium of instruction. This intervention is established as part of the University of the Witwatersrand where it will serve as a crucible of research, exploration and education of science and technology through cross-faculty co-operation. Using the University’s vast academic and educational resources, this intervention will become a staging ground for new scientific and technological development conveyed through a variety of performance mediums which will be presented to learners, students and the general public. Situated adjacent to the Parktown Education Campus, this facility is the beginning of planned expansion by the University linking its various campuses through Braamfontein civic district. The site has an important historical and heritage association with Johannesburg - through its heritage landmarks - and by its use through the National Children’s Theatre. Whilst this has been a site for performance art over the last two decades, the expansion and integration of this building will continue this legacy into the future through the exploration of new and dynamic performance mediums. / 2014 Thesis - M.Arch(Prof.)

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries