Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-125).

No description available.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2007. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 147 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Orientador: Noeme Sousa Rocha / Resumo: O tumor venéreo transmissível canino (TVTC) ocorre naturalmente em cães, sem predileção por raça ou sexo sendo transmitido durante o coito ou hábitos sociais. É também um tumor transplantável experimentalmente e tem sido utilizado como modelo para o estudo da relação entre tumor e hospedeiro. Apesar da maior infiltração inflamatória intratumoral e da expressão de moléculas do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (MHC) estar associada à regressão do tumor, o papel central das células imunes do hospedeiro na evolução clínica do TVTC ainda não está claro. Neste estudo nós buscamos analisar a interação entre TVTC natural e hospedeiro, especialmente sob o ponto de vista da imunidade celular tumoral. Aqui nós identificamos e quantificamos por citometria de fluxo células T (CD3+, CD4+ e CD8+), células NK, células B, macrófagos, em amostras de sangue e de tumor, além da expressão imunoistoquímica de moléculas do MHC de classe I e II, sobretudo nas diferentes fases clínicas do tumor, assim como classificamos os subtipos citológicos do tumor e avaliamos o comportamento tumoral frente ao tratamento quimioterápico com sulfato de vincristina em uma amostra de 22 cães com TVTC natural. A quimioterapia foi efetiva no tratamento da maioria dos casos. Encontramos predomínio de TVTC linfocitóide e que metástases e resistência quimioterápica ocorreram apenas nos tumores de fenótipo linfocitóide e misto. Identificamos aumento significativo na expressão de moléculas de MHC classe I e II na ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The transmissible venereal canine tumor (CTVT) occurs naturally in dogs, without predilection for race or gender being transmitted during intercourse or social habits. It is also an experimentally transplantable tumor and it has been used as a pattern for the study about the relationship between the tumor and the host. Despite the greater intratumoral inflammatory infiltration and the expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC) is associated with tumor regression, the central role of host immune cells in the CTVT clinical evolution is not clear yet. In this study we sought to analyze the interaction between natural and host CTVT, especially from the point of view of tumor cell immunity. Here we identify and quantify by flow cytometry cells T (CD3+, CD4+ e CD8+), cells NK, cells B, macrophages, in blood and tumor samples, besides the immune histochemical expression of MHC class I and II molecules, specially in the different clinical phases of the tumor as well as classifying the cytological subtypes of the tumor and evaluating the tumor behavior against the chemotherapy treatment with vincristine sulfate in a sample of 22 dogs with natural CTVT. Chemotherapy was effective in the treatment of most cases. We found a predominance of lymphocytoid CTVT and that metastases and chemotherapeutic resistance occurred only in tumors of lymphocytoid and mixed phenotype. We identified a significant increase in the expression of MHC class I and II molecules in the regress... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:14:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emirandetti_Amanda_D.pdf: 10405230 bytes, checksum: 86b2578427126b457b8a4ebeac01a1f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Após uma lesão de um nervo periférico, astrócitos e microglia tornam-se reativos, desencadeando a chamada gliose reativa. Adicionalmente, uma porcentagem significativa dos botões sinápticos em íntima relação com os motoneurônios é eliminada, sendo este mecanismo associado à ação de fagocitose das células gliais. Recentemente, a expressão de MHC I (complexo de histocompatibilidade principal classe I) tem sido relacionada com a plasticidade das sinapses e com o processo de regeneração axonal subseqüente à transecção do nervo isquiático, sendo a manipulação da expressão dessa molécula um possível alvo terapêutico. Por sua vez, a óxido nítrico sintase induzível (iNOS), parece estar envolvida com eventos pró- e anti-apoptóticos e com processos de plasticidade das sinapses após lesão do nervo periférico. Embora alguns trabalhos tenham sugerido a participação do MHC classe I nos processos de plasticidade sináptica após a lesão do Sistema Nervoso (SN), as suas funções bem como os mecanismos moleculares que estão envolvidos nesses processos permanecem obscuros. Portanto, os objetivos principais deste trabalho foram identificar a importância relativa de distintas moléculas de MHC classe I clássico (Ia) e não clássico (Ib) na reatividade astroglial e microglial após a axotomia periférica, bem como avaliar o envolvimento da iNOS em tais processos e no grau de eliminação das sinapses. Para tais fins, foram utilizados camundongos knockout para transportador associado com a apresentação de antígeno - 1 (TAP-1), microglobulina-p2 (mp2) genes K e D do MHC I (H2-Kb / Db), iNOS e camundongos controle C57BL/6J. Os animais que foram submetidos à transecção do nervo isquiático foram processados para imunohistoquímica, histoquímica, western blotting e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (estudo in vivo). Camundongos neonatos foram utilizados para o cultivo de astrócitos (estudo in vitro). Os resultados indicam que a ausência de complexo principal de histocompatibilidade I não clássico (MHC Ib) pode influenciar o grau de reação astroglial e microglial uma e três semanas após a axotomia