Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Hyung Jin Kim / The senior population within the United States has increased by 1.5% from 2010-2014, whereas other demographics have either stayed the same or have decreased (US Census Bureau, 2014). Assisted living facilities focus on sustaining and enhancing the quality of life for the residents, and their physical and social environments should be modified to stimulate this focus. Studies have shown that is can be accomplished by increasing access to nature. Additionally, a diminished physical activity level among senior citizens is an additional research problem as it contributes to their quality of life. With these research problems in mind, the two research question being addresses are: How does access to nature affect physical activity levels of senior citizens living within assisted living facilities; and how can indoor and outdoor landscapes assist in promoting physical activity? To answer the research questions, the following aims were established in support of the research and design objectives of this study: (1) identify barriers limiting use, and (2) idenify how access to nature affects phyisical activity levels in senior citizens within assisted living facilities, (3) to improve access to nature, (4) to improve quality of outdoor spaces, and (5) to encourage outdoor activity. Research Methods include (a) focus group interviews and (b)an environmental audit to investigate user’s preferences of activities, existing access to nature, and barriers prohibiting the use of the natural environments, (c) literature analysis and research to identify relevant design strategies that have been used in similar studies, and in the design phase,this study synthesizes how design principals can be utilized to solve the identified issues. The findings were then used to create a matrix for design and to also develop design goals and solutions for Homestead. The result of this study identifies strategies used to overcome barriers limiting outdoor use. The focus group and staff interviews along with the environmental audit and the literature analysis findings were used for developing a framework for design. The design framework and research methods this study used could be applied at similar facilities based on the ability ranges of the residents to produce a design solution that encourages outdoor use and physical activity, and thus, enhance the quality of life of the residents in the assisted living facilities.

Uppsatsens syfte är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer, som ställs i ett jämförande perspektiv, för att svara på frågeställningen: Uppsatsen kommer att utgå från teorier som är applicerbara inom journalistyrket inom en organisation. Teorier kommer vara nyhetsvärdering, vad är det som gör en nyhet till en nyhet. Organisationer drivs framåt utav olika mål, ekonomiska och publicistiska. Hur arbetar dessa mål ihop med vad publiken vill få ut av en nyhetsorganisation, då publiken har helt nya möjligheter att bidra genom medborgarjournalistik och deltagarjournalistik. Ska man se medieanvändare som en extra tillgång, eller är det ett hot för nyhetsorganisationen, om det stämmer vad medborgarjournalistiken säger att vem som helt kan vara journalist? Det presenteras resultat från åtta stycken kvalitativa intervjuer med journalister på lokaltidningar i Sverige. Journalisterna får ge deras bild av hur de upplever yrkesrollen och dess förändringar. Vilken syn har de på medborgarjournalister och om det känner att det utgör något hot för journalistrollen. Efter guidning genom central forskning och metod kommer slutsatsen att journalistrollen inte är ett överflödigt yrke, arbetet som journalister producerar och att det finns vikt i vilken källa nyheterna kommer ifrån. / This essay is based on central theories within journalism in an organization. Highlighted theories will we news evaluation, what issues makes it into news. Organization is driven by different goals, the economic goal and the publicist goals. How does the organization work with these goals joined with what the audience want from the organization when the audience has new possibilities to contribute through citizen’s journalism and participatory journalism? Is it possible to se the media user as a threat to or an extra asses for the news organisation when, according to citizen journalism anyone can call them self a journalism without any specific education. The result will be presented from eight qualitative interviews with journalist on local newspapers in Sweden. This is to present how the journalist perceives the changes in journalism as a profession. How do they see the citizen journalists, as an extra recourse or a threat? After guidance through central research and preformed Interviews the essay comes to the conclusion that the role as a journalism in not an excessive role. The work that a journalist produces is important and it is necessary which source the news comes from.

