The aim of this essay is to examine how men is portrayed in three short stories, ”En omvändelsehistoria”, ”Far och son” and ”Jeppa”, from the debut Från Skåne by Victoria Benedictsson. I also investigate the ideas of masculinity during the 1880s. Unmanliness, paternity and manly tears are other concepts that I have been examining with close–reading as the method. The essay begins with a short recap of the earlier research about Benedictsson. Her debut as well as the perspective of masculinity on the work of female authors has been almost ignored by the academic sphere and my aim was to do something about it. Firstly, I discuss unmanliness in the peasant culture, secondly, paternity and absence and thirdly, unmanliness and manly tears. My result shows that the different ideas of masculinity affect the characters in many ways. For example, the elderly in the stories mostly falls down in unmanliness. I have come to the conclusion that the fear of being unmanly urge the men, or the boys, to act manly and follow the ideals.

Problema. Visuomenėje stebima šeimos instancijos destabilizacija ir iš to sekantys negatyvūs padariniai individų psichinei gerovei. Žinodami, kokie sutuoktinių asmenybės ypatumai lemia kokybiškesnius ir stabilesnius artimus santykius, šeimos psichoterapeutai ir kiti specialistai galėtų padėti ugdyti tas pozityvias savybės ar slopinti negatyvių bruožų įtaką. Tam būtina žinoti ir suprasti asmenybės ypatumų ir sutuoktinių artimų santykių dimensijų sąsajas. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti sutuoktinių artimų santykių dimensijų (Pasitenkinimo, Neigiamų emocijų, Įnikimo į santykius, Santykių demonstravimo, Vidinio kontrolės lokuso, Išorinio kontrolės lokuso, Motyvacijos, Stabilumo) ir asmenybės ypatumų (Šizoidiškumo, Paranoidiškumo, Narcistiškumo, Asocialumo, Isteriškumo, Ribinės asmenybės, Anankastinės asmenybės, Priklausomos asmenybės, Vengiančios asmenybės) sąsajas. Metodai. Tyrime naudotas Asmenybės ypatumų klausimynas ir Multidimensinis santykių klausimynas. Tiriamasis kontingentas. Tyrime dalyvavo 76 tiriamieji, t.y. 38 sutuoktinių poros, kurie priklauso visuomeninės organizacijos ,,Tėvynės Sąjunga“ Kauno skyriui. Tiriamųjų amžius nuo 21 iki 65 metų. Rezultatai. Skirtingi vyrų ir žmonų asmenybės ypatumai susiję su skirtingomis tiek jų pačių, tiek ir sutuoktinio(-ės) artimų santykių dimensijomis. Didžiausią neigiamą įtaką artimiems santykiams turi vyrų ir žmonų polinkis į šizoidinę, anankastinę, ribinę ir vengiančią asmenybes. Asmenybės ypatumų ryšiai su artimų santykių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Background. It is noticeably that family institution is destabilizing in society and this negatively affects individuals‘psychical well-being. Getting known which personality traits determine more qualitive and stabile close relationship, family psychotherapists and other specialists can help to improve individuals those features or to reduce the influence of negative ones. For this purpose it is necessary to establish and understand correlations between spouses’ personality traits and close relationships dimensions. Objective. To establish linkage of spouses’ close relationships dimensions (Satisfaction, Negative emotions, Relationship involvement, Relationship Demonstration, Internal control, External control, Motivation, Stability) and personality traits (Schizoid, Paranoid, Narcissistic, Antisocial, Histrionic, Anancastic, Borderline, Dependent, Avoidant). Measures. Personality Traits Questionnaire and Multidimensional Relationship Questionnaire are used in this study. Participants. This study was composed of 38 married couples (76 adults between 21 and 65 years old), who belong to organization Tėvynės Sąjunga Kaunas section. Results. Different spouse‘s personality traits interrelate differently with their own and with spouse‘s close relationship dimensions. Schizoid, Anancastic, Borderline and Avoidant personality traits interrelate with close relationship most negatively. Correlations vary differently by gender.

Inför en operation med generell anestesi upplever en stor del av patienterna oro som uttrycker sig på olika sätt. För att patienten ska kunna uppleva trygghet och delaktighet i sin vård är en god vårdrelation mellan anestesisjukskörskan och patienten centralt. Genom information kan patientens oro minska samt upplevelse av trygghet öka. Syftet med studien var att belysa patientens upplevelse av patientinformationen. Studien utfördes med kvalitativ ansats med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien inkluderade fyra patienter som var klassificerade enligt ASA 1-2 och var mellan 18 och 65 år. Akuta operationer exkluderades. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och två kategorier, upplevelse av information och anhörigas på verkan framkom. Resultatet visade att patienter upplevde att god information angående anestesin skapade trygghet hos patienter och därigenom mindre oro inför operation. Anhörigas stöd bidrog också till ökad trygghet men kunde också vara en källa till oro beroende på anhörigas tidigare erfarenheter. På grund av varierande upplevelser hos olika patienter angående information finns ett behov av vidare fördjupningar i ämnet. / Before a surgical procedure with general anaesthesia, it is common for a variety of patients to experience anxiety and fear. Establishing a professional relationship between the nurse anaesthetic and the patient is essential in order for the patient to feel safe and involved in his or her own care. Keeping the patient informed helps reducing anxiety and fear and increases the patients’ experience of feeling safe. The aim of this thesis was to illuminate patients’ experiences of the information before a surgical intervention. The thesis was designed with a qualitative design, thus qualitative content analysis was used for the data analysis. Four patients classified as ASA-class 1-2, and between the ages of 18 and 65 were included. Urgent surgeries were excluded. Semi structured interviews were used to obtain the data, where two categories emerged, the experience of information and the effect of relatives and close acquaintances. The results showed the patients experienced a feeling of being safe and thereby experienced a reduced amount of anxiety and fear before the surgical procedure. Relatives and close acquaintances could enforce the patients’ feeling of being safe but could also be a source of anxiety and fear depending on their experience prior to the patients care. Due to different patients’ experiences the need involving the information there is a need for further studies.

Zirconium and its alloys have been extensively used in both heavy and light water nuclear reactors. Like other Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) materials, e.g. magnesium, zirconium alloys develop different textures during manufacturing process which result in highly anisotropic materials with different responses under different loading conditions. Slip and twinning are two major deformation mechanisms during plastic deformation of zirconium. This dissertation uses various experimental techniques and a crystal plasticity scheme in the finite element framework to study deformation mechanisms in HCP materials with an emphasis on twinning in Zircaloy-2. The current study is presented as a manuscript format dissertation comprised of four manuscript chapters. After a literature review in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 reports steps in developing a crystal plasticity finite element user material subroutine for modeling deformation in Zircaloy-2 at room temperature. It is shown in Chapter 3 that the developed rate dependent equations are capable of capturing evolution of key features, e.g., texture, lattice strains, and twin volume fractions, during deformation by twinning and slip. Chapter 4 reports various assumptions and approaches in modeling twinning where results are compared against neutron diffraction measurements from the literature. It is shown in Chapter 4 that the predominant twin reorientation scheme can explain texture development more precisely than the other schemes discussed. Chapter 5 and 6 are two connected chapters where in the first one the formation of twins is studied statistically and in the second one, local inception and propagation of twins is studied. Numerical results of these two chapters are compared with 2D electron backscattered diffraction measurements, both carried out by the author and from the literature. Results from these two connected chapters emphasize the important role of grain boundary geometry and stress concentration sites on twin nucleation and growth. The four manuscript chapters are followed by summarizing conclusions and suggestions for future work in Chapter 7. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-04-23 11:50:33.751

The aim of this dissertation is to address the topic of distinguishing very low mass stars from brown dwarfs through observational means. To that end, we seek to better characterize both populations and establish mechanisms that facilitate establishing an individual object's membership in either the very low mass star or the brown dwarf populations. The dissertation is composed of three separate observational studies. In the first study we report on our analysis of HST/NICMOS snapshot high resolution images of 255 stars in 201 systems within ~10 parsecs of the Sun. We establish magnitude and separation limits for which companions can be ruled out for each star in the sample, and then perform a comprehensive sensitivity and completeness analysis for the subsample of 138 M dwarfs in 126 systems. We calculate a multiplicity fraction of $0.0-0.0+3.5% for L companions to M dwarfs in the separation range of 5 to 70 AU, and $2.3-0.7+5.0% for L and T companions to M dwarfs in the separation range of 10 to 70 AU. Considering these results and results from several other studies, we argue that the so-called "brown dwarf desert" extends to binary systems with low mass primaries and is largely independent of primary mass, mass ratio, and separation. In the second study we construct a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram for the stellar/substellar boundary based on a sample of 63 objects ranging in spectral type from M6V to L4. We report new VRI photometry for 63 objects and new trigonometric parallaxes for 37 objects. We employ a novel SED fitting algorithm to determine effective temperatures, bolometric luminosities, and radii. We find evidence for the local minimum in the radius-temperature and radius-luminosity trends that may indicate the end of the stellar main sequence and the start of the brown dwarf sequence at $Teff ~2075K, log(L/Lsun) ~ -3.9, and (R/Rsun) ~ 0.086. The third study is a pilot study for future work and part of a long term search for astrometric binaries that have the potential to yield dynamical masses. We report the discovery of five new multiple systems and discuss their potential for determining dynamical masses: LHS 2071AB, GJ 1215 ABC, LTT 7434 AB, LHS 501 AC, and LHS 3738 AB.

In this work we have investigated the electronic properties of several types of molecular systems involving a metallic element. Our motivation for such applications on metallic compounds was to obtain an accurate description of close lying electronic states, in which the relativistic effects of heavy atoms are known to be important. Thus various approaches and methods have been employed to treat these effects, including the multi-configurational method, with atomic pseudopotentials and large basis sets. In the first study, we have determined the properties of the low lying electronic states of the diatomic compounds MX, whose combinations in the solid phase produce ionic semi-conductor materials with piezoelectric properties. Based on highly correlated ab initio calculations, we have elucidated the common properties of the low lying electronic states of these diatomic compounds with eight valence electrons, which can be considered as precursors for piezoelectric effects in their solid phase. Based on our electronic structure calculations, we could identify among these diatomic compounds those who could lead to good candidates for piezoelectric effects. As the second application, we have determined the electronic structure and the spectroscopic constants for the ground state of the HZnF molecule and for the low lying electronic states of its diatomic fragments. This application was initiated and motivated by interesting and puzzling results on the close system HZnCl. Comforted by our experience with the previous studies, we used the pseudopotentials approach to obtain an accurate description of the low lying states of ZnH which could be satisfactorily compared with existing data. Next, the ZnF and ZnCl diatomic molecules have been studied with the same ansatz to reveal the properties of so far unknown electronic states. Finally, the potential energy surface of the ground state of HZnF has been determined, and several spectroscopic properties have been deduced

The R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars are an enigmatic class of hydrogen-deficient supergiant stars, which along with the companion classes of Hydrogen-deficient Carbon (HdC) stars and Extreme Helium (EHe) stars, have been touted as being a result of mergers of low mass carbon-oxygen (CO) and helium (He) white dwarfs. Such mergers of white dwarfs are expected to be the genesis of several interesting stellar objects such as Type Ia supernovae, neutron stars and AM CVn stars, amongst others. The RCBs, HdCs and EHes are mostly near-solar mass single stars, which along with having predominantly helium atmospheres that are extremely exhausted in hydrogen and rich in carbon, are also host to some extraordinary nuclear isotopic ratios. The RCBs and EHes have 12C/13C >= 100, enhancements of up to 3 orders in fluorine compared to solar and significant amounts of s-process elements. The most outstanding characteristic of RCBs is that they, along with the HdCs, have the lowest O-isotopic ratios measured in any star in the Universe viz., 16O/18O ~ 1-10. We perform nucleosynthesis calculations with conditions found in the three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of CO and He WD mergers and compare the nuclear yields thus obtained with those measured in the surfaces of RCB stars. We do not find an agreement between the calculated yields and the measured ones and thus conclude that RCBs are not formed immediately after the merger of the white dwarfs. This leads us to surmise that the surface chemical composition of RCBs may be due to the result of nuclear processes occuring in a longer evolutionary period following the merger. To this end, we first construct chemical compositions of the merged white dwarfs based on the results of the hydrodynamic simulations. We then impose these compositions on homogeneous, spherically symmetric, one-dimensional stellar models and evolve these models through the giant phase of RCBs. Along with convection zones that develop in the stellar envelope, we induce a continuous envelope mixing profile that is meant to represent processes related to rotation in these merged objects. We then analyse the nuclear yields from the surface of these models and compare them with those of RCBs. Our models achieve the aforementioned striking characteristics of RCBs, viz., the low O-isotopic ratios, high C-isotopic ratios, high fluorine and s-process element enhancments. Along with these, for the first time, we have reproduced simultaneously, the range in observations of almost all the other elements measured in RCBs. Moreover, our one-dimensional models also place useful constraints on so far unexplored three-dimensional processes, thus providing directives for future studies about them. / Graduate

This thesis examines a wide collection of frequency assignment problems. One of the largest topics in this thesis is that of L(2,1)-labellings of outerplanar graphs. The main result in this topic is the fact that there exists a polynomial time algorithm to determine the minimum L(2,1)-span for an outerplanar graph. This result generalises the analogous result for trees, solves a stated open problem and complements the fact that the problem is NP-complete for planar graphs. We furthermore give best possible bounds on the minimum L(2,1)-span and the cyclic-L(2,1)-span in outerplanar graphs, when the maximum degree is at least eight. We also give polynomial time algorithms for solving the standard constraint matrix problem for several classes of graphs, such as chains of triangles, the wheel and a larger class of graphs containing the wheel. We furthermore introduce the concept of one-close-neighbour problems, which have some practical applications. We prove optimal results for bipartite graphs, odd cycles and complete multipartite graphs. Finally we evaluate different algorithms for the frequency assignment problem, using domination analysis. We compute bounds for the domination number of some heuristics for both the fixed spectrum version of the frequency assignment problem and the minimum span frequency assignment problem. Our results show that the standard greedy algorithm does not perform well, compared to some slightly more advanced algorithms, which is what we would expect. In this thesis we furthermore give some background and motivation for the topics being investigated, as well as mentioning several open problems.

In this Thesis study, aerodynamic interactions of vehicle models in close following and passing situations were investigated expeimentally. Effect of the inter-vehicle spacing and lateral distance on drag coefficients of two close-following vehicles were observed. Two different types of vehicle models were used in order to investigate the shape effect on aerodynamic vehicle interactions. Drag froces and surface pressures of the models at each situation were measured. Two different blockage correction methods on the basis of drag coefficient results were applied. Linear increments of drag coefficients were observed on leading and trailing MIRA models. Beacuse of their blunter shapes and sharp edges, the leading and trailing Ahmed Body models feel the presence of aerodynamic interactions substantially. The most important reduction in drag force occurs at the least vehicle spacing for both vehicle types. In the passing situations, it was observed that drag coefficients of MIRA models did not change considerably. However, big amount of changes were observed at all positions for Ahmed Body. Maximum values of drag coefficients were reached when the models were at side by side position for both vehicle types. In conclusion, it is possible to obtain more drag reductions with more numbers of vehicles in close-following. the lower drag coefficients in close-following operations caues to increase fuel savings and to reduce air pollution.

Thesis (M.S. in Joint Campaign Planning and Strategy)--Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2006. / Vita. "14 April, 2006." "National Defense Univ Norfolk VA"--DTIC cover. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-90). Also available via the Internet.