periférica. Ainda, animais deficientes em iNOS apresentaram menor capacidade de expressão de complexo principal de histocompatibilidade I clássico (MHC Ia) por células da microglia uma semana após a lesão. A análise quantitativa da microscopia eletrônica indica maior retração das sinapses em animais knockout para iNOS quando comparados com a linhagem selvagem C57BL/6J. O conjunto dos resultados obtidos sugere que a gliose reativa é influenciada pela expressão de MHC I não clássico e que a iNOS pode participar de mecanismos de apresentação da forma clássica na superfície celular microglial, aumentando assim a retração sináptica e contribuindo para a resposta regenerativa neuronal após a axotomia periférica. / Abstract: Following a peripheral nerve injury, microglial and astrocytic cells become reactive, triggering the so called 'reactive gliosis'. Also, a significant percentage of the synaptic buttons to the motoneurons is eliminated and such process can be associated to the activation of glial cells. Recently, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) expression has been related to the synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration process that follows sciatic nerve transection. In this sense, the modulation of MHC I expression can be, in the future, used as a therapeutic approach in several diseases and also after trauma of the nervous system. Similarly to the MHC I, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) can be involved in the synaptic plasticity process after nerve lesion. The objectives of this work were to investigate the relative importance of MHC I expression (classical / Ia and non-classical / Ib MHC I) on the microglial and astroglial reaction after axotomy and to evaluate iNOS involvement in such process and on the degree of synaptic stripping. For this purpose, knockout mice for transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP-1), P2- microglobulin (mp^) , K and D MHC I genes (H2-Kb / Db), iNOS and wild type C57BL/6J strains were subjected to unilateral sciatic nerve transection and specimens were processed for immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, Western blotting and transmission electron microscopy (in vivo study). Astrocytes from newborn mice were also investigated in primary cell cultures (in vitro study). The results indicate that nonclassical class I major histocompatibility (MHC Ib) absence may influence the microglial and astroglial reaction one and three weeks after axotomy. Also, iNOS deficient mice presented milder classical class I major histocompatibility (MHC Ia) expression by microglia one week after lesion than C57BL/6J. Quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicates greater number of synaptic elimination in the iNOS knockout mice as compared to the wild type. Overall, the present results suggest that reactive gliosis is influenced by non-classical MHC Ia expression and iNOS molecules might participate on microglial cell surface presentation of MHC I, therefore contributing to synaptic detachment and the regenerative response after axotomy. / Doutorado / Anatomia / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Des lésions de l’ADN sont impliquées dans les mécanismes de l’oncogenèse. De plus, la prolifération incontrôlée des cellules tumorales induit l’accumulation d’aberrations géniques. En réponse à ce stress génotoxique, les cellules en transformation expriment les ligands NKG2D MICA et MICB, molécules du CMH de classe I non conventionnelles qui activent une réponse cytotoxique T et NK contre cette transformation. Dans les syndromes lymphoprolifératifs chroniques, les mécanismes de la leucémogenèse reposent essentiellement sur une stimulation antigénique ou une activation des voies du récepteur à l’antigène (BCR) qui induit la prolifération cellulaire. De plus, les ligands MICA/B ne sont pas retrouvés à la surface de ces cellules. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont (i) rechercher si l’activation de la prolifération lymphocytaire peut induire l’expression de MICA/B et (ii) étudier les mécanismes induisant cette expression et leurs liens avec les voies de lésions/réparations de l’ADN. Pour cela, nous avons mis en place des conditions d’activation du récepteur à l’antigène permettant d’obtenir une prolifération (objectivée après marquage par CFSE) de lymphocytes B sains et de lymphocytes issus de patients porteurs de leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC), la plus fréquente des leucémie de l’adulte. L’expression des ligands MICA et MICB a ensuite été évaluée par qPCR, cytométrie en flux, western blots et ELISA. L’implication des différentes voies de signalisation en aval du récepteur à l’antigène a été analysée, ainsi que la cinétique d’apparition des lésions de l’ADN durant ce processus. Mes résultats montrent que MICA/B ne sont pas exprimés à la surface des lymphocytes B issus de donneurs sains ou de patients porteurs de LLC. Cependant, l’activation de la prolifération lymphocytaire induit une activation transcriptionnnelle de MICA ainsi que son expression à la surface de ces cellules. Cette expression est induite par différentes voies du récepteur à l’antigène ainsi que par la voie JAK/STAT et est indépendante des lésions de l’ADN qui surviennent plus tardivement dans la cellule. Au total, l’activation du récepteur à l’antigène qui induit la prolifération lymphocytaire induit également l’expression du ligand MICA (et non MICB) à la surface des lymphocytes sains et cette capacité d’expression est conservée dans les cellules de LLC qui ne l’expriment pas. Ces résultats suggèrent que MICA pourrait jouer un rôle crucial aux stades précoces de l’immunité