Grounds for the topic of my thesis are connected with approved Amendment Act of Community Interest Societies. The aim of the work is to explain reasons that made the legislation power approve the amendment (mentioned above), specification of the most essential features of legal entities of a non-profit sphere, and usage of comparative levelling of the original statutory text with the actual legal regulations. The thesis is devided into 8 chapters and results from the basic characteristics of legal entities of the non-profit sphere in relation to a short discursion respecting their historical evolution. Attention is paid to general definition signs of these legal entities. The work focuses on legal status a Community Interest Society in the context of the Czech Legal Order. Great attention is paid to the Amendment Act of a Community Interest Society, especially with respect to the newly constructed conception in the area of authorities status of Community Interest Society and alignment of their acticity. The thesis deals with procedural process during foundation and liquidation of that kind of non-governmental organization and activities that are typical of the Community Interest Society. The merits of the thesis is characteristic of use of comparative view of the original statutory text concerning...

Duty of Care in Czech and German Civil Law Abstract The thesis deals with the importance of duties to prevent damages (duties of care) in Czech civil law. It focuses on detailed analysis of a few provisions of the Czech Civil Code. The main attention is focused on s. 415 of the Civil Code (Act No. 40/1964 Coll, the Civil Code, as amended; "OZ") establishing "the general duty of care". Findings about duties of care in the Civil Code are compared to a system of duties of care in German law of delict and additionally discussed using tools of economic analysis of law. The paper results in recommending changes in wording and interpretation of the duties of care and their comparison with the wording established by Act No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code ("NOZ"), effective from 1 January 2014. Chapter One examines development of interpretation of main provisions of OZ establishing duties of care. It briefly analyzes basic aspects of law of delict of OZ. It makes use of these findings in order to describe a position of duties of care in law of delict and limits of their interpretation. The main imperfections of their interpretation are illustrated on a couple of judicial decisions. Chapter Two briefly describes the system of law of delict under the German Civil Code ("BGB"). The chapter explores criteria of application...

The purpose of this theses is to analyze whether a contractual limitation of liability for damage resp. compensation for damage is acceptable in the Czech law, what are the limits of limitation and what they should be. The main focus is given on the issue of the prior limitation. The thesis is composed of an introduction, ten chapters and a conclusion. First four chapters cover the background information and terminology needed for the remaining part of the work, such as liability for damage, its division, prerequisites and scope. The many ways of limitation and basic prevailing principals of limitation are given in chapter five. Chapters six, seven and eight deal with the very possibility of compensation for damage limitation in three spheres that are: contemporary civil and commercial law and the united civil law under the law No. 89/2012, so called The New Civil Code. Chapter nine provides a short view into the German regulation before there are given the conclusions on possible practical regulation in Czech law in chapter ten. The chapter six dealing with contemporary commercial law summarizes the development of the issue and deals with the restrictions in this matter. In the chapter seven the importance and meaning of Section 574 of the Civil Code is deeply analyzed and conclusion made that the...

The purpose of this research is to understand how Trial Court Judges in state and city courts make decisions in domestic violence cases. The researcher examined the relationship between legal (e.g., evidence) and extra-legal factors (e.g., preconceived biases and behaviors related to judicial decision-making) using a qualitative research design. A case study of multiple locations in Orleans and Jefferson Parishes was used whereby a purposive sample of 17 current civil, municipal, and criminal court judges were interviewed. Judicial decision-making strategies were studied via face-to-face interviews, courtroom observations, and content analysis of courtroom communications (e.g., speech, written text, interviews, images, etc.). The researcher discusses future applications of the study as well as the application of findings to assist in exploring judicial decision-making processes. This qualitative research may be beneficial to policy planners, practitioners, and sociologists in gaining insight into the complexity of the judges’ decision-making processes.

La famille est une cellule qui relève de l'intimité de tout un chacun. Dès lors, comprendre l'intrusion d'un droit répressif en son sein n'est pas chose évidente. Pourtant, force est de constater que l'activité pénale s'y est intensifiée ces dernières années. La question est alors de savoir quelles sont les raisons qui justifient cette intervention du droit pénal au sein de la famille. Cette problématique nous conduit à interroger la place du droit pénal dans la famille. Cette étude met en lumière deux conditions de l'intervention du droit pénal : l'existence d'un dysfonctionnement dans la famille, une condition indispensable ; et la protection de valeurs sociales au sein de la famille, une condition nécessaire. Il convient par conséquent de construire, premièrement, le concept de dysfonctionnement familial autour de trois critères que sont la nature du dysfonctionnement, la gravité de ce dysfonctionnement et enfin le moment de son apparition. Deuxièmement, s'agissant de la protection des valeurs sociales dans la famille, deux modalités d'intervention sont à dissocier : une modalité classique selon laquelle le droit pénal est essentiellement un droit sanctionnateur et une modalité novatrice selon laquelle le droit pénal affirme sa singularité. / The family is an entity that falls under the privacy of everyone. Therefore, understanding the intrusion of a repressive law within it is not something obvious. Yet it is clear that penal activity has increased in the family those past years.Then the question is what are the reasons that justify the intervention of penal law within the family. This problem leads us to question the place of criminal law in the family. This study highlights two conditions for the intervention of penal law: the existence of a malfunction in the family, an indispensable condition; the protection of social values within the family, a necessary condition.First, it is therefore necessary to build the concept of family dysfunction on three criteria which are the nature of the malfunction, the severity of this dysfunction and finally the moment of its appearance.Second, with regard to the protection of social values in the family, two modalities of intervention are dissociated: a classic mode that penal law is essentially an accessory law and an innovative modality that penal law asserts its singularity.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:38:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 8 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho discute os limites e possibilidades da construção de tutelas preventivas genéricas no âmbito do direito processual civil brasileiro, herdeiro da tradição romano-canônica, partindo das resistências impostas pelos compromissos históricos e ideológicos assumidos pela ciência processual. Não se pretende um estudo dogmático ou procedimental, mas antes uma proposta de compreensão acerca das resistências estruturais impostas pelo sistema processual, que embora admita espécies de tutela preventiva, não consegue conviver com os juízos de verossimilhança e probabilidade, tampouco romper com a ordinarização do procedimento e com as concepções procedimentalistas que povoam o imaginário do direito processual civil na tradição romano-canônica. O tempo da modernidade é um tempo em/de crise. O direito da modernidade é um direito em/da crise. A problemática gira em torno de uma crise de sentido, que atinge o direito e a jurisdição, com reflexos sobre os institutos processuais. Uma nova forma de atuar o direito / This paper discuss the limits and possibilities of the construction of generic preventive tutelage on the scope of the civil law procedural, heir of the Roman - canonic tradition, starting from the resistance imposed by historic and ideological commitments assumed by the procedural science. The aim of this paper is not to do a dogmatic or procedural study, but it proposes a comprehension concerning the structure resistances imposed by the procedural system, that although admits some preventive tutelage, can not live with trials of probability and believability, neither to break with ordinarização do procedimento and with the process conception that inhabit the concept of the civil law process on the Roman- canonic tradition. The modern times are times of crisis. The law of modern times is a law in crisis. The problem lays on the sense crisis that reaches the law and jurisdiction, with a reflect on the procedural institutes. A new way of law act demands a new way of act (and understand) the jurisdiction and