Thesis (MCur)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond Samewerking tussen belanghebbendes is ʼn baie waardevolle instrument om die holistiese ontwikkeling van gemeenskappe te bevorder. Gevolglik het die navorser deur hierdie projek gepoog om die waarde van samewerking in ’n gemeenskap te bepaal. Doelstelling en Doelwitte Die doel van die studie was om die waarde van samewerking in ʼn geïntegreerde gemeenskapsontwikkelingsprogram te ondersoek, soos dit onder die belanghebbendes in die gemeenskap van Kuilsrivier ervaar is. Die volgende doelwitte is gestel om te bepaal of: • samewerking ʼn oplossing is vir gemeenskapsontwikkeling • ʼn integrasie van al die belanghebbendes in die gemeenskap ʼn verskil maak in ontwikkelende gemeenskappe. Navorsingsontwerp Vir die doel van hierdie studie was ʼn fenomenologiese navorsingsontwerp toegepas met ‘n kwalitatiewe benadering. Populasie en steekproefneming Die populasie het bestaan uit ʼn verskeidenheid van belanghebbendes wat betrokke was in die program. Deur doelgerigte steekproefneming is 10 deelnemers gekies wat bestaan het uit ‘n fokusgroep met vyf deelnemers en onderhoude met vyf afsonderlike individue. Onderhoudsriglyne en data insameling Onderhoude is gevoer met een fokusgroep en vyf individue afsonderlik. Elke onderhoud was gelei deur semi-gestruktureerde onderhoudsriglyne wat gebaseer was op die doelwitte. Data is deur die navorser persoonlik ingesamel. ʼn Voorondersoek is nie gedoen nie. Geldigheid Om die geldigheid van hierdie studie te verseker, is die beginsels van geloofwaardigheid, gelykvormigheid, betroubaarheid en oordraagbaarheid toegepas. Etiese oorweging Toestemming vir die uitvoering van die studie was verkry van die Etiese Komitee van die Fakulteit Gesondheidswetenskappe by Stellenbosch Universiteit. Ingeligte, geskrewe toestemming was verkry. Die onderhoude is op band opgeneem met toestemming van die deelnemers. Deelname aan die studie was vrywillig en die etiese beginsels met betrekking tot privaatheid, anonimiteit en vertroulikheid is verseker deur die hele studie. Data analise Data was geanaliseer volgens Tesch (1990:154-156). Opgeneemde onderhoude is getranskribeer. Getranskribeerde data was gegroepeer in temas en sub-temas en gekodeer deur die hele proses. Bevindinge Gedurende die onderhoude, en spesifiek in die fokusgroep, het deelnemers die waarde so beskryf van aandeelhouers in gemeenskapsontwikkeling: “Samewerking is baie belangrik. Integrasie van alle partye dra definitief by tot die ontwikkeling van die gemeenskappe.” Daar is bevind dat bemagtiging die gemeenskappe in staat stel om hulle individuele take meer effektief uit te voer, n.a.v. die volgende: ”Ons skakel in en deur dit bemagtig ons ons gemeenskappe in Kuilsrivier en nou ook ander gemeenskappe”. Die projek het nuwe bewyse geïdentifiseer van ʼn wyer spektrum van die waarde van samewerking en het die waarde van persoonlike, geestelike en emosionele ondersteuning geïdentifiseer wat ervaar is deur die aandeelhouers. Verder het die studie baie belangrike persoonlike ontwikkeling en bemagtiging, soos ervaar deur die aandeelhouers gewys dat daar ʼn baie belangrike persoonlike ontwikkeling en bemagtiging ervaar is deur die aandeelhouers en dat integrasie van al die gemeenskapsaandeelhouers wel ʼn verskil maak in ontwikkelende gemeenskappe. Aanbevelings Aanbevelings wat gebaseer is op die wetenskaplike bewyse wat deur die studie bekom is, was gemaak en sluit die volgende in: ʼn Groter poging moet aangewend word om die beste moontlike mense betrokke te kry by ʼn geïntegreerde gemeenskapsonwikkelingsprogram Vertroue en respek tussen die aandeelhouers onderling en tussen die aandeelhouers en die gemeenskap is noodsaaklik ʼn Mentorprogram vir vrywilligers Persoonlike ontwikkelingsprogramme vir die vrywilligers Ter opsomming kan gesê word dat die LINK geïntegreerde program gewys het dat om verandering teweeg te bring in Suid-Afrika, sal daar ʼn toename in geïntegreerde gemeenskapsontwikkelingsprogramme te weeg gebring moet word met ʼn samewerkingsvennootskap van verskeie aandeelhouers. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background Collaboration between stakeholders is a valuable tool to enhance holistic development in communities. Consequently through this project the researcher endeavored to determine the value of collaboration in development of a community. Goal and objectives The purpose of the study was to explore the value of collaboration of an integrated community development programme as experienced by stakeholders which was introduced in Kuils River. The following objectives were set to determine whether: • collaboration is a solution to community development • an integration of all community stakeholders makes a difference in developing societies. Research design For the purpose of this study a phenomenological research design with a qualitative approach was applied. Population and sampling The population comprised of the various stakeholders involved in the programme. Through purposive sampling 10 participants were selected, which consisted of one focus group of five participants and five face to face individuals interviews. Interview Guide and data collection Interviews were conducted with one focus group and five individual participants. Each interview was guided by a semi-structured interview guide based on the objectives. Data was collected personally by the researcher. A pretest was not done. Validity To ensure the validity of the study the principles of credibility, conformability, dependability and transferability were applied. Ethical considerations Consent to conduct the study was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences at Stellenbosch University. Informed written consent was obtained. The interviews were recorded with the consent of the participants. Participation in the study was voluntary and the ethical principles pertaining to privacy, anonymity and confidentiality were maintained throughout the study. Data analysis Data was analysed according to Tesch (1990:154-156). Recorded interviews were transcribed. Transcribed data was grouped into themes, subthemes and coded throughout the process. Findings During the interviews, specifically with the focus group, participants described the value of collaboration of various stakeholders in community development: “Collaboration is very important. Integration of all the parties definitely contributes to the development of the communities”. It was shown that empowerment enables communities to fulfil their individual tasks more effectively as the following comment illustrates: “We are linking in and through that we are empowering our communities, our community in Kuils River and now also other communities”. The project identified new evidence of a broader range of the value of collaboration and has identified the value of personal, spiritual and emotional support experienced by stakeholders. Furthermore, the study has shown the high importance of personal development and empowerment experienced by stakeholders and that the integration of all community stakeholders does make a difference in developing societies. Recommendations Recommendations were made based on the scientific evidence obtained and include the following: Effort should be made to involve the best possible people in the integrated community development programme (ICDP). Trust and respect between the stakeholders and between the stakeholders and the community are imperative A mentorship programme for volunteers Personal development programme for the volunteers In conclusion the Local Integrated Network in Kuils River (LINK) integrated programme has shown that to bring about change in South Africa, an increase in ICDP’s should be introduced with a collaborative partnership of various stakeholders.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Every year, the South African President delivers a State of the Nation Address. This speech provides him with the opportunity to raise his opinion on the current state of affairs in the country. As can be expected, the country's different media channels then report extensively on the speech. These reports can, however, be regarded as much more than simple commentaries on the speech – they are in fact, reframed versions of the speech that affect and shape the opinions and ideologies of their readers. These media channels also provide the perfect vehicles through which links can be established between citizens to support their belief that they form part of an established community (Bielsa and Bassnett 2009:33). Wherever communication is present or necessary, it is impossible to escape the process or effect of framing, as framing implies “‘how speakers mean what they say’” (Tannen and Wallat, 1993:60; in Baker, 2006:105). Therefore, the presence and effects of framing should not be ignored, instead, translation scholars should be aware of framing and how this process affects translated texts. Mona Baker introduced the idea that the translated and reformulated narratives that we are exposed to constitute the everyday stories that shape the way we perceive reality (Baker 2006:3). By studying these translated versions of the speech one can gain insight into the ideologies of the intended target readership (Bielsa and Bassnett 2009:10). In the ever-growing field of Translation Studies it is important to focus on finding an approach that provides enough freedom for scholars to elaborate on existing approaches and include new findings and results. This thesis focuses on the narrative approach and explores Baker's views by taking a deeper look at rewritten versions of the SONA in the shape of newspaper articles. It also suggests that this approach has the potential to provide scholars with a much-needed framework. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Elke jaar gee die President van Suid-Afrika ʼn staatsrede waarin hy sy mening lug oor die huidige stand van sake in die land. Dit is te verwagte dat die verskillende mediakanale dan breedvoerig oor hierdie toespraak verslag lewer. Hierdie verslae is egter veel meer as eenvoudige kommentaar op die President se toespraak, hulle is in effek, hergekonstrueerde weergawes van die toespraak, wat sodoende deel van ʼn nuwe raamwerk uitmaak – ʼn raamwerk wat ʼn belangrike rol speel in die vorming van lesers se menings en ideologieë. Hierdie mediakanale bied ook die perfekte mediums om kommunikasie tussen die onderskeie lede van ʼn gemeenskap in werking te stel sodat hulle sal glo dat hulle deel vorm van ʼn gevestigde gemeenskap (Bielsa en Bassnett 2009:33). Waar kommunikasie ter sprake is, is dit onmoontlik om die proses van herskrywing te vermy, aangesien die plasing van inligting in ʼn nuwe raam verwant is aan “‘hoe sprekers bedoel wat hulle sê’” (Tannen en Wallat, 1993:60; in Baker, 2006:105). Dus moet die effek van herskrywing nie onderskat word nie; inteendeel, vertalers moet bewus wees van die implikasies daarvan en hoe dit vertaalde tekste beïnvloed. Mona Baker het vorendag gekom met die idee dat die manier waarop ons realiteit waarneem, beïnvloed word deur die vertaalde en herskryfde narratiewe waaraan ons elke dag blootgestel word (2006:3). Vertalings word spesifiek geskep met die doellesers in gedagte, daarom kan verdere insig oor die ideologieë van die doellesers verkry word deur hierdie vertalings verder te bestudeer (Bielsa en Bassnett 2009:10). In die steeds groeiende veld van vertaalteorie, is dit belangrik om ʼn benadering te vind wat kenners genoeg vryheid toelaat om bestaande teorieë uit te brei en nuwe resultate en bevindings tot die vertaalwetenskap te kan byvoeg. Hierdie studie bestudeer dus Baker se argumente en die impak van ʼn narratiewe benadering op vertaalteorie deur te fokus op herskrywings van die staatsrede in die vorm van koerantberigte. Dit suggereer ook dat hierdie narratiewe benadering van herskrywing deur inligting binne ʼn nuwe raam te plaas, die potensiaal het om aan wetenskaplikes ʼn nuwe teoretiese ondersoekbasis te bied.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Literature on public participation generally assumes the existence of a causal relationship between community participation in urban development programs and the satisfaction of beneficiaries of such programs with the outcomes of these development programs. In this study, the role played by public participation in fashioning perceptions of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of beneficiaries is investigated in the cases of two hostel redevelopment programs. The role of public participation is investigated by means of the Spectrum of Participation model of the International Association of Public Participation, a model which propagates a set of principles to be fulfilled before it may be said that beneficiaries have thoroughly participated in a program. Satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the beneficiaries is tested by means of the Hirschmann model of Voice, Exit and Loyalty, a model which hypothesizes that potential beneficiaries in a program - in order to express satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the process - may remain loyal to the program, may voice their dissatisfaction, or (as a last resort) may exit the program. After an analysis of the concept of public participation, this concept is applied-via interviews with samples of stakeholders and potential beneficiaries-to two different communities of interest: members of the Welcome Zenzile Housing Cooperative in Langa and the Ilinge LabaHlali Housing Cooperative in Nyanga, townships