Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-228).

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The purpose of this essay is to examine the attitudes towards the democracy-task among preschool teachers. The questions addressed are: The preschool view of basic democratic values. The preschool teachers’ view of children´s understanding of democracy and the possibilities and limitations these teachers see. I have also examined the preschool teachers’ view of the child as a citizen from birth or citizen through education. How does our own understanding of democracy influence our view of the child in this context? By using the method of discourse analysis I have analyzed the opinions among the preschool teachers and the intentions expressed in the curriculum to see if I could find different ways to describe democracy in the preschool education. I found that the preschool teachers and the curriculum shared the same view. The opinion among the preschool teachers is that democracy in the preschool goes without saying; with regard to conveying and establishing equal rights as well as responsibilities and possibilities. Nobody questions the principles of democracy in theory, and that I regard as a complexity when it comes to their daily work, because the theory and the practical every day work does not always go hand in hand. My ambition is to present an idea establishing the child as playing an active part in a democratic process here and now, instead of seeing the child in a passive role given democratic tools to be used in a future role as citizen. My opinion is that the child is an adequate citizen from birth.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rangelands in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world support livelihoods through their provision of multiple goods and services. Livestock production, for example, occurs in rangelands both as extensive ranching under freehold tenure and as collective ranching under communal tenure systems. However, the sustainability of rangelands is threatened and has been a major concern this century, leading to a variety of interventions. Holistic management (HM) is one such example, designed by its proponents as a panacea to halt degradation and, recently, climate change effects in the rangelands of Africa and beyond. HM has been implemented in the Hwange Communal Lands (HCLs) of Zimbabwe since 2010. In principle, the programme is aimed at restoring degraded watersheds and croplands through utilising properly managed livestock. To achieve this, two principles are promoted under HM, namely (i) holistic planned grazing (HPG) and (ii) animal impaction of crop fields. However, the effects of HM on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries currently are poorly understood. In order to address this lacuna, this study aimed to determine both the intended and unintended effects of a community-based land restoration programme called Holistic Land and Livestock Management (HLLM) in the HCLs of Zimbabwe on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries through a conceptual framework that combined an actor-oriented livelihoods approach with concepts of everyday politics and resistance. This was done by exploring the impact of HLLM on the six types of farmers’ assets, adoption patterns, farmers’ reactions to the introduction of HLLM, and challenges preventing farmers from adopting HLLM. Case studies employing a qualitative and exploratory research design were undertaken in three communities that were selected purposively from a total of 18 communities in which the HLLM programme had been promoted by the Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) in order to discover different perspectives on the effects of the programme on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries. The study employed qualitative Participatory Rural Appraisal tools, focus group discussions, participant observation, document analysis, and key informant and semi-structured interviews. These lines of enquiry enabled triangulation and cross-checking of information to enhance the reliability and validity of the research findings. The study showed that adoption levels were disappointingly low across all the study sites. Several challenges, including livestock diseases, predation, cultural stigma, labour constraints and witchcraft fears, were among the barriers explaining the low rate of adoption in the HCLs. The findings reveal that the farmers were concerned more with immediate problems, especially lack of water, than with land degradation, which is the primary focus of HLLM. Thus the farmers responded by complying, accommodating and covertly resisting the ACHM’s efforts to implement HLLM in order to suit their needs, using creative everyday politics and resistance. The study concludes that, although HLLM is required in such semi-arid environments, it is not sufficient to sustain rural livelihoods in its current state. While the main focus of HLLM is to improve the natural capital (i.e. restoring degraded watersheds), it should be complemented by and aligned with the farmers’ other development priorities, especially those relating to water / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Weiveld