Abstract: Eugenol is a major volatile constituent of clove essential oil obtained throughN hydrodistillation of mainly Eugenia caryophyllata (=Syzygium aromaticum) buds and leaves. It is a remarkably versatile molecule incorporated as a functional ingredient in numerous products and has found application in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, fragrance, flavour, cosmetic and various other industries. Its vast range of pharmacological activities has been well-researched and includes antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-oxidant and anticancer activities, amongst others. In addition, it is widely used in agricultural applications to protect foods from micro-organisms during storage, which might have an effect on human health, and as a pesticide and fumigant. As a functional ingredient, it is included in many dental preparations and it has also been shown to enhance skin permeation of various drugs. Eugenol is considered safe as a food additive but due to the wide range of different applications, extensive use and availability of clove oil, it is pertinent to discuss the general toxicity with special reference to contact dermatitis. This review summarises the pharmacological, agricultural and other applications of eugenol with specific emphasis on mechanism of action as well as toxicity data.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the four most used anaesthetics in European aquaculture MS 222, clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol and Propiscin on barbel (Barbus barbus). The effects of anaesthetics were assessed based on haematological profile, biomarker of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes. This study contributed to the expansion of knowledge on the safety of tested anaesthetics and selected safe anaesthetics for barbel. Barbels were exposed to a 10-minute anaesthesia with MS 222 (in recommended concentration 100 mg×l-1), clove oil (in recommended concentration 33 mg×l-1), 2-phenoxyethanol (in recommended concentration 0.4 ml×l-1) and Propiscin (in recommended concentration 1 ml×l-1). The effects of anaesthetics were evaluated immediately after 10 min. anaesthesia and 24 hours after anaesthesia. Anaesthesia with MS 222, clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol and Propiscin had no significant effect on haematological indices, level of oxidative stress (TBARS) and activity of glutathione reductase in barbel tissues. The activity of catalase was significantly increased in the muscle 24 h after anaesthesia of all anaesthetics compared to the control. Superoxide dismutase activity was changes in all experