The aim of the diploma thesis is to provide a description and analysis of the current legal regulation of easements in the Czech Civil Code, especially with regard to its sources of inspiration in the form of the General Civil Code and Government draft of the Civil Code of 1937. The diploma thesis focuses on problematic issues of current legislation, including interpretive methods of their removal and proposals de lege ferenda. The first chapter generally characterizes the easements and describes their theoretical division. The second chapter deals with the historical development of the institute of easements. The concept of servitude in Roman law, which played a key role in shaping the following legislation, is discussed. A treatise on the General Civil Code and the Government Draft Civil Code of 1937, on which the current legislation is mainly based, is published. Attention is also paid to the civil codes adopted during the communist era in 1950 and 1964, which deviated from the traditional concept of easement. Problematic provisions of these legal regulations are analyzed in selected places. The focus of the diploma thesis is the third chapter, which deals with the analysis of the current legal regulation of easements. The definition of easements, their scope and content, subject and methods of...

Dissolution and termination of foundation focusing on its winding up Abstract This diploma thesis titled Dissolution and termination of foundation focusing on its winding up is divided into five parts. The main aim of this thesis was to analyze the problematics of dissolution and termination of foundations which is an area quite insufficiently explored and discussed by the professional legal public. The other aim of this thesis was to analyse and evaluate recent Czech legislation of foundation area. Opening part of this thesis is dedicated to the general concept of a foundation as a legal person focusing on the conceptual elements of this legal entity; e. g. its establishment, creation, property, possibility to finance itself through some business activities, compulsory bodies and its activity. The attention was also focused on its historical perspectives and evolution, on the legislation of foundations and also on their current position in society and anticipated future. Second part is dealing with the liquidation process itself as comprehensive and complex procedure following after process of dissolution. Chapters of this part explain e. g. the purpose of liquidation process, the role of liquidator and each step of this procedure. Key part of this thesis is part number three. Main aim of this part is to...

1 Pacta Sunt Servanda in Recent Civil Law Abstract The thesis deals with the brocard of pacta sunt servanda and its application in the current Czech civil law. After a brief explanation of the historical circumstances and a concise description of the historical development of private law in Czechia, the first chapter outlines the establishment and the practical confirmation of the pacta sunt servanda principle in the judicial rulings of the Czech Constitutional Court after year 1990. The second chapter analyzes the natural law doctrines that have informed the authors of the Civil Code in drafting the law, including the principle of pacta sunt servanda. The third chapter of the thesis reviews the practical expression of the principle that agreements must be kept, and promises are binding in the applicable provisions of the Civil Code. The freedom of contract is one of the essential tenets of the private law, which gives parties freedom to decide whether to enter into a contract, with whom and the freedom to decide (acting in mutual respect of the equal autonomy of the persons involved) about the contents of the contract. But the freedom is also accompanied by responsibility. One of the possible consequences of the pacta sunt servanda principle is a party's duty to negotiate with care and not to lead a...

Servitudes Abstract The aim of this thesis is to analyse the legal institute of servitudes and its issues, especially focusing on its current legal regulation in the Civil Code and related case law. The thesis deals with the problematic issues that arise in connection with the examined institute and tries to find possible ways of overcoming the flaws of the legal regulation. The thesis is divided into four parts. The first chapter briefly outlines the theoretical concept of servitudes. The second part of the thesis analyses the historical development of servitudes from their beginnings in Roman law, when the foundations of the institution under study were formed and, in many ways, survive to this day. It then continues with an explanation of the codifications regulating servitudes. It continues with an explanation of the codifications regulating easements in the Czech territory from the General Civil Code through the communist codifications of 1950 and 1964, in the latter case the most important amendments are described. Then the reasons for the deletion of the term servitude from the applicable law and its replacement by a superior term covering both servitudes and real burdens, which was the state of law until the adoption of the current Civil Code, are discussed. This part of the thesis focuses on the...

Easements Abstract The aim of this thesis is to provide readers with a comprehensive view of the legal institution of easements. Thus, easements are analysed not only in the context of the existing legal regulation, but also in the context of their historical development. The aim of this thesis is also to analyse the points of contention in the existing legal framework. To this end, the readers of this thesis are offered relevant expert opinions on the controversial issue. These opinions are supplemented, where appropriate, by the opinion of the author of this thesis, who also gives his view on the issue. Relevant case-law is continuously offered in the thesis to supplement the analysis of the individual sub-aspects. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the definition of the legal institution of easements, with which the thesis further deals. The second chapter of the thesis is devoted to the historical development of easements. Attention is paid in particular to Roman law, which is the ideological basis of servitudes. This chapter also examines the regulation of easements in the General Civil Code of 1811, which was the first comprehensive regulation of easements in the Czech territory, and the Civil Codes of 1950 and 1964. The third chapter concerns the current legal...

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We are witness today, within a context of an increasingly integrated European Union, to the making of a new common legal order which is that of the European Community. This new ius commune Europaeum will have to be based on legal foundations that can be adhered to by all member states. In this perspective, it is indispensable to investigate whether domestic legal systems of the member states are able to adopt legal concepts of other member states without undermining their cohesive natures. Only then will it be possible to build the emerging ius commune on a conceptual legal framework, which is not to be perceived as a Fremdkorper in the participating states. The present thesis analyzes how Quebec's civilian jurisdiction adopted the common law concepts of the trust and unconscionability, in order to answer the question whether, and if so how, European civil law jurisdictions may adopt common legal concepts and yet remain cohesive.

