Background Handgrip strength claims to reflect general strength and correlates with tests of strength, particularly to the lower extremity. Few studies examine correlations between Jamar and the upper body and mainly focus on populations with lower strength. Climbers were assumed to have higher levels of strength. Purpose The purpose was to investigate grip strength, 1RM pull-up and 1RM leg extension in climbers in Uppsala and examine the relationship between grip strength and the 1RM tests to further evaluate grip strength as a measure of general strength. Method The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study testing 25 climbers. Jamar, 3-5RM pull-up and 3-5RM leg extension are done in succession with protocols for standardisation and 1RM is calculated based on Epley's formula. The descriptive measurements are then analyzed and put in correlation.  Results The relationship between 1RM pull-up and grip strength was moderately strong and statistically significant, r = 0.597 (p = 0.002). The relationship between 1RM leg extension and grip strength was moderately strong and statistically significant r = 0.446 (p = 0.026). Conclusion Handgrip strength measured with Jamar in climbers doesn’t deviate from the general population. A moderately strong relationship was found between Jamar and the 1RM tests. Further studies should put Jamar in relation to different tests of muscle strength in populations with varying levels of strength to evaluate Jamar as a measure of general muscle strength. Protocols for standardization of Jamar needs to be further developed. / Bakgrund Handgreppsstyrka hävdas kunna avspegla generell muskelstyrka och har visats korrelera med olika test av maximal styrka, i synnerhet i nedre extremitet. Få studier undersöker samband till den övre extremiteten och fokuserar uteslutande på populationer med låg muskelstyrka. Klättrare antogs initialt ha högre muskelstyrka i samtliga test. Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att hos klättrare i Uppsala undersöka greppstyrkan respektive 1RM pull-ups och 1RM benspark samt att studera respektive samband mellan greppstyrka och 1RM-testen för vidare undersöka handgreppsstyrka mätt med Jamar som ett mått på generell muskelstyrka.  Metod Studien är en deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie som testar 25 klättrare. Jamar, 3-5RM i pull-up samt 3-5RM i benspark testas i succession utifrån standardiseringsprotokoll och 1RM, den maximala vikt som en repetition kan utföras med beräknas sedan utifrån Epleys formel. De olika deskriptiva måtten analyseras samt ställs i korrelation till varandra.  Resultat Sambandet mellan 1RM-pull-up och maximal handgreppsstyrka mätt med Jamar var måttligt starkt och statistiskt signifikant, r=0.597 (p=0.002). Sambandet mellan 1RM benspark och maximal handgreppsstyrka mätt med Jamar var måttligt starkt och statistiskt signifikant r=0.446 (p=0.026). Slutsats Handgreppsstyrka mätt med Jamar hos klättrare avviker inte från den generella populationen. Handgreppstyrkan hade ett måttligt stark samband till både 1RM benspark och 1RM pull-up. Vidare studier krävs som ställer Jamar i relation till olika muskeltester och styrkenivåer för vidare utvärdera mätresultat från Jamar som ett mått på generell muskelstyrka. Standardiseringsprotokoll för Jamar behöver vidareutvecklas.

Climbing is a rapidly growing sport, and the inclusion in the 2021 Olympics will further push the popularity.  The numerous originalities of Sport climbing (SC) is the intense use of finger, hands and forearms to displace the body on vertical to fully overhangning wall profiles. Therefore, climbers are prone to specific injuries different from many other sports, mainly located in the fingers and hand. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between finger flexion (FF) and wrist extension (WE) for force max (F-max) and force average (F-avg). Another aim of the study was to analyse the ratio between FF and WE in regards of injuries. A total of 26 climbers were tested on two separate occasions for underarm capacities in FF in a half crimped position and WE.  Isometric contraction was measured for F-max during a three sec interval and anaerobic power, F-avg, during a 30 sec interval. Correlation between variables were analysed by linear regression and one way ANOVA was used to analyse previously injured vs non injured groups. Statistical significance was set at P = 0.05. This study found that climbers showed a significant relationship between FF and WE for both the F-max and 30s F-average tests R² > 0.30, P < 0.004. This can be valuable information for climbers and coaches for training. Furthermore an increased ratio was seen in more experienced climbers, and the same group also showed a higher prevalence of injuries than moderate climbers.