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wendell Lopes Barbosa de Souza.pdf: 1760265 bytes, checksum: 047f2c0711b914c359bc25b639c687e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-13 / It can be seen today the real tendency of the civil liability under Brazilian law to the American system of common law precedents, each one with its details. On the other hand, examining U.S. law, there is a proliferation of written statutes, which are parameters to the production of jurisprudence relating to the cases of compensation for punitive damages. In reality, despite being situated in the Brazilian legal system among those members of the labeled civil law, supported by robust written legislation, with regard to compensation for non-compensatory damages can be said without hesitation that the course of jurisprudence leads to the conviction that damage issues are today being resolved by decisions fixed to an eminently factual bases, which have relied on statements by the Judiciary. Consequently, the judicial cases, for example, involving the non-compensatory damage and its consequences, like the turbulent fixing quantum of money, are resolved exclusive under precedents for the fact identical or at least similar. In the United States, a country that adopted the system of precedents for the resolution of legal disputes, including, at first, the group of nations adept to common law, it is noticed today the contingency of the production of statutes for the discipline of relevant topics, as the issue of punitive damages, making room for the written law of legal rules guiding judicial decisions. Hence we speak in interface between civil law and common law regarding the judicial resolution of the cases that focus on issues relating to non-compensatory damages in Brazil and punitive damages in the United States in the press law, especially when the case is about the the press company s right to inform and the right of privacy of the news subject / Pode-se verificar verdadeira tendência da responsabilidade civil no direito brasileiro ao sistema americano dos precedentes do common law, guardadas as peculiaridades de cada sistema. De outro lado, examinando-se o direito americano, verifica-se a proliferação de leis escritas, que passam a serem parâmetros à produção jurisprudencial relativa aos casos de indenizações punitivas. Realmente, não obstante posicione-se o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro dentre aqueles assim considerados integrantes do sistema do civil law, amparados por robusta legislação positivada, no que toca à indenização por danos morais pode-se dizer tranquilamente que o caminhar da jurisprudência leva ao convencimento de que as questões indenitárias estejam hoje sendo resolvidas por decisões fincadas em bases eminentemente fáticas, que já contaram com pronunciamentos anteriores do Poder Judiciário. Resulta daí, por exemplo, que as lides judiciárias envolvendo o dano moral e seus consectários, como a tormentosa fixação do quantum indenitário, sejam resolvidas exclusivamente com base em precedentes jurisprudenciais relativos a fatos idênticos ou pelo menos semelhantes. Já nos Estados Unidos, país que adotou o sistema dos precedentes jurisprudenciais para a solução dos litígios forenses, integrando, em princípio, o grupo das nações adeptas do common law, hoje se vê na contingência da produção de leis escritas para a disciplina de temas relevantes, como a questão das indenizações punitivas, abrindo espaço para a positivação de normas jurídicas orientadoras das decisões judiciais. Daí se falar em interface entre civil law e common law no que toca à resolução das lides judiciárias que têm por objeto as questões indenitárias relativas aos danos morais no Brasil e aos punitive damages nos Estados Unidos no direito de imprensa, sobretudo quando se trata do conflito entre o direito de informar da empresa jornalística e o direito de privacidade do sujeito da notícia

This Dissertation lays the groundwork for a private law theory of international investment law (IIL). This project intervenes in a polarized debate on the nature of the global investment regime. With few exceptions, the scholarship has tended to divide sharply according to stylized visions of IIL as either a system of private, commercial law, or a system of public law. The “commercial law school” tends to be associated with a thick, capital-centric vision of IIL – one that emphasizes insulating private interests from foreign state action. Scholars and practitioners in this vein tend to be apologists for the system, or advocates of only minimal structural reforms. By contrast, the “public law school,” tends to be associated with a thin vision of IIL, highly deferential to national sovereignty, where private interests take a back seat to bona fide national regulatory policy. Its adherents tend to style themselves as critics and reformers, decrying how the status quo seems to have sacrificed national regulatory autonomy at the altar of global capital. While the commercial lawyers have been far too dismissive of the threat posed by IIL to domestic public values, the public lawyers risk losing sight of the values states seek to achieve through IIL in the first place – the promotion of sorely needed foreign direct investment (FDI) and the protection of FDI providers. The debate thus far has proceeded mostly in caricature, and something important has been lost: the possibility of a nuanced system of international private law, sensitive to both the sovereign state’s public values and the private rights and interests of foreign investors whose protection is central to the object and purpose of the regime. These Chapters seek to fill that lacuna.

Dentre os debates a respeito da filosofia política de Hobbes, as relações entre lei de natureza e lei civil são objeto de grande controvérsia. Principalmente dois pontos são discutidos em relação à lei de natureza. O primeiro corresponde à sua imperatividade: a lei de natureza tem força de comando no estado de natureza ou é mera recomendação? O segundo corresponde à sua relação com a lei civil: são ambas a mesma coisa, são contrárias, são complementares? Com vistas a responder a esses questionamentos, a presente dissertação investiga três utilizações do conceito de lei de natureza por Hobbes como preceito da razão, como comando de Deus e como lei moral , duas utilizações do conceito de lei civil como comando do soberano e como medida das ações dos súditos , bem como as relações que Hobbes estabelece entre os dois conceitos. / Among the discussions concerning Hobbes political philosophy, the relations between the law of nature and the civil law raise great controversy. Two points related to the law of nature remain unsolved. The first one deals with its imperative character: does the law of nature have the force of a true command in the state of nature or is it a mere recommendation? The second point deals with its relation with the civil law: are they the same, are they contradictory, are they complementary? Aiming to answer these questions, this work analyses three different uses of the law of nature concept as a rational precept, as a command of God and as moral law , two uses of the civil law concept as a command of the sovereign and as a rule for the subjects actions , as well as the relations that Hobbes states between those two concepts.