La charge de la preuve constitue un concept original, qui porte le sceau des évolutions du temps et des fondements du Droit. Historiquement, la notion de charge de la preuve désigne une tâche individuelle, celle du plaideur qui doit, par son seul effort, convaincre le juge du bien-fondé de sa cause. Aujourd’hui, en raison de l’essor de l’idée de vérité et de la volonté de renforcer les liens de solidarité unissant les individus, elle est appréhendée comme une exigence générale de comportement imposant à tout justiciable de contribuer à la manifestation de la vérité. Or, il est inopportun d’assimiler l’ensemble des devoirs probatoires à des charges. De fait, seuls ceux dont un plaideur doit spontanément s’accomplir afin de faire triompher sa cause doivent être qualifiés ainsi. Cela permet alors de concevoir que la charge de la preuve n’impose pas uniquement des devoirs durant le procès mais, également, avant toute saisine du juge. Tenu de réunir des preuves et de les produire en justice, le titulaire de la charge de la preuve n’est pas toujours en mesure d’assumer la tâche qui lui incombe. Le législateur ou le juge peuvent alors fournir des remèdes en facilitant ou en dispensant le titulaire de la charge de la preuve d’accomplir ses devoirs. Rétablie dans sa cohérence, la charge de la preuve permet ainsi de comprendre l’utilité de certains mécanismes techniques et d’opérer une lecture nouvelle du droit positif. / The burden of proof constitutes an original concept which epitomizes the evolution of time and of the founding principles of law. Historically, the notion of burden of proof referred to the individual role of the litigant who, through his own effort, had to convince the judge of the soundness of his cause. Nowadays, considering the importance of truth in our society as well as the willingness to tighten solidarity between individuals, it is considered as a basic requirement for a litigant to contribute to the emergence of truth. Yet, it is inappropriate to make confusion between probationary duties and charges. As a matter of fact, only the duties that the litigant has to carry out in order to win over his cause can be qualified as burden of proof. This implies that the burden of proof not only imposes duties during the trial but also before the referral of the case to court. Bound to gather proofs and produce them in court, the incumbent is not always in a situation to assume the burden of the proof. Legal precedents (law, jurisprudence) can then be used to either facilitate or to exempt the former of his obligations. In light of this new coherence, the burden of proof facilitates the understanding of certain technical mechanisms and allows for a new reading of the applicable law.

A presente pesquisa pretende verificar a compatibilidade do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro com o sistema de precedentes; pretende apurar a viabilidade da introdução do stare decisis em sistema predominantemente de direito legislado. A análise parte de uma comparação histórica entre a tradição romano-canônica e o common law, a fim de identificar as origens, momentos de divergências e o atual estágio de aproximação, sob a ideia de que representam as tradições, em conjunto, uma grande tradição jurídica ocidental. A partir dessa origem histórica, a pesquisa avança à análise do perfil estrutural-funcional de cada uma das tradições, com a identificação dos instrumentos e dos métodos de aplicação do direito, além do perfil das respectivas interpretações jurídicas. Ainda, propõe-se a aferir a superação do paradigma racionalista, na faceta do paradigma ideológico, que afasta do Poder Judiciário do civil law o papel de participação ativa na criação de direito. Sob os avanços da teoria da interpretação jurídica e das novas funções atribuídas aos tribunais de vértice, a pesquisa busca ainda identificar uma norma constitucional que impõe a utilização de precedentes no direito brasileiro. / This research investigates the compatibility of the brazilian legal system with the doctrine of precedents; investigates the possibillity of introducing the stare decisis in a statutory legal system. The analysis starts from a historical comparison between the civil law and the common law traditions, in order to identify the origins, moments of divergences and the current stage of proximity, with the north that the traditions, together, represents a large western legal tradition. From this historical background, the research advances to the analysis of structural and functional profile of each of the traditions, identifying the instruments and the methods of application of law, besides the related legal interpretations theory. In addition, the research seeks to check the resilience of the rationalist paradigm, on the ideological fashion, that removes from the civil law’s judiciary any participation in the creation of law. Under the advances of the legal interpretation theory and the new tasks assigned to the superior courts, this research also seeks to identify a constitutional rule to impose the use of precedents in brazilian law.

A presente pesquisa pretende verificar a compatibilidade do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro com o sistema de precedentes; pretende apurar a viabilidade da introdução do stare decisis em sistema predominantemente de direito legislado. A análise parte de uma comparação histórica entre a tradição romano-canônica e o common law, a fim de identificar as origens, momentos de divergências e o atual estágio de aproximação, sob a ideia de que representam as tradições, em conjunto, uma grande tradição jurídica ocidental. A partir dessa origem histórica, a pesquisa avança à análise do perfil estrutural-funcional de cada uma das tradições, com a identificação dos instrumentos e dos métodos de aplicação do direito, além do perfil das respectivas interpretações jurídicas. Ainda, propõe-se a aferir a superação do paradigma racionalista, na faceta do paradigma ideológico, que afasta do Poder Judiciário do civil law o papel de participação ativa na criação de direito. Sob os avanços da teoria da interpretação jurídica e das novas funções atribuídas aos tribunais de vértice, a pesquisa busca ainda identificar uma norma constitucional que impõe a utilização de precedentes no direito brasileiro. / This research investigates the compatibility of the brazilian legal system with the doctrine of precedents; investigates the possibillity of introducing the stare decisis in a statutory legal system. The analysis starts from a historical comparison between the civil law and the common law traditions, in order to identify the origins, moments of divergences and the current stage of proximity, with the north that the traditions, together, represents a large western legal tradition. From this historical background, the research advances to the analysis of structural and functional profile of each of the traditions, identifying the instruments and the methods of application of law, besides the related legal interpretations theory. In addition, the research seeks to check the resilience of the rationalist paradigm, on the ideological fashion, that removes from the civil law’s judiciary any participation in the creation of law. Under the advances of the legal interpretation theory and the new tasks assigned to the superior courts, this research also seeks to identify a constitutional rule to impose the use of precedents in brazilian law.