in die halfdor- en dor gebiede van die wêreld ondersteun menslike lewensbestaan deur die verskaffing van ’n verskeidenheid goedere en dienste. Veeproduksie, byvoorbeeld, kom in weivelde voor as beide ekstensiewe veldbeesboerdery onder grondbesit en kollektiewe veldbeesboerdery onder gemeenskaplike eiendomsreg. Die volhoubaarheid van weiveld word egter bedreig en het in hierdie eeu ’n groot bron van kommer geword, wat gelei het tot ’n verskeidenheid ingrypings. Holistiese bestuur (Holistic management (HM)) is een van hierdie en is deur sy voorstanders ontwerp as ’n wondermiddel om degradasie, en meer onlangs die effekte van klimaatsverandering op die weivelde van Afrika en verder, stop te sit. HM is reeds sedert 2010 in die Hwange gemeenskaplike gronde (HGG’e) in Zimbabwe geïmplementeer. In beginsel is die doel van die program om gedegradeerde waterskeidings en landerye te herstel deur gebruik te maak van behoorlik bestuurde vee. Om dit te bereik word twee beginsels onder HM bevorder, naamlik (i) holisties beplande weiding (holistic planned grazing (HPG)) en (ii) dier-impaksie van landerye (animal impaction of crop fields). Die effekte van HM op die lewensbestaan van sy begunstigdes word tans egter swak begryp. Om hierdie leemte aan te spreek, was die doel van hierdie studie om die bedoelde en onbedoelde gevolge van ’n gemeenskapsgebaseerde grondherstelprogram (Holistic Land and Livestock Management (HLLM)) in die HGG’e van Zimbabwe op die lewensbestaan van die begunstigdes te bepaal deur middel van ’n konseptuele raamwerk wat ’n akteur-georiënteerde lewensbestaansbenadering met konsepte van alledaagse politiek en weerstand gekombineer het. Dít is gedoen deur die impak van HLLM op ses soorte van bates wat boere het, hulle aannemingspatrone, boere se reaksies op die invoering van HLLM, en uitdagings wat verhoed het dat boere HLLM aanneem, te ondersoek. Gevallestudies met gebruik van ’n kwalitatiewe en verkennende navorsingsontwerp is in drie gemeenskappe onderneem wat doelbewus uit ’n totaal van 18 gemeenskappe waarin die HLLM-program deur die Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) bevorder word, geselekteer is om verskillende perspektiewe van die effekte van die program op die lewensbestaan van die begunstigdes te ontdek. Die studie het kwalitatiewe Deelnemende Landelike Takseringsgereedskap (Participatory Rural Appraisal), fokusgroepbesprekings, deelnemerwaarneming, dokument analise en sleutel-informant en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude gebruik. Hierdie ondersoeklyne het triangulasie en kruiskontrole van die inligting moontlik gemaak, wat die betroubaarheid en geldigheid van die navorsingsbevindings verhoog het. Die studie toon dat aannemingsvlakke teleurstellend laag was in al die studieliggings. Verskeie uitdagings, insluitend veesiektes, predasie, kulturele stigma, arbeidsbeperkings en vrese vir heksery was onder die hindernisse wat die lae aannemingstempo in die HGG’e verklaar. Die bevindinge wys dat die boere meer besorgd was oor onmiddellike probleme, veral die tekort aan water, as oor grondagteruitgang, wat die vernaamste fokus van HLLM is. Die boere het dus gereageer deur instemming, aanpassing en onderlangse weerstandbieding tot die ACHM se pogings om HLLM te implementeer om sodoende hulle eie behoeftes te pas deur kreatiewe alledaagse politiek en weerstand te gebruik. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat hoewel HLLM in sulke halfdor omgewings nodig is, dit nie in sy huidige staat voldoende is om landelike lewensbestaan te onderhou nie. Hoewel die vernaamste fokus van HLLM is om die natuurlike kapitaal te verbeter (m.a.w. deur gedegradeerde waterskeidings te herstel), moet hierdie rol gekomplementeer word deur en belyn word met die boere se ander ontwikkelingsprioriteite, veral dié wat verband hou met water.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University

Currently most municipalities in Sweden venture to increase citizen participation in spatial and social planning inquiries. The fact of the matter is that the population’s involvement in such inquiries is continuously decreasing. Where there is some participation, the representation of different socio-­‐economic groups is low. This is resulting in an uneven distribution of civil influence in societal issues and a weaker democracy. The rearing of the study is the digital era and its influence on the population’s approach towards information and communication. Several functions and services in society have developed extensively due to the impact of digitalization. For instance, the way we communicate and interact, search for new information and search for medical help are all primarily digital today. By using the benefits from digitalization, the Swedish government is aiming to become more democratic and a country of equality. One strategy to improve public participation is by implementing digital aids into the work process of the public administration. This will provide a more representative, democratic and equal planning process. The case study examines how the municipalities of Höganäs and Härnösand in Sweden have integrated citizens in former planning processes; but also how they will meet expectations of digital participation in the future.

SIQUEIRA, Sandra Maria Marinho. Matrizes históricas dos movimentos sociais: entre a cidadania nos limites do capital e a busca pela emancipação humana. 2006. 206f. – Tese (Doutorado) Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2006. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-16T17:10:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_smmsiqueira.pdf: 144211805 bytes, checksum: 4e764b9c6df6b1dc6f79047b55f55bc2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-16T17:59:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_smmsiqueira.pdf: 144211805 bytes, checksum: 4e764b9c6df6b1dc6f79047b55f55bc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-16T17:59:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_smmsiqueira.pdf: 144211805 bytes, checksum: 4e764b9c6df6b1dc6f79047b55f55bc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Abstract This work to present na actual problem: is foundation in history of social movements, between the stake of capital and the citizen in search of human emancipation. The argumentation hare his base in a writers like Marx (2001a, 2002a, 2002b), Lukács (1979a, 1979b), Mészáros (1981, 1989a, 1989b, 2002), Lessa (1997a, 1997b, 2002), to confront of autors like Touraine (1996, 1999), Mellucci (1992), Gorz (1980), Kurz (1992, 2002), Offe (1989) e Habermas (1990). Recuperate the history by those movements and their importance to the transformation of society, in yours relationship sharer economics, the text to remake the trajectory from the contest of workman through conquests and progress of life and work and his vinculum intrinsic with one project about an society in order to beyond of the money. In analysis of that process from contest of classes, the research try to draw the lines general about news moviments social (NMS), which convoke an important number of individuals, joined lathe by revindications specifics, in general the access to rights political and civils, denying or obstruct along relations socials, however, organize and propose methods of contest pretending displace from the collision of class. To long for therefore, the citizen stay in the stake of society commom, although this, about hers contradiction societies and economics, to develop wounds like misery, hunger and unemployment , ending for restricting the access in the rights prevision in juridical order pertaining to the state common. Acoording to the citizen have, then, laces with the society commom and, to be able to confirm, it to be whit her that have forge yours modern concept of access to the rights citizens, politician and societies, under state guarantee, since that not inquire the pillares essentials to the order of capital. This work comfront the citizen, inscribe in the society of class, in the emancipation of the human being, in line of argumentation propose by Marx (2001a), when he analyze in Manuscript Economic-philosophical in 1844, the emancipation politics common and her surmount for the contest emancipation about all kind of domination economic-society. The human emacipation represent, consequently, one higher horizon, more profound, one transformation by the root, and not only one restrict reform, of order in vigor. She means the association, in all your complescity, of contest for improvement of life and job, with the radical change (along basis) of society common upon to socialism, the association free, by the individuals have the control of production and the product, however the control in all of stage by the aware form and they can develop theirs human potencials. The research analysed how one idea of citizen have been seduce the field of education, in one mode that have been defended the obtainment about the “citizem scool”, that can take a concience by rights and obliged. The counter project of this idea, the emancipation of human being collocate jobs more complex to the education, to mediate between individuals and society and in the context in process ffrom the contest of class and the socialism. / Este trabalho trata de um problema atual: matrizes históricas dos movimentos sociais, entre a cidadania nos marcos do capital e a busca pela emancipação humana. A argumentação se assenta em autores como Marx (2001a, 2002a, 2002b), Lukács (1979a, 1979b), Mészáros (1981, 1989a, 1989b, 2002), Lessa (1997a, 1997b, 2002), contrapostos a autores como Touraine (1996, 1999), Mellucci (1992), Gorz (1980), Kurz (1992, 2002), Offe (1989) e Habermas (1990). Recuperando a historicidade desses movimentos e sua importância para a transformação da sociedade, em suas relações sócio-econômicas, o texto refaz a trajetória da luta dos trabalhadores por conquistas e melhorias de vida e