This paper researches the impact of different settings on an Infinite Impulse Response-filter (IIR-filter) used on a NIBE heat pump in combination with photovoltaic panels (PV-panel). The IIR-filter is applied to the level of the PV-panel’s power and its output is used by the heat pump’s control to harvest as much solar power as possible for supplying the heat pump with electricity. In some of the experiments weather data is used in the form of a forecast regarding the incoming cloudiness in the area, called “cloud coverage”. My objective is to find out which setting performs the best, and whether an evolutionary algorithm can find an optimal setting. The evolutionary algorithms I try are Genetic Algorithm, Simulated Annealing and the Hill Climbing algorithm. Historical data is collected from one of NIBE’s active heat pumps running in a field test. The data is processed and experimented on using an algorithm that analyzes how close a certain setting of values for the coefficient used in the filter and sensitivity of the cloud coverage forecast performs compared to an ideal reference. By using an evolutionary algorithm a better solution to the usage of solar energy can be found, compared to the non-evolutionary algorithm, by using a combination of different values for the coefficient in the filter, and also the cloud coverage forecast, which decides when we should change to another value for the filter coefficient.

The object of this diploma thesis is the composition of marketing plan for establish new company Climbing land. The theoretic part presents the basic information from the section of a marketing planning and methods. Next follows the analyses of the corporate environment. Acquired data are evaluated and applied in the particular concept of marketing plan for one year. The last part is proposal for building climbing centre.

Background: Climbing is a sport that puts high physical demands on the entire body. Due to the amount of isometric contractions the forearms are exposed to while climbing, the accumulation of lactic acid lowers the pH of the blood making it more acidic. This causes discomfort in the working muscles and reduces the ability to continue on the same working intensity and is often a limiting factor for a climber to maintain a high level of performance throughout a training session or during competition. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how active and passive recovery, when performing intervals on a campus board affect climbers’ lactate concentration, muscular strength of the forearms, heart rate and the blood oxygen saturation. This in order to see which of the two recovery methods that most likely keeps the performance as high as possible throughout a training session or competition. Methods: Two different recovery methods, active and passive, were tested in order to see how they effected the physical aspect the study aimed to investigate. Active climbers (n = 7) with different experience were recruited for this study and they all performed two tests each, one where active recovery where applied and one where passive recovery were applied. The two methods were tested one week a part in a cross-over manner. The tests for both methods consisted of a 15-minute-long standardized warm-up followed by five one-minute intervals performed on a campus board. In-between the climbing intervals a one-and-a-half-minute recovery period were programmed for both methods. During the active recovery the subject’s heart rate were held at 60% of HRmax and for the passive recovery the subjects were seated down allowed no movement. For both methods, the subjects were seated down for a ten-minute passive recovery after they had performed the five intervals. Results: The findings of this study showed some significant differences between active and passive recovery, and that lactate levels were kept lower when active recovery were applied after the second (p = 0.04) and the third interval (p = 0.03), as well as five minutes after the fifth interval (p = 0.03). No significant differences between the two methods tested were found for the other physical aspect examined in this study. Conclusion:In regard to the findings of this study, lower levels of lactate are achieved when active recovery is the performed. This suggest that active recovery when climbing is the most beneficial recovery method in order to keep a high performance throughout a training session or competition.

