Orientador: Raoul Henry / Coorientador: Maria Stela Maioli Castilho Noll / Banca: Lourdes Maria Abdu El-Moor Loureiro / Banca: Eliana Aparecida Panarelli / Banca: Maria José dos Santos Wisniewski / Banca: Paulina Maria Maia Barbosa / Resumo: O objetivo deste capítulo foi determinar a distribuição temporal de Cladocera na Lagoa do Camargo, lateral ao Rio Paranapanema em sua zona de desembocadura no Reservatório de Jurumirim, analisando a flutuação da composição, abundância e diversidade da comunidade e sua relação com fatores ambientais. Quinzenalmente, entre junho de 2008 e maio de 2009, foram coletadas amostras de zooplâncton, por meio de arrastos verticais com rede cônica (malha de 50μm), e estimados parâmetros ambientais, em três estações de amostragem. Com o intuito de indicar possíveis diferenças significativas entre as amostragens das medidas dos fatores ambientais, e da abundância das principais espécies de Cladocera, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis complementado pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (para α=5%). Uma Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) foi aplicada, objetivando-se verificar possíveis semelhanças no comportamento das variáveis ambientais ao longo do período de amostragem. A fim de detectar os fatores ambientais que influenciam na abundância das espécies, foi realizada uma Análise de Correspondência Canônica (ACC). A relação entre as variáveis ambientais e abundâncias das principais espécies foi determinada com a Análise de Correlação de Spearman (para α=5%). Foi possível verificar os efeitos da variação hidrológica na distribuição temporal de Cladocera na Lagoa do Camargo no que se refere ao comportamento dos atributos da comunidade bem como da abundância absoluta e relativa das principais espécies. O período seco foi caracterizado pela manutenção de maiores valores de nível fluviométrico, profundidade e volume da lagoa. A entrada de água do rio provocou a remoção da fauna associada às macrófitas, promovendo o incremento da riqueza de Cladocera. O aumento da precipitação pluviométrica, no período... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this chapter was to determine the temporal distribution of Cladocera at the Camargo Lake, located next to the Paranapanema River within its mouth zone at the Jurumirim Reservoir, by analyzing the variation in the composition, abundance and diversity and how it relates to the environmental factors. On every two weeks between June, 2008 and May, 2009 samples of zooplankton were collected by means of vertical hauls with a conical net (50 μm mesh size), and a number of environmental parameters were estimated at three different sampling sites. In order to determine potential significant differences of environmental factors and abundance of Cladocera species amongst sampling sets the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed in tandem with the Student-Newman-Keuls test (α=5%). Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was performed to verify potential similarities in the variation of the environmental factors across all of the collected sample sets. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was performed to determine the environmental factors that influenced the abundance of Cladocera species. The relationship between environmental factors and the abundance of species was determined with Spearman Correlation Analysis (α=5%). It was verified that the hidrological variation affected the temporal distribution of Cladocera at the Camargo Lake in terms of community attributes as well as the total and relative abundance of species. The dry period had the greatest values as far as river water levels as well as depth and volume of the lake. The river water influx washed off the fauna associated with the macrophytes causing an increase in Cladocera richness. Increased rain levels led to a higher concentration of suspension matter and phosphorus, which caused a reduced abundance of Cladocera and also caused the replacement... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Gilmar Perbiche Neves / Resumo: A diversidade aquática está sendo drasticamente alterada pelo rápido aumento das atividades antrópicas, e uma das modificações mais comuns é a construção de reservatórios e açudes. Diversas espécies do zooplâncton exibem alta sensibilidade frente a mudanças ambientais, respondendo rapidamente com alterações nos atributos ecológicos como abundância e diversidade. Este estudo objetivou entender os efeitos causados pela ativação de pivôs de irrigação em 02 açudes sobre as assembleias de microcrustáceos (Cladocera e Copepoda). O uso da água pelos pivôs no período de estiagem ocasiona rebaixamento no nível da água, funcionando como um distúrbio induzido e frequente, e isso controla o tamanho de bancos de macrófitas submersas. Foram feitas coletas mensais nos dois açudes por um ano e a cada 05 dias no período de estiagem (julho) quando se detectou o rebaixamento o segundo lago. Os lagos foram homogêneos possivelmente pelos seus pequenos tamanhos comparados aos grandes reservatórios, e a variação sazonal foi mais importante para as variações das variáveis limnológicas. A composição do zooplâncton, a abundância de alguns táxons, a diversidade alfa com índice de Shannon-Wienner (H’) e a equitabilidade foram diferentes entre os lagos, sendo maiores no Lago 1, o com menor oscilação de nível da água, densos bancos de macrófitas submersas e pequena região pelágica (pouca coluna de água livre), embora seja levemente mais profundo que o Lago 2. Durante o rebaixamento, bastante intenso no La... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Aquatic diversity is being drastically altered by the rapid increase in anthropogenic activities, and one of the most common modifications is the construction of reservoir and weirs. Several zooplankton species exhibit high sensitivity to environmental changes, responding rapidly with changes in ecological attributes. This project aimed to understand the effects caused by the activation of irrigation pivots in 02 weirs on the assemblages of micro crustaceans (Cladocera and Copepoda). The use of water by pivots during the drought period causes a drop in water level, functioning as a frequent and induced disturbance, and this controls the size of submerged macrophyte banks. Monthly collections were made in both dams and every 05 days during the dry season (July) when the lowering of the second lake was detected. The lakes were homogeneous possibly due to their small size compared to the large reservoirs, and seasonal variation was more important for variations of limnological variables. Zooplankton composition, abundance of some taxa, alpha diversity with Shannon-Wienner index (H') and equitability were different between lakes, being higher in Lake 1, the one with the lowest water level oscillation, dense banks of submerged macrophytes and small pelagic region (little column of free water), although slightly deeper than Lake 2. During the demotion, quite intense in Lake 2, there was a reduction in species richness, total abundance and dominance, but alpha H 'diversity remained ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The purpose of this study was to examine correlations between physico-chemical factors; between factors and particular species of zooplankton; between species of zooplankton; and between different locations in a dead-end slough. Fourteenmile Slough, located in northwest Stockton, California) was chosen as the location for this study.

The purpose of this study was to determine distributions of Rotifera and Cladocera in the Kanawha River in West Virginia. Rotifera were sampled monthly for twelve months with a Juday trap in the more lotic upstream end of Winfield pool (UW), and the more lentic downstream end of Winfield pool (LW) to determine seasonal distribution. During the period of peak rotifer abundance, rotifers were sampled along a longitudinal transect of Winfield pool and lower Marmet pool to determine longitudinal distribution. Cladocera were sampled with funnel traps at Marmet and Winfield Locks and Dams from lock wall, mid channel, and near shore sites. The seasonal study showed that both UW and LW total rotifer densities were characterized by a single summer population peak. The same physical and/or chemical parameters did not account for equivalent variation in rotifer densities at the two stations. The longitudinal profile showed that a shift in species composition occurred from bacteriophages and detritivorous species upstream to herbivorous species downstream. A new species of the genus Lecane Nitzsch 1827 (Lecanidae: Rotifera) was discovered, namely Lecane arietii n. sp. This species was found to have fungal parasites which apparently effect its distribution. The Cladocera study showed shore and lock wall areas had greater numbers of Cladocera from mud and vegetative habitats than mid channel areas, apparently due to differences in periphyton between the sites. Cladocera from mud and vegetative habitats in lotic systems may be useful organisms to study tow boat perturbations. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Olivia P Pinese.pdf: 2123287 bytes, checksum: 99e595cec57e6cc0a2ec39d6250b54b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / One of the oldest and best known global biological patterns in ecology is the latitudinal gradient of richness, characterized by a decrease in the number of species from Equator toward the poles. Several hypotheses, even today, attempt to explain the variation that occurs in the pattern of diversity of many animal and plants. Despite the advances that have been followed in Biogeography and Macroecology in recent decades, studies on biodiversity at a global scale have yet targeted mainly terrestrial and marine groups. This study presented three main objectives, first, to create a representative database of continental zooplankton diversity at global scale, that could demonstrate the distribution of richness patterns for their major groups (Total Zooplankton, Microcrustacea, Copepoda, Cladocera, Rotifera); second, to analyze the adequacy of global richness data to the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE); and third, to establish the balance between local and regional components which determined the observed gradients. In this research, data collection was made from scientific papers concerning the diversity of continental zooplankton around the world. The sampling methodology effect on richness data was controlled through regressions, whose residuals were assumed as being the corrected richness. Latitudinal patterns analyses were performed with the corrected richness, developing latitudinal distribution graphs and global maps with color-weighted richness. The MTE was tested basically by analyzing the adequacy of the theory to angular coefficients, generated by multiple regressions between logarithm of raw richness, temperature (1/kT) and methodological variables. The contribution of local and regional components in determining richness was accessed through partial regressions. The results showed variation in the latitudinal patterns observed for different groups of zooplankton. Zooplanktonic crustaceans diversity peaked outside of Equator, while Rotifera diversity showed the classic latitudinal gradient, often found for many organisms around the world. Concerning the MTE, all groups showed different patterns from the one predicted by the theory. The local components were more crucial for crustaceans diversity while the regional components most strongly influenced total zooplankton richness and rotifers, which corroborates the observed results of latitudinal global patterns. This work represents a viable macroecological approach for access diversity patterns of biological groups whose taxonomic data and global geographical coverage about diversity knowledge are scarce, as they are for continental zooplankton organisms. / Um dos padrões biológicos globais mais antigos e conhecidos em Ecologia é o do gradiente latitudinal de riqueza, caracterizado pela diminuição no número de espécies do Equador em direção aos polos. Várias hipóteses, ainda hoje, tentam explicar esta variação, que ocorre no padrão de diversidade de muitos organismos animais e vegetais. Apesar dos avanços que se seguiram em Biogeografia e Macroecologia nas últimas décadas, estudos sobre biodiversidade em escala global ainda atentam-se principalmente para grupos terrestres e marinhos. O presente estudo apresentou três objetivos principais, primeiramente, construir um banco de dados representativo da diversidade do zooplâncton continental em escala global, capaz de demonstrar os padrões de distribuição de riqueza de espécies para seus principais grupos (Zooplâncton Total, Microcrustacea, Copepoda, Cladocera, Rotifera); segundo, analisar a adequabilidade dos dados de riqueza globais à Teoria Metabólica da Ecologia (Metabolic Theory of Ecology - MTE); e terceiro, estabelecer um balanço entre os componentes locais e regionais responsáveis pelos gradientes observados. A coleta de informações para a realização do trabalho foi feita a partir de publicações científicas sobre a diversidade do zooplâncton continental em todo o mundo. O efeito da metodologia de amostragem nos dados de riqueza foi controlado através de regressões, cujos resíduos foram utilizados como sendo a riqueza corrigida. As análises dos padrões latitudinais foram efetuadas a partir da riqueza corrigida, por meio da construção de gráficos de distribuição por latitudes e de mapas globais com a riqueza ponderada por cores. A MTE foi testada, basicamente, analisando-se a adequação da teoria aos valores dos coeficientes angulares gerados através de regressões múltiplas entre o logaritmo da riqueza bruta, a temperatura (1/kT) e as variáveis metodológicas. A contribuição dos componentes locais e regionais na determinação da riqueza foi acessada por meio de regressões parciais. Os resultados mostraram variação nos padrões latitudinais observados para os diferentes grupos do zooplâncton. Crustáceos zooplanctônicos apresentaram picos de diversidade fora do Equador, enquanto que a diversidade de Rotifera apresentou o gradiente latitudinal clássico, frequentemente encontrado para muitos organismos no mundo. Quanto à MTE, todos os grupos analisados apresentaram padrões diferentes do previsto pela teoria. Os componentes locais foram mais determinantes para a diversidade de Crustáceos e os componentes regionais influenciaram mais fortemente a riqueza de Zooplâncton Total e de Rotifera, o que condiz com os resultados observados para os padrões globais latitudinalmente. Este trabalho representa uma abordagem Macroecológica viável para o acesso de padrões de diversidade de grupos biológicos cujas informações taxonômicas e cobertura geográfica global do conhecimento sobre a diversidade ainda são escassos, como são para os organismos do zooplâncton continental.