A presente dissertação trata de situações nas quais o prejuízo decorre de conduta praticada por parcela de indivíduos integrantes de agrupamento, sem que seja possível identificá-los. No âmbito do nexo causal, essa hipótese se traduz no conceito de causalidade alternativa, e a maior controvérsia relacionada ao tema é definir se, e em quais circunstâncias, há responsabilidade solidária de todos os integrantes do agrupamento. Para analisar essas questões, o presente trabalho apresenta capítulo introdutório, cujo foco recai sobre as diversas doutrinas desenvolvidas a respeito da causalidade. O espoco desse exame é analisar como essas teorias descrevem o fenômeno entre causa e efeito e, ainda, como os doutrinadores e a jurisprudência lidam com elas ao se defrontar com situações envolvendo diversas causas potenciais relacionadas a determinado evento. Tendo a parte introdutória como base, a dissertação analisa especificamente a causalidade alternativa sob perspectiva histórica, tecendo considerações sobre o desenvolvimento do conceito ao longo do tempo. A dissertação ingressa, então, na análise da causalidade alternativa em diversas jurisdições. O propósito dessa parte do trabalho é examinar as diferentes perspectivas adotadas por doutrinadores e cortes estrangeiras em relação a cenários envolvendo danos cometidos por grupos de diversos indivíduos, sem que seja possível identificar o verdadeiro ofensor. A parte final da dissertação trata especificamente do fenômeno da causalidade alternativa no direito brasileiro. O trabalho analisa essa matéria examinando algumas decisões relevantes dos tribunais, juntamente com opiniões de doutrinadores relacionadas ao tema. Também há o contraste das diversas teorias desenvolvidas para explicar a solidariedade dos integrantes do grupo com o regime jurídico estabelecido no Código Civil brasileiro, enfatizando-se as potenciais deficiências de cada doutrina. A partir dessa análise, e das principais conclusões decorrentes da pesquisa desenvolvida nos demais capítulos, a parte final da dissertação propõe (i) uma explicação que justifica a solidariedade dos indivíduos que integram um grupo; e (ii) os critérios para definir as circunstâncias nas quais essa espécie de responsabilidade se aplica. O trabalho propõe, ainda, a alteração no Código Civil brasileiro, com a inclusão de normas específicas acerca da causalidade alternativa. / This thesis approaches situations wherein damage arises from conducts incurred by one or several individuals that compose a group, being altogether impossible to identify the actual torfeasors. In terms of causation, this situation is usually known as alternative causation, and the main controversy arising from such scenario is whether and under which circumstances all members of the group should be held liable for damages. In order to analyze these issues, the present work brings an introductory chapter, which focuses on the several theories developed with respect to the concept of causation. This aims at verifying how such doctrines describe the cause-and-effect phenomenon, and the way scholar and courts handle with these doctrines whereas facing situations involving several causes potentially related to a certain outcome. Having the first part as a conceptual background, the dissertation specifically approaches the alternative causation under a historical perspective, particularly concerning the development of such concept throughout relevant moments of history. The dissertation then moves to the analysis of the concept of alternative causation in several jurisdictions. The purpose of that part of the work is to verify the different perspectives adopted by foreign scholars and courts as to the scenarios involving damages performed by members of a group, wherein it is altogether impossible to identify the actual tortfeasors. The final part of the dissertation deals particularly with the phenomenon of alternative causation under Brazilian law. The work approaches this subject by examining some relevant court decisions and opinion of scholars related to the issue. It also contrasts the several doctrines developed to explain the joint liability of the members of the group with the legal regime established by the Brazilian Civil Code, stressing the flaws applicable to each of them. Relying upon this analysis, and on main elements arising from the analysis carried out in the previous chapters, the final part of the dissertation proposes (i) an explanation to justify the joint liability applicable to individuals that compose a group of potential tortfeasors; and (ii) the criteria to define the circumstances wherein this sort of liability prevails. It also proposes the amendment of the Brazilian Civil Code, in order to include specific regulation regarding alternative causation.