Title: Analysis of strenght training of rock climbers - campusing Objectives: The main objective of this work is to determine time and space characteristic of working muscle chains of upper body during training on campus board and climbing on vertical wall. Comparing basic exercise by measuring EMG signal in combination with cinematographic analysis synchronized with video record, to analyse coordination markers of muscle work in selected area of movement system. Methods: In our thesis we used a method of analysis and a method of comparison. We apllied the method of analysis in research of campusing movement and the method of comparison in comparing the basic climbing movement and basic campusing. Results: It is possible to define campusing as movement in vertical axis, which is executed by three times faster muscle chains activation compared to basic climbing on vertical wall. Movement is realized by upper limbs, by changing positions of one point holding position and two point holding position. In both activities measured muscles are wireing in similar mode, during campusing the musculus pectoralis major and the musculus triceps brachii are faster in start of their activity compared to climbing on vertical wall. Keywords: sport climbing, muscle chains, electromyography, campusing

Title: Movement economy and physiological response during differing climbing speeds in sport climbers. Aims: The work aims to evaluace climbing economy and physiological responses of intermediate and advanced climbers in different climbing speeds. Methodology: 32 climbers (11 advanced men, 11 intermediate men, 10 intermediate women) performed 3 submaximal tests in treadwall at slope of 90ř at speeds 4, 6 and 9 m.min-1 . Each of the tests lasted exactly 4 minutes. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), ventilation (VE), respiratory ratio (RER) and energy expenditure were monitored. Results: Advanced men reported lower energy expenditure than intermediate men in all climbing speeds (4 m.min-1 : -0,06 kcal.kg-1 , P = 0,007; 6 m.min-1 : -0,06 kcal.kg-1 P = 0,048; 9 m.min-1 : -0,07 kcal.kg-1 P = 0,022). Intermediate women reported only slightly lower energy expenditure than intermediate men (4 m.min-1 : -0,01 kcal.kg-1 P = 0,051; 6 m.min-1 : 0,06 kcal.kg-1 P = 0,091; 9 m.min-1 : -0,03 kcal.kg-1 P = 0,115). Energy expenditure was significantly lower at 4 m.min-1 than at 6 m.min-1 (-9,82 kcal, p = 0,001) and also signicantly lower at 6 m.min-1 than at 9 m.min-1 (-8,3 kcal, p = 0,001). Advanced men reported significantly lower VO2 at speeds 4 a 6 m.min-1 (- 2,2 ml.kg- 1 .min-1, P = 0,022; -3,9 ml.kg-1...

Title: Development of improvement in muscle strength, coordination and speed in sport climbing in children of elementary school age Objectives: The aim of this diploma theses is to investigate whether there will be an improvement of muscle strength, coordination and speed in children of elementary school age who attend club of sport climbing and compare results with control group. Another aim of this study is to indicate the relationship between the examined parameters. Methods: This is a quantitative study - quasi-experiment in which 28 probands aged 7-11 years participated. They were deliberately selected and divided into two groups (climbers, non-climbers). Coordination measurements were performed using eight special tests, measurements of muscle strength were performed using three climbing tests and speed was measured by time of climbing on one route. The measurements were performed two with an interval of 3 months - in October 2019 and in January 2020. Results: A statistically significant improvement (p <0.001) was noted in coordination, specifically in rhythmic ability. Other improvements, which, however, no longer reached the level of statistical significance, was recorded in coordination in tests for differentiation ability, orientation ability, ability to rebuild; also in tests for muscle...

The presented thesis analyzes legal regulation concerning protection of nature and landscape in relation to climbing in the Czech Republic. The aim of the thesis is to create a comprehensive overview on legal aspects of climbing and its critical analysis. For these reasons the thesis attends to another activity closely connected to climbing which is movement of persons in free nature. Rights of owners of properties as one of the important private law aspects is considered as well. The key part addresses itself to legal regulation of climbing in specially protected areas which are important locations for the subject activity. Conclusions of the thesis are based on not only legislative and regulatory acts, but many administrative decisions and measures of general nature issued by nature conservation authority. The thesis is divided into six thematically intertwined chapters. These chapters pursue a definition of climbing, an identification of reasons for which law regulation is needed and mainly presentation and analysis of legal regulation and legal aspects of climbing including issues of responsibility according to both private and public law. The thesis may serve specialists in the field of law as source of information on the subject activity as well as on partial legal institutes of protection of the...

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