trabalho e seu vínculo intrínseco com um projeto de uma sociedade para além do capital. Na análise desse processo de luta de classes, a pesquisa tenta traçar as linhas gerais dos chamados novos movimentos sociais (NMS), que congregam um importante número de indivíduos, unidos em torno de reivindicações específicas, em geral o acesso a direitos políticos e civis, negados ou obstruídos pelas relações sociais, entretanto, organizando-se e propondo métodos de luta pretensamente deslocados dos choques de classes. Almejam, portanto, a cidadania nos marcos da sociedade burguesa, embora esta, por suas contradições sociais e econômicas, gerem mazelas como miséria, fome e desemprego, acabem por restringir o acesso aos direitos previstos na ordem jurídica estatal burguesa. A cidadania tem, pois, laços com a sociedade burguesa e, pode-se afirmar, foi com ela que se forjou a sua concepção moderna de acesso aos direitos civis, políticos e sociais, sob garantia do Estado, desde que não questionados os pilares fundamentais da ordem do capital. O trabalho contrapõe a cidadania, inscrita na sociedade de classes, à emancipação humana, na linha de argumentação proposta por Marx (2001a), quando analisa, em Manuscritos Econômico-Filosóficos de 1844, a emancipação política burguesa e sua superação pela luta emancipatória de toda forma de dominação econômico-social. A emancipação humana representa, portanto, um horizonte superior, mais profundo, uma transformação pela raiz, e não apenas uma restrita reforma, da ordem vigente. Ela significa a associação, em toda a sua complexidade, da luta por melhorias de vida e trabalho, com a mudança radical (pela raiz) da sociedade burguesa em direção ao socialismo, à associação livre, em que os indivíduos tenham o controle da produção e dos produtos, mas o controlem em todas as suas etapas e de forma consciente e possam desenvolver suas potencialidades humanas. A pesquisa analisou como a idéia d cidadania tem seduzido o campo da educação, de modo que se tem defendido a consecução de uma “escola cidadã”, que forme uma consciência de direitos e deveres. Contraposta a essa idéia, a emancipação humana coloca tarefas mais complexas para a educação, na mediação entre indivíduos e sociedade e a contextualiza no processo da luta de classes e do socialismo.

In this dissertation, I argue against the idea that literary works that portray drug-trafficking, or “narconovelas,” are mere apologias for drug-trafficking and governing failures unique to Colombia and Mexico. In order to problematize that statement, it is necessary to understand how drug-trafficking and its policies started, changed over time, and came to shape our contemporary practices of citizenship and our sense of justice. Drawing on Foucault’s concept of “governmentality”, I argue that a political reading of narconovelas will help us to rethink categories of governmentality such as governed subjectivities, governed bodies and inhabited spaces. In narconovelas, these categories reveal the construction of a criminal otherness, which is portrayed as antagonistic to an ideal middle-class model of citizen. In other words, readers of “narconovelas” do not learn about “narcoculture” or drug-trafficking but paradoxically about the markers of a middle-class citizen: “well spoken,” educated, able to control his/her own pleasures, conservatively dressed, and responsive to the disciplining of security dispositifs. In the first part of this dissertation, I explain how the opium policies and wars in China during the 19th century as well as the colonialist efforts of the United States established a precedent for the governing of drugs on a global level. Colombian and Mexican governing of drugs is linked not only to that precedent but also to the neoliberal ways of the governing of drugs. The second part of this work contains the literary analysis. I found that feminine subjectivities are constructed by highlighting the differences between a middle-class woman and a subaltern woman, and the body of the criminal is constructed based on distinctions of social class; in addition, the micro-politics for the representation of bodies derive from the colonial assumption that bodies can be owned, abused and disposed. I also found that narconovelas reverse our understanding of the center and the periphery; some novels even depict a transforming sense of citizenship by reimaging the inhabited spaces. With this work, I demonstrate that cultural production and in particular the narconovelas reinforce, challenge or remain ambiguous to the various biases that shape contemporary categories of governmentality such as gender, body and space. This dissertation is written in Spanish.

[pt] A dissertação analisa, no período de formação do Império do Brasil como corpo político autônomo, em meados de 1821 a 1825, o caráter polissêmico da linguagem política e a disputa em torno desses significados. O foco do estudo encontra-se no projeto político do carmelita Frei Joaquim do Amor Divino Rabelo Caneca, sinalizando a crítica feita pelo autor ao Imperador e à Corte, sua interlocução junto aos federalistas pernambucanos, e, ainda, a singularidade referente aos seus questionamentos e seu horizonte de expectativas. A partir dos principais escritos políticos de Frei Caneca são recuperados, primeiramente, as experiências que influenciaram o pensamento do autor, suas redes de sociabilidade e a influência de sua formação. Em um segundo momento, a dissertação volta-se para o olhar de Frei Caneca para os debates constitucionalistas, travados na província pernambucana e os conflitos políticos traçados pelo carmelita ao defender princípios envoltos nos conceitos de: Estado, Nação, Pátria e Cidadão. Por fim, analisa-se a aproximação entre o conceito de liberdade de Frei Caneca e a concepção do conceito feita pelos humanistas renascentistas. / [en] The essay analyzes, the period of formation of Brazil´s Empire as an autonomous politic party, during 1821 to 1825, the diversified character of the politics language and the dispute about their meanings. The focus of the study is in the politic project of the carmelita Frei Joaquim do Amor Divino Rabelo Caneca, signalizing the critics made by the author to the Emperor and the Court, his communication toward the federalists pernambucanos and also the singularity referring to his questionings and his horizon of expectations. From the main political writings of Frei Caneca are recouped, first, the experiences that influenciated the thoughts of the author, his nets of sociability and the influence of his formation At a second moment the essay turns to Frei Caneca´s thoughts toward the constitutionalists debates, occurred in the pernambucana province and the politic conflicts traced by the Carmelita when defending principles in regard of the concepts of: State, Nation, Native, land and Citizen Finally, I analyze the approach between the concepts of freedom of Frei Caneca and the conception made for the humanists of renaissance.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-11-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dominguez_garcia_me_mar.pdf: 401348 bytes, checksum: 1715a8be4ba43e311791038ffbb960a3 (MD5) / Com o início do novo milênio, o Brasil passa por profundas transformações na sociedade. Estima-se que, em 2025, a cada cinco brasileiros um terá 60 anos. Os jovens de hoje estão preparados para lidarem com as novas tecnologias. No entanto, as gerações anteriores, consideradas atualmente da Terceira Idade, não tiveram esta formação e estão vivendo numa sociedade altamente informatizada. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos: Caracterizar o usuário potencial da Terceira Idade, quanto ao uso da Internet nos grupos da UNATI-UEL e do SENAC-Londrina; Identificar a utilização da Internet por usuários da Terceira Idade; Verificar se a Terceira Idade está familiarizada com a Internet e Detectar os sentimentos e aspirações dos usuários da Terceira Idade diante da Internet. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa foi de estudo de caso, sob um enfoque quantitativo-qualitativo. Utilizamos questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas, diferentes para cada instituição estudada. Os resultados obtidos nos permitem concluir que: 1) ambos os grupos pesquisados compreendem a importância da utilização da Internet nos dias de hoje; 2) esta oferece maior facilidade e comodidade na realização de suas tarefas diárias; 3) traz informação e estimula a criatividade. / With the beginning of the new millennium, the Brazilian society is being transformed. It is believed that, by the year 2025, one in five Brazilian citizens will be 60 years old. The youngsters are prepared to deal with new technologies but the previous generations, which are currently considered to be the elderly, are not. In fact, they live in a society which is highly technological. Based on these facts, the purposes of this research are: to characterize the potential elderly user as for the use of the Internet in UNATI - UEL and SENAC - Londrina groups; to identify the use of the Internet by the elderly; to verify if the elderly are familiarized with the Internet and to detect their feelings and aspirations towards the Internet. The methodology used in this research was the case study under a qualitative-quantitative focus. A different questionnaire with open-ended and multiple choice questions was used for each institution studied in this research. The results obtained led us to the following conclusions: 1) both groups understand the importance of the use of the Internet nowadays; 2) it is easier and more comfortable for them to accomplish their daily tasks with the Internet; 3) the Internet brings information and stimulates creativity.