anti-proliférative, ce qui ouvre la voie à de potentielles applications thérapeutiques. / Tumor cell’s uncontrolled proliferation induces an accumulation of genetic aberrations. In response to this genotoxic stress, most cells in transformation express NKG2D ligands (not expressed on resting cells), including MICA and MICB, which are non-conventional MHC class I molecules that could induce a cytotoxic T and NK response against the transformed cell. In chronic lymphoproliferative conditions, leukemogenic mechanisms rely in part on antigenic stimulations and/or activation of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) pathways that induce cell proliferation. My thesis aims at studying : (i) the induction of MICA/B expression during lymphocyte proliferation and (ii) the mechanisms inducing this expression and their relationship with the DNA damage/repair pathways.I did generate BCR activation conditions to obtain B cells proliferation from healthy control individuals and from patients suffreing from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common leukemia in adults. MICA and MICB expression was assessed by quantitative PCR, flow cytometry, Western blotting and ELISA after activation of B-cell proliferation. The different signaling pathways downstream BCR were analyzed, as were the kinetics of the DNA damage during this process. The results show that MICA/B aren’t expressed on cell surface of B cells from healthy control individuals or CLL patients before activation. Lymphoproliferative stimulation however up-regulates both MICA mRNA and surface protein in these same cells. This expression was induced by several BCR and by JAK/STAT pathways and seems to be indpendant of DNA damage. In conclusion, antigen receptor activation that induces lymphocyte proliferation also induces MICA expression (but not MICB) on B cells surface from healthy control individuals and this expression capacity is conserved in B cells from patients suffering from CLL. These results suggest that MICA may play a crucial role in the early stages of anti-proliferative immunity, which opens the avenue for therapeutic interventions.

Les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques (CTLs) dirigés contre le VIH jouent un rôle essentiel dans la défense anti-virale. L’identification des facteurs impliqués dans la variabilité de ces réponses est indispensable à la mise au point de vaccins efficaces.Nous avons focalisé notre travail sur deux facteurs potentiellement impliqués dans la reconnaissance du virus par le HLA : le sous-type viral et la qualité de l’apprêtement antigénique. L’extrême variabilité du virus avec à ce jour 11 sous-types et 48 formes recombinantes (CRFs) circulant au sein de populations au typage HLA hétérogène implique un polymorphisme important avec des mutations d’échappement multiples.Nos résultats montrent que dans la population Vietnamienne infectée par le VIH, le CRF01_AE prédomine largement et que l’affinité pour la molécule HLA des épitopes CTL classiquement décrits dans les sous-types B est drastiquement diminuée, ce qui favorise l’échappement de ce sous-type viral au système immunitaire.Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que l’apprêtement des épitopes CTL dépend du type de cellule impliquée, les monocytes se caractérisant par une capacité de présentation significativement plus forte à l’origine d’une réponse CTL plus efficiente comparativement aux lymphocytes T CD4 . Des tests de dégradation in vitro ont démontré que la stabilité intracellulaire des épitopes est hautement variable, dépendante de la séquence en acides aminés et contribue à l’optimisation de la réponse CTL.L’ensemble de ces résultats indiquent que, au delà de l’affinité pour le HLA ou le TCR et des facteurs d’épuisement cellulaire, la réponse CTL peut aussi être modulée par le sous-type viral et l’apprêtement antigénique. / HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role for clearance of virus-infected cells and induction of these cells is a necessary component of any successful vaccine strategy against AIDS. Therefore, identification of the factors defining and modulating the efficiency of these protective responses are urgently needed. We focused our study on two factors potentially involved in HLA recognition: HIV-1 sub-type and antigen processing.The extreme variability of the virus with to date 11 HIV-1 subtypes and 48 circulant recombinant forms (CRFs) circulating worlwide among heterogeneous populations imply high polymorphism and different mutational escape patterns.We demonstrate that among the HIV-1 infected Vietnamese population where the CRF01_AE is largely predominant, the HLA binding of known CTL epitopes is strongly reduced compared to the subtype B due to intraepitopic mutations, facilitating immune evasion of these viral strains.Moreover, we show that the presentation of adequate amounts of epitopes leading to CTL recognition depends on the subset cells involved in the antigen processing, monocytes having a significantly higher and more efficient proteolytic activity. Using in vitro degradation assays, we measured the intracellular HIV-1 epitope stability and demonstrated that this factor is highly variable, sequence dependent and also contributes to a more efficient presentation.Together, these data indicate that, besides HLA and TCR binding and exhaustion factors, HIV-1 CTL recognition can also be modulated by the viral sub-type and the antigen processing machinery.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第24885号 / 医科博第152号 / 新制||医科||10(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 河本 宏, 教授 濵﨑 洋子, 教授 上野 英樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM