In recent years, New Media such as internet not only impacted old media but also widely used by citizenship. For example, Thousands of internet users set up a voluntary "Morakot Typhoon disaster network center" raised supplies and reported the latest disaster in remote mountainous areas in 2009. January 2011 People in Egypt also used a network of new media to raise citizen to demonstrate their anger of government, they finally attracted international attention. These phenomena have demonstrated new media's power and influence. ¡@¡@This study explores the factors and cognitive attitudes of citizens when they through a network use new media to participate in public affairs. The factors were chosen from literatures and corresponded to PAM (integrated public affair management framework). Five decision-making variables (cues) of this study are "selfish - altruism", "support from peer", "self-ability", "anonymous degree ", and "the issue of topic". Questionnaire was based on Social Judgment Theory, SJT. Both physical survey questionnaires and internet questionnaires were disseminated to new media users. Total questionnaires are 152 and valid questionnaires are 88. Through statistical software policy PC to understand the subject's decision-making for these five variables in the cognitive approach. The results are as follows: 1. In the average weights, the most important cue for all groups is "anonymous degree" followed by "self-ability", "selfish - altruism", "support from peer", and "the issue of topic". 2. In the judgment functions, all groups have positive attitude toward the three cues: "selfish - altruism", "self-ability" and "anonymous degree". All groups have U-curve attitude toward the cue:"support from peer". All groups have positive attitude and U-curve attitude toward the cue:"the issue of topic".

This study investigates how the public forum cognition of citizen affect their intension to attend public forum given researching methods of Public Affairs Management Integrated Reference Framework (PAM) and Social Development Matrix(SDM). Based on PAM, we analysed the meaning of citizen governance and the role of citizen through real events, and discussed the cognition and psychological weights of our citizen to participate public forums. Through the analysis methods of literatures, this study summarized three factors that proposed by Ostrom(1990) - Institution, Commitment and Supervision, and then sequentially made the standard measurement divided into two levels by fair/unfair, high/low and valid/invalid. In this study, we focused on citizens who had participated in interactive management and chose Information Integration Theory (IIT) as our research method. Our research discussed that psychological weights of Institution, Commitment and Supervision, which defined three explanatory variables to estimate the public forum consciousness of citizens. By using SPSS and AVERAGE software, we computed the psychological weights of three factors and understood the attitudes of citizens toward public forum, furthermore, we compared the differences among the weights and offered suggestion and strategies of citizen governing in the future. The results are as following: 1. Compared to participants from traditional conservative society, our participants from highly developed multi-cultural society are more willing to attend public forums. 2. Participants of different backgrounds assess sequentially the importance of three factors by Supervision, Institution and Commitment. 3. Our results showed that the integrated information patterns(model) are all unequal weighted average pattern(model). 4. All three factors of our research are significant on dependent variable in main effects, two-factor interaction and three-factor interaction.

Citizen Relationship Management is introduced from enterprise¡¦s concept and strategy of Customer Relationship Management and applied from the technology of Information and Communication Technologies by government to give an impetus to build a good and interacting management relationship between the government and citizens. ¡§Electronic Mailbox¡¨ is the fastest and the most immediate communication channel between government and citizens. Citizens are able to express their opinions, doubts, and complaints regarding policies, laws, and regulations via mailbox, and can expect to receive prompt responses and results. On the other hand, through citizen¡¦s participation, government is able to compile public opinions and transform them into knowledge resources of policy and strategy decision-making. Periodical surveys of satisfaction rate will be very helpful and effective in terms of mailbox mechanism review, service quality improvement, and government image preservation. The primary objective of this research is to: (1) Realize the satisfaction rate of city mayor¡¦s mailbox response mechanism. (2) Realize citizens¡¦ suggestions and expectations toward city mayor¡¦s mailbox process procedure. (3) Build a database for city mayor¡¦s mailbox. (4) Plan on the prototype of future city mayor¡¦s mailbox. (5) Conclude from the analysis and findings of satisfaction rate, and provide a specific and practicable proposal for policy decision-making. Exceptional achievements: To complete the re-structure of city mayor¡¦s mailbox procedure before scheduled time and include surveys of satisfaction rate into the mechanism. To generate, send, and collect questionnaires for individual closed cases. Research findings: After the reforms of city mayor¡¦s mailbox, there are still many aspects, such as policy, management, implementation, and system, which require further discussion and improvement. In the short term: (1) To continuously review system function and expend service areas. (2) To integrate traditional appeals and opinions in order to resolve gaps in digital knowledge. (3) to enhance the concept and consensus of offering better services to the public. (4) To improve qualities and effects by monitoring by each level of government agencies. (5) To increase public involvement via media broadcast. (6) To regularly publish and examine the effects of process and the analysis of public satisfaction. In the medium term: (1) To integrate Computer Telephony Integration technology and set up a customer service center. (2) To combine traditional, wired, wireless technologies and expend the service areas. Future outlook: (1) To share the reform experiences of Kaohsiung City and assist all levels of government agencies to popularize mailbox mechanism¡F(2) To aggressively promote mailbox to foreign countries to internationalize this mechanism.

Since October 1999, Kaohsiung City Government has contracted for operating and managing senior-citizen activity centers to eight non-profit organizations. The purpose of the research is to evaluate service performance, service satisfaction and service quality of senior-citizen activity centers and explore the differences between those with contracting and without contracting. The population is the users of 23 senior-citizen activity centers of Kaohsiung City. Using structured questionnaires, face-to face interview and purposive sampling, the data was collected. The results of study revealed: in contracting centers, women had more service satisfaction than men did. The users with lower educational backgrounds had higher service satisfaction. However, in centers without contracting, the high frequency users had higher service satisfaction. Four significant differences were found between centers with or without contracting: ¡§service satisfaction¡¨, ¡§environment and facilities¡¨, ¡§management and administration¡¨ and ¡§service attitude¡¨. The users of contracting centers gave better performance score than the users of centers without contracting. No significant difference was found in ¡§service outcome¡¨. There were five factors influenced the users¡¦ service satisfaction in contracting centers: ¡§environment and facilities¡¨, ¡§management and administration¡¨, ¡§service attitude¡¨, ¡§service outcome¡¨ and ¡§interpersonal relationships¡¨. These five factors explained 75% variance of the regression model. However, in centers without contracting, three factors influenced the users¡¦ service satisfaction: ¡§management and administration¡¨, ¡§service attitude¡¨ and ¡§interpersonal relationship¡¨. These three factors explained 72% variance of the regression model. Furthermore, the researcher ranked the scores of service performance of the eight contracting centers and compared them with the rank list evaluated by Bureau of Social Affairs in 2004. The comparative results were not the same. It indicated that higher grade evaluated by Bureau is not necessarily got the higher levels of service performance and satisfaction experienced by users. At last, according to the results of the study, researcher provided practical guidance for policy considerations by municipal managers and administrators.

Abstract It is difficult to exam whether the employees¡¦ perceiption of political behavior in an organization has negative influence on their extra-role behavior. However, facing such difficulties, many researches in management field are still interested in investigating organiztional political behavior. Previous studies found that when employees perceive organizational political behavior, their trust towards orgnizations would decreased and their organizational citizen behavior (OCB) would be lessen. Even though at certain degree, OCB is not significantly related to the formal work assignments and performance evaluation, OCB is not only essential to contexual performance, but also influential to self efficacy and work efficiency. This study aims to explore the difference of employees¡¦ perception of organizational political and OCB in different organization types of international business and local companies in Taiwan. It is also to investigate whether the management styles in international business and in Taiwanese companies would have different impact on employees¡¦ perception of political behavior, and cause different OCB. The research results indicate that first of all, in both international and local Taiwanese companies, management styles have influence on OCB, while the democratic leadership is more effective than the paternalistic leadership. It is also found that political behavior in organizations has impact on OCB, while the organizations without political behaviors have better performance. Secondly, in the international companies, the management styles have significant interaction effect on political behaviors in organizations and OCB; under the democratic leadership, there is less political behaviors and therefore has more effective OCB. Lastly, in the local companies, the management styles have significant interaction effect on political behaviors in organizations and OCB; under the democratic leadership, the less political behaviors does not lead to effective OCB. keywords¡Gmanagement styles, organizational citizen behavior (OCB), Organizational Politics Perceptions, paternalistic leadership, democratic leadership

This dissertation examines the relationship between body, subjectivity and modernity in the making of modern Turkey. It explores how the &ldquo / disenchanted&rdquo / world of the people was &ldquo / re-enchanted&rdquo / by the modern, Eurocentric, nationalist and republican program of the republican elite. I call this program as the &ldquo / politico-moral pedagogy&rdquo / and argue that it arrives at its peak in the 1930s, when the republican regime was consolidated enough to colonize the bodies and the intimacies of people. More particularly, this dissertation studies the republican power at the intersection of the contested domains of the public and the private. It explores how the Kemalist elite, through operating a public, republican discourse, exerted a significant amount of energy and resources at the intimate sphere for creating civilized, healthy and virtuous generations. It traces the genealogy of the &ldquo / republican morality&rdquo / as the kernel of the republican &ldquo / corporeal&rdquo / and &ldquo / sentimental&rdquo / education under the program of the national pedagogy in the constructed and performative domains of the intimate, where people become the pedagogical object to be transformed into &ldquo / good, strong and healthy&rdquo / republican citizens.

In response to increasing global economic competition, many companies have undergone dramatic structural changes. To improve the overall flexibility and efficiency of their organizations, many companies have replaced their traditional hierarchical management structure with empowered (semi-autonomous or self-managing) work teams. The purpose of this research is finding the relationship between empowering leader behavior, psychological empowerment, job performance, and job characteristic. In this research empowering leader behavior is independent variables, job performance is dependent variables, the psychological empowerment is a mediator variables, job characteristic is intervening variable. The findings of this thesis can be summarized as follows: 1. Accountability leadership behavior impacts the meaning of psychological positively; Self-Directed Decisions Making leader behavior impacts the Self-Determination of psychological positively. 2. Competence of psychological impacts IRB, OCBI & OCBO; Impact of psychological impacts IRB. 3. Psychological empowerment has not mediating effect between Empowering Leader Behaviors and Performance. 4. Task Variability cause intervention on Competence, Self-determination and OCBI,

The aim of this thesis is to examine whether law reforms in the detailed planning process can be an aspect that gets in conflict with the citizens rights to participate in the Swedish planning through dialogue, and how five chosen municipalities are working with citizen participation. To be able to answer the aim of the thesis a literature study and five semi-structured interviews was performed in purpose to get wide-ranging information from municipal officials working with detailed planning handling.   Law changes that aims to make the detailed planning process more efficient has been implemented partly to satisfy the needs of dwellings since the detailed planning process among master builders seems to be slow and inefficient, which to the them means higher costs. The requirement on having a detailed planning program was taken away when the new planning law was adopted year 2011. The planning program was including a moment of citizen dialogue. The case studied municipalities have not been affected in this law change arguing that it’s still possible to bring a program if needed. 1st of January 2015 new procedures were implemented in the planning process in purpose to make the process more efficient, where most of the respondents argue that the process don’t have to be more efficient because of the reform, but that the room for citizen dialogue will probably be smaller. The best way of dialogue among municipalities is to include citizens early in the communication process. Nevertheless there are divided meanings whether how there is enough room for dialogue.

In recent years Crowdsourced, or Volunteered, Geographic Information (CGI, VGI), has emerged as a large, up-to-date and easily accessible data source. Primarily attributable to the rise of the Geoweb and widespread use of location enabled technologies, this environment of widespread innovation has repositioned the role of consumers of spatial information. Collaborative and participatory web environments have led to a democratisation of the global mapping process, and resulted in a paradigm shift to the consumer of geographic data also acting as a data producer. With such a large and diverse group of participants actively mapping the globe, the resulting flood of information has become increasingly attractive to authoritative mapping agencies, in order to augment their own spatial data supply chains. The use of CGI would allow these agencies to undertake continuous improvement of their own data and products, adding a dimension of currency that has previously been unattainable due to high associated costs. CGI, however, through its diversity of authorship, presents a quality assurance risk to these agencies should it be included in their authoritative products. Until now, this risk has been insurmountable, with CGI remaining a “Pandora’s Box” which many agencies are reluctant to open. This research presents an algorithmic model that overcomes these issues, by quantifying trust in CGI in order to assess its implied quality. Labeled “VGTrust”, this model assesses information about a data author, its spatial trust, as well as its temporal trust, in order to produce an overall metric that is easy to understand and interpret. The VGTrust model will allow mapping agencies to harness CGI to augment existing datasets, or create new ones, thereby facilitating a targeted quality assurance process and minimizing risk to authoritativeness. This research proposes VGTrust in theory, on the basis of existing examinations of trust issues with CGI. Furthermore, a facilitated case study, “Building Our Footprints” is presented, where VGTrust is deployed to facilitate the capture of a building footprint dataset, the results of which revealing the veracity of the model as a measure to assess trust for these data. Finally, a data structure is proposed in the form of a “geo-molecule”, which allows the full spectrum of trust indicators to be stored a data structure at feature level, allowing the transitivity of this information to travel with each feature following creation. By overcoming the trust issues inherent in CGI, this research will allow the integration of crowdsourced and authoritative data, thereby leveraging the power of the crowd for productive and innovative re-use.

Nearly every website or software application these days features a feed to subscribe to, a network to join, or a social timeline to track—all of which do their part to influence public opinion, promote products, and bring people closer together. Being a blogger since 2003 exposed me to these user-generated trends, but never did I expect my blog space, or any others, to play such an important role in my emotional well-being; not until Hurricane Katrina hit. Sharing my story as a transplanted New Orleanian watching the disaster unfold from afar in a public forum quickly linked me to other local voices, and soon I discovered a burgeoning “Big Easy” blogosphere. This dissertation thus illustrates how online communications have the ability to evolve into cathartic and socially responsible exchanges during and after times of disaster. Relying on qualitative research methods, I first discuss existing kinds of texts (news reports, comments on news sites, print publications, oral histories, etc.) to offer a picture of how Hurricane Katrina appeared and was treated by various traditional media. I then shift focus to digital spaces, featuring profiles of various New Orleans bloggers that I compiled through a series of interviews and analysis of their perpetual posting of blog entries, photos, videos, and status updates. I conclude their writing is a shared social experience with the Internet offering multiple platforms across which they can resist the debilitating effects of trauma and present their audiences with a deeper, truer understanding of what life is like in post-Katrina New Orleans.