Lake Winnipeg has been subject to intense eutrophication and invasive species such as Rainbow Smelt and Eubosmina coregoni for the last 40 years. This study demonstrated significant increases in total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, overall zooplankton abundance, and specifically Cladocera, between 1969 and the first decade of the 21st century. There were specific basin differences in the long-term changes of the Cladocera community, with the species Chydorus sphaericus and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula negatively affected by high levels of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a. Moreover, long-term change in the Cladocera community composition and abundance throughout the years (1969-2011) during summer was correlated with intensifying eutrophication. Additionally, weak diel vertical migration in the zooplankton community was observed for the first time in Lake Winnipeg.

Lake Winnipeg has been subject to intense eutrophication and invasive species such as Rainbow Smelt and Eubosmina coregoni for the last 40 years. This study demonstrated significant increases in total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, overall zooplankton abundance, and specifically Cladocera, between 1969 and the first decade of the 21st century. There were specific basin differences in the long-term changes of the Cladocera community, with the species Chydorus sphaericus and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula negatively affected by high levels of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a. Moreover, long-term change in the Cladocera community composition and abundance throughout the years (1969-2011) during summer was correlated with intensifying eutrophication. Additionally, weak diel vertical migration in the zooplankton community was observed for the first time in Lake Winnipeg.

Orientador: Maria Stela Maioli Castilho Noll / Banca: Odete Rocha / Banca: Carlos Augusto Iglesias Frizzera / Banca: Claudia Fileto / Banca: Mônica Ceneviva Bastos / Resumo: Na presente Tese, foi avaliada a contribuição dos cladóceros como fonte de alimento para os peixes, em seis lagoas marginais da planície de inundação do Rio Turvo- SP em três períodos do ciclo hidrológico da região - seca, intermediário e chuvosa. Para esta avaliação foram analisadas a contribuição dos cladóceros na dieta dos peixes, a composição dos cladóceros no ambiente e as taxas populacionais em cultivo das espécies de cladóceros mais consumidos pelos peixes. Desta forma, os resultados deste estudo são aqui apresentados, organizados em três capítulos: no Capitulo 1, foi estudada a composição e abundância de cladóceros das lagoas marginais, onde foram identificadas 37 espécies de cladóceros, sendo a família Chydoridae a mais representativa, com 16 espécies. Moina minuta foi à espécie que mostrou os maiores valores de abundância relativa nos três períodos estudados. A densidade média dos Cladocera não mostrou diferenças significativas entre os períodos avaliados. No Capitulo 2, foi analisada a dieta dos peixes e os resultados mostraram um amplo espectro alimentar, com um total de 15 itens consumidos, sendo que os cladóceros mostraram uma contribuição de 1 a 6% na dieta dos peixes; foram identificadas 28 espécies de cladóceros no conteúdo estomacal, constituídas principalmente por aquelas da família Chydoridae. O consumo de cladóceros variou significativamente entre os períodos, as espécies Macrothrix paulensis, Chydorus sp., e Alona sp., foram as mais consumidas no... / Abstract: This thesis is dedicated to assess the contribution of cladocerans as a food source to fish in six oxbow lakes of the floodplain in Turvo River -SP in three periods of the hydrological cycle of the region: drought, intermediate, and rainy. In this assessment, the contribution of cladocerans in the fish's diet was analyzed, the composition of the cladocerans in the environment, and the population rate farming of the species of cladocerans most consumed by the fish. So, the results of this study are presented herein organized in three sections: in Section 1, the composition and abundance of cladocerans in oxbow lakes were studied, and 37 species of cladocerans were identified, being the Chydoridae family the most representative, amounting to 16 species. Moina minuta was the species that showed the highest values of relative abundance in the three periods studied. The average density of Cladocera has not presented substantial differences between the assessed periods. In Section 2, the fish's diet was analyzed and the results showed a wide food range, amounting to 15 consumed items, and the cladocerans showed a contribution from 1 to 6% in fish's diet; 28 species of cladocerans were identified in the stomach content, comprised mainly by those of the Chydoridae family. The consumption of cladocerans varied substantially between periods. The following species - Macrothrix paulensis, Chydorus sp., e Alona sp., were the most consumed in the drought period. In the intermediate period, ... / Doutor

Les écosystèmes lacustres sont de plus en plus soumis à de multiples perturbations mais leur réponse est encore trop rarement considérée de façon globale. En effet, au travers d'un jeu d'interactions complexes, chaque perturbation peut moduler l'intensité de l'impact des autres sur les lacs, et de ce fait, leur réponse. Dans ce contexte, ce travail doctoral est axé sur l'approfondissement de notre compréhension de la réponse des lacs à un contexte de perturbations multiples, sur le long terme. Pour cela, trois grands lacs profonds (le lac Léman, du Bourget et d'Annecy), soumis à une perturbation régionale similaire (i.e., le réchauffement climatique) et à deux perturbations locales (i.e., les changements dans le statut trophique et dans les pratiques de gestion piscicole) d'intensités différentes, ont été choisis. La réponse de ces lacs à ces changements a été abordée au travers d'une approche paléolimnologique, basée sur les cladocères. En effet, la capacité de ceux-ci à intégrer les changements temporels dans le réseau trophique pélagique en réponse aux trois perturbations environnementales en fait un modèle adéquat pour reconstruire les changements à l'échelle de la communauté pélagique. Plus précisément, nous avons abordé (i) les changements dans les communautés de cladocères, au cours du siècle dernier, en réponse aux trois perturbations environnementales et (ii) l'impact de ces perturbations sur les stratégies de reproduction des Daphnies. Cependant, le manque de connaissance dans les grands lacs profonds sur la représentativité des communautés sources de cladocères par les assemblages de restes archivés dans les sédiments a tout d'abord conduit à faire un point méthodologique. Ce dernier a abouti à la mise en évidence de différences dans le niveau de représentation de communautés sources de cladocères selon le type de restes utilisés. La composition taxonomique et la structure en taille des restes parthénogénétiques (i.e., exosquelettes) reflètent relativement bien celle des communautés sources. Quant aux éphippies (œufs de dormance), elles se révèlent des indicateurs fiables pour reconstruire les comportements de reproduction. Suite à ces résultats, les reconstructions paléolimnologiques des communautés de cladocères montrent que leur trajectoire écologique était contrôlée par des interactions complexes entre les trois pertubations différentes, selon les périodes de temps et entre les lacs. De plus, la réponse des communautés de cladocères au climat était différente entre les trois lacs comme une fonction de l'intensité des forçages locaux. Ces observations suggèrent qu'il est important d'inclure le rôle des perturbations locales dans la prédiction de l'impact futur des changements climatiques sur les lacs. L'impact des perturbations environnementales sur le comportement de reproduction des Daphnies est tel que des évènements d'hybridation interspécifique ont été observés. Cependant, ces évènements d'hybridation sont issus de sensibilité aux trois perturbations environnementales différentes entre les espèces de Daphnies. / Lake ecosystems are increasingly subjected to multiple perturbations but their response is too rarely considered in overall. But, though a complex set of interactions, each perturbation can modulate the intensity of the impact of each other on lakes, and thus their response. In this context, this work is focused on deepening our understanding of the response of lakes in a context of multiples perturbations, over the long-term. We studied this response performing a paleolimnological approach (based on cladoceran) on three large, deep lakes (Lakes Geneva, Bourget and Annecy) submitted to a similar regional perturbation (i.e., climate warming) and varying intensities of two local perturbations (i.e., changes in nutrient inputs and fisheries managment practices). The ability of cladoceran to integrate the temporal changes in the pelagic food web in response to three environmental perturbations makes them a suitable model to reconstruct changes in the whole pelagic community. Specifically, we addressed (i) changes in cladoceran communities, during the last century, in response to three environmental perturbations and (ii) the impact of these perturbations on reproductive behavior of Daphnia. However, the lack of knowledge in large, deep lakes on the representativity of source cladoceran communitites by fossil assemblages in sediments firstly led to a methodological calibration. This last showed that the represention level of source communities was different according to the type of remain. Parthenogenetic remain assemblages (i.e., exoskeleton) reflect accurately the taxonomical and size structure of source communities in contrast to ephippia which are reliable proxy to reconstruct reproductive behavior. Following these results, the paleolimnological reconstructions of cladoceran communities showed that their ecological trajectories are controlled by complex interactions between the three perturbations, according to time periods and lakes. Moreover, the response of cladoceran communties to climate was different between the three lakes as a function of the intensity of local forcings. These observations suggest that it is important to include the role of local perturbations in predicting the future impact of climate change on lakes. The impact of environmental perturbations on the reproductive behavior of Daphnia is such that interspecific hybridization events were observed. However, these hybridization events were the result of different sensitivity to perturbations among Daphnia species.

Effects of episodic exposures have gained attention as the regulatory focus of the Clean Water Act has shifted away from continuous-flow effluents. Standardized laboratory toxicity tests require that exposure be held constant. However, this approach may not accurately predict organism responses in the field following episodic exposures such as those associated with rain-driven runoff events or accidental pollutant discharge. Using a modified version of the 7-day short-term chronic test recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency, Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to copper or cadmium for durations ranging from 1 minute to 24 hours. In addition, adult reproductive recovery and effects on second generation individuals was assessed following select copper exposures. Finally, cadmium exposures were compared in reconstituted hard water (RHW) and municipal treated wastewater effluent (TWE). Following exposure, organisms were transferred to clean RHW or TWE and maintained for the remainder of the test. No- and lowest observed effect concentrations (NO- and LOECs) increased logarithmically with respect to logarithmic decreases in duration regardless of metal, endpoint or water type. Effective concentrations of cadmium however, were usually higher than those of copper, especially in TWE. LOECs for C. dubia survival following 24-hour and 5-minute exposures to copper were 116 and 417 µg/L, respectively. LOECs for fecundity were 58 and 374 µg/L, respectively. Neonate production of first generation adult C. dubia appeared to recover from pulsed copper exposure upon examination of individual broods. Cumulative mean neonate production however, showed almost no signs of recovery at exposure durations ≥3 hours. Pulse exposure to copper also resulted in diminished fecundity of unexposed second generation individuals. Such effects were pronounced following parental exposure for 24 hours but lacking after parental exposures ≤3 hours. LOECs for C. dubia survival following 24-hour and 5-minute exposures to cadmium in RHW were 44 and 9000 µg/L, respectively. LOECs for fecundity were 16 and 5000 µg/L, respectively. In TWE, LOECs for C. dubia survival were 83 and >10,000 µg/L, respectively. LOECs for fecundity in TWE were 48 and 7000 µg/L, respectively. Runoff pollution is site and event specific, however, data presented herein may be useful as a predictive tool under various conditions.