situated not very far from the Cape Town CBD, and occupied mostly by African communities. These two housing cooperatives participated in the national Hostel Redevelopment Program, an initiative propagated by the national Department of Human Settlements. Since these cooperatives participated in different ways during identifiable phases of the program, public participation by potential beneficiaries was researched within each phase. A comparison of research findings in the two programs points to a positive relationship between public participation and beneficiary satisfaction. Though other factors also play a role, such satisfaction could be observed in the Nyanga community where levels of participation by beneficiaries were extremely high. With the Welcome Zenzile beneficiaries, the same could not be said, inter alia, since most of the decisions associated with beneficiary interests were made by the City of Cape Town. In essence this second program was implemented by the City of Cape Town for and on behalf of the beneficiaries. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die algemeen veronderstel die literatuur oor openbare deelname dat daar ‘n kousaleverband bestaan tussen gemeenskapsdeelname aan stedelike ontwikkelingsprogramme en die tevredenheid van die begunstigdes van sodanige programme met die uitkomstes daarvan. In hierdie studie word twee hostelherontwikkelingsprogramme gebruik om die rol te ondersoek wat openbare deelname speel in die vorming van persepsies oor begunstigdes se tevredenheid of ontevredenheid. Die rol van openbare deelname word ondersoek aan die hand van die Internasionale Vereniging vir Openbare Deelname se Spektrum van Deelname-model, ‘n model wat ‘n stel beginsels voorhou waaraan voldoen moet word voordat daar gesê kan word dat begunstigdes doeltreffend aan ‘n program deelgeneem het. Die tevredenheid of ontevredenheid van die begunstigdes word getoets volgens die Hirschmann-model van ―Voice, Exit and Loyalty‖, ‘n model wat veronderstel dat moontlike begunstigdes van ‘n program – ten einde hulle tevredenheid of ontevredenheid met die proses te kan uitspreek – aan die program lojaal kan bly, hulle ontevredenheid daarmee kan betuig, of (as ‘n laaste uitweg) die program kan verlaat. Nadat daar ‘n ontleding van die konsep openbare deelname gedoen is, word die konsep toegepas – via onderhoude en steekproewe met belanghebbendes en potensiële begunstigdes – in twee verskillende belangegemeenskappe: die Welcome Zenzilebehuisingskoöperatief in Langa en die Ilinge LabaHlali-behuisingskoöperatief in Nyanga, twee townships wat nie ver van die Kaapstadse Sentrale Sakegebied geleë is nie en hoofsaaklik deur swart gemeenskappe bewoon word. Hierdie twee behuisingskoöperatiewe het aan die nasionale Hostelherontwikkelingsprogram, ‘n inisiatief wat deur die nasionale Departement van Menslike Vestiging geloods is, deelgeneem. Aangesien hierdie koöperatiewe op verskillende wyses tydens identifiseerbare fases van die program deelgeneem het, is openbare deelname deur potensiële begunstigdes in elke fase nagevors. ‘n Vergelyking van navorsingsbevindinge ten opsigte van die twee programme dui op ‘n positiewe verband tussen openbare deelname en begunstigdetevredenheid. Ofskoon ander faktore ook ‘n rol speel, kon sodanige tevredenheid in die Nyanga-gemeenskap waargeneem word, waar vlakke van deelname deur begunstigdes buitengewoon hoog was. Dieselfde kan egter nie van die Welcome Zenzile-begunstigdes gesê word nie, onder andere omdat die meeste van die besluite wat met begunstigdebelange te make het, deur die Stad Kaapstad geneem is. Op die keper beskou het die Stad Kaapstad hierdie tweede program vir en namens die begunstigdes geïmplementeer.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is a reality that public participation processes in local government do not yield the outcomes that reveal a fully optimised process. Communication is the lifeblood of any development initiative (Swanepoel & De Beer, 1996:1) and is one way of breaking the isolation of people. By having the ability to communicate (i.e. to reach and to be reached) people can truly have a say in matters shaping their current and future reality. The objectives of this thesis were to explore the communication short falls hindering effective participation in local government, and also to provide a practical implementation framework aimed at guiding municipalities in communication with the view to enhance public participation. This was accomplished by way of a literature study and an analysis of the West Coast District (WCD) Communication and Participation Project (2003). In Chapter 1 the thesis topic was introduced and the background to the thesis, the research problem, the design and methodology, as well as the outline of the chapters was explained. In Chapter 2 the key concepts of this thesis were discussed and included sustainable. development, public participation and communication. This selection of concepts is justified by the argument that communication supports public participation, which will in turn promote sustainable development. A description of the WCD Project (2003) findings was provided in Chapter 3, which was followed by an analyses and interpretation of the WCD Project findings in Chapter 4. During the analyses a number of observations were made. Firstly, there is a distinct relationship between communication, public participation and sustainable development. Communication facilitates information sharing which supports informed decision-making during public participation. The latter in turn is vital in establishing sustainable development. Secondly, there should be distinguished between community communication and corporate communication. Dealing with the local community requires a unique approach to communication, which varies from the communication approach followed by the internal administration of the municipality. Thirdly, local communities should be consulted to identify and communicate their unique communication needs, issues and perspectives as they have unique knowledge of their own local challenges. These inputs from the community cause for powerful communication content and messages key to successful participation and to sustainable development. Fourthly, that the perceptions as expressed by community members, embody their unique and specific communication needs. By converting and translating community perceptions into community needs. positive motivation for public participation could be created. Based on the findings of the analyses and interpretation of the WCD Project findings, a communication framework aimed at enhancing participation was developed in Chapter 5. The framework focussed on guiding the implementation of communication and participation when embarking on development initiatives. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is 'n realiteit dat openbare deelname prosesse in plaaslike regering nie die uitkomste wat sprekend is van 'n optimale. proses lewer nie. Kommunikasie is die lewensaar van enige ontwikkelingsinisiatief (Swanepoel & De Beer, 1996:1) en word beskou as een manier om die isolasie van mense verbreek. Deur die vermoë te hê om te kan kommunikeer (om uit te reik en bereik te kan word), kan mense werklik seggenskap hê in aangeleenthede wat hul huidige en toekomstige realiteit beïnvloed. Die doelwitte van hierdie tesis was om die kommunikasie tekortkominge wat effektiewe deelname in plaaslike regering verhinder te ondersoek en ook om 'n praktiese implementeringsraamwerk wat daarop gemik is om munisipalitieite te lei rakende kommunikasie, met die oog daarop om openbare deelname te bevorder. Dit is bereik deur middel van 'n literatuurstudie en 'n analise van die Weskus Distrik (WD) Kommunikasie en Deelname Projek (2003). In Hoofstuk 1 was die tesis onderwerp bekend gestel en die agtergrond van die tesis, die navorsingsprobleem, die onderwerp sowel as die raamwerk van die hoofstukke is verduidelik. In Hoofstuk 2 is die sleutel konsepte van die tesis bespreek wat volhoudbare ontwikkeling, openbare deelname en kommunikasie ingesluit het. Hierdie seleksie van konsepte word geregverdig deur die argument dat kommunikasie openbare deelname stimuleer, wat beurtelings volhoudbare ontwikkeling sal bevorder. 'n Beskrywing van die WD Projek bevindinge (2003) is in Hoofstuk 3 verskaf, en word gevolg deur 'n analise en interpretasie van die WK Projek bevindinge in Hoofstuk 4. Gedurende die analise van die WD Projek bevindinge is 'n aantal waarnemings gemaak. Eerstens, is daar 'n betekenende verhouding tussen kommunikasie, openbare deelname en volhoudbare ontwikkeling. Kommunikasie fassiliteer die meedeel van informasie wat beurtelings ingeligde besluitneming tydens openbare deelname bevorder. Laasgenoemde is krities in die vestiging van volhoudbare ontwikkeling. Tweedens, moet daar 'n onderskeid getref word tussen gemeenskap kommunikasie en korporatiewe organisasie. Om met die gemeenskap te werk vereis 'n unieke benadering tot kommunikasie, wat verskil van die kommunikasie benadering wat gevolg word tydens munisipale administrasie. Derdens, plaaslike gemeenskappe behoort meer gekonsulteer te word om hul unieke kommunikasie behoeftes te identifiseer en te kan kommunikeer, omdat hulle kennis het van hul eie unieke plaaslike uitdagings. Hierdie insette van die gemeenskap dra by tot kragtige kommunikasie inhoud en boodskappe wat 'n sleutel rol speel in suksesvolle deelname en in volhoudbare ontwikkeling. Vierdens, dat die persepsies soos beskryf deur gemeenskap lede, hul unieke en spesifieke kommunikasie behoeftes vergestalt. Deur die gemeenskap persepsies om te skakel in gemeenskap behoeftes, sal positiewe motivering rakende openbare deelname geskep' kan word. Op grond van die bevindinge rakende die analise en interpretasie van die WK Projek bevindinge, is 'n kommunikasie raamwerk wat gemik is op die verbetering van deelname ontwikkel in Hoofstuk 5. Die raamwerk is ingestel daarop om leiding te gee rakende die implementering van kommunikasie en deelname.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The fundamental purpose of this study is to establish the extent to which theory and practice relate in the context of community participation. The point of departure is to understand what participation entails and the methodologies available to the development practitioner. As illustrated by the case study, there is a meaningful relationship between theory and the practicing of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), which is the methodology of choice for the project. Although the PRA techniques were utilized in gathering data for the project, many of the key decisions were made independently of the community. This brings to light the controversy between technical expertise on the one hand and to what extent the community should be included in any decisions made at this technical level, especially since they may only end up rubber-stamping the professional's opinions anyway. The question arises whether or not the whole concept of empowerment is simply a utopian concept. This is by no means an easy question to answer. However, the case study does illustrate that participation can be harnessed to achieve a successful project. It is important to note that even in difficult circumstances where 'dependency' has taken root, there exists hope that the people can actively participate in the project. It also reinforces the urgency of the need to actively encourage social change that will inspire people towards participation. This has been viewed for too long by the local people as the domain of the educated only. It is therefore important that development agencies create awareness of participation since it cuts across all their projects. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel tot watter mate teorie en praktyk met mekaar verband hou binne die konteks van gemeenskapsdeelname in die bestuur van gemeenskapsprojekte. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is die verstaan van wat deelname behels, en watter metodologieë beskikbaar is vir ontwikkelingspraktisyns. Soos deur die gevallestudie geïllustreer, is daar 'n verband tussen die teorie en die praktiese gebruik van "Participatory Rural Appraisal" (PRA), die tegniek wat deur die spesifieke projek gebruik word. Alhoewel die PRA tegniek aangewend is, word baie van die belangrike besluite onafhanklik van die gemeenskap gemaak. Dit plaas 'n fokus op die kontroversiële posisie wat bestaan tussen tegniese insette aan die een kant en die mate waartoe gemeenskappe op hierdie tegniese vlak aan besluite moet deelneem, veral aangesien hierdie tipe deelname slegs op die roetine-goedkeuring van professionele sienswyses mag uitloop. Dit vra die pertinente vraag of deelname nie slegs 'n utopiese konsep is nie. Hierdie is nie 'n maklike vraag om te antwoord nie, maar, die gevallestudieondersoek ondersteun wel die idee dat deelname ingespan kan word om positiewe resultate vir 'n projek te verseker. Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat selfs waar 'n sindroom van afhanklikheid ontwikkel het, die hoop bestaan om gemeenskappe aktief in projekte te laat deelneem. Hierdie beklemtoon die belangrikheid daarvan om sosiale verandering aan te moedig ten einde 'n positiewe ingesteldheid teenoor deelname te inspireer. Vir te lank reeds sien plaaslike gemeenskappe hierdie as die terrein slegs van opgeleide persone. Dit is dus belangrik dat ontwikkelingsagente aandag skenk daaraan om gemeenskappe te sensiteer rakende deelname, aangesien dit die suksesvolle uitvoering van al hulle projekte raak.

This study examines citizens awareness and usage of government e-services. Governments use Web-based Internet applications to enhance their citizens access to government services. However, in a case study in Brunei Darussalam, it was found that the government s initiative in providing e-services in last few years has not been as successful as it could have been as the services have not been citizen-centric. This was due to the availability of e-services being unknown amongst the citizens and that a silo-based approach existed for each government ministry. One notable finding was that although the ICT literacy of Brunei citizens has rapidly improved, this has not been reflected in the citizens interaction with government. There are several challenges for citizens awareness and use of government e-services that occur on e-government initiatives. Failure in managing such problems, results in a high probability of these services becoming a white elephant , with inefficiency, wastefulness and cost overruns on e-government projects. E-government management agencies still do not have an organized citizens awareness strategy approach to managing knowledge in e-government initiatives. The proposed Government e Services Citizens Awareness Strategy (GeS-CAS) framework, incorporating communication, management and education strategies, can effectively be used to enable e-government agencies to deal with e-government projects problems and risks in an organised and efficient way. It is concluded that e-government initiatives management can be improved if the knowledge dimensions of the problems are well understood and are conveyed to the right people, at the right time and the right place, and are appropriately managed. This research has developed an integrated citizens awareness strategy Knowledge Management framework that provides a structured approach to achieving this which is easy to understand and put in to practice by e-government agencies, and can be used to solve citizen awareness problems, explore opportunities and make decisions.

Thesis (MEdPsych)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was undertaken to explore the asset-based approach to community involvement with learners with learning barriers. The extent to which the asset-based approach serves as an extension of the medical and ecosystemic models as well as the role of the educational psychologist was examined. Action-research was used in a qualitative research design that entailed a study of learners with learning barriers of the ELSEN-Unit at Parow Preparatory School. The utilization of the community's assets was directed at the stimulation and further development of the learners' identified assets. It was found that the collaborative relationship within the asset-based approach contributes to community involvement with learners with learning barriers. The study further showed that certain aspects of the medical and ecosystemic models are still utilized during the application of the asset-based approach. However, the latter approach serves as an extension of these existing models, as the focus is directed at the identification and mobilization of the learners' and the community's assets, rather than at their shortcomings and needs. The extension of the medical and ecosystemic models in the management of learners with learning barriers implies certain degree of role modification an expansion of the educational psychologist. The findings concerning the role of the educational psychologist within the asset-based approach is examined and discussed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is onderneem om die bate-gebaseerde benadering tot gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid by leerders met leerhindernisse te ondersoek. Die mate waarin die bate-gebaseerde benadering dien as 'n uitbreiding van die mediese en ekosistemiese modelle, asook die rol van die opvoedkundige sielkundige word ondersoek. In In kwalitatiewe navorsingsontwerp is gebruik gemaak van aksie-navorsing wat In studie van die leerders met leerhindernisse van die OLSO-Eenheid by Voorbereidingskool Parow behels het. Die aanwending van die gemeenskap se bates was gerig op die stimulering en verdere ontwikkeling van die leerders se geïdentifiseerde bates. Daar is gevind dat hierdie kollaboratiewe verhouding binne die bate-gebaseerde benadering bydra tot gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid by leerders met leerhindernisse. Die studie het verder getoon dat sekere fasette van die mediese en ekosistemiese modelle steeds aangewend word tydens die toepassing van die bate-gebaseerde benadering. Laasgenoemde benadering dien egter as uitbreiding van hierdie bestaande modelle, aangesien op die identifisering en mobilisering van die leerders en die gemeenskap se bates gefokus word, eerder as op hul tekortkominge en behoeftes. Die uitbreiding van die mediese en ekosistemiese modelle in die hantering van leerders met leerhindernisse impliseer sekere rolveranderinge en -uitbreidings van die opvoedkundige sielkundige. Die bevindinge ten opsigte van die opvoedkundige sielkundige se rol binne die bate-gebaseerde benadering word ondersoek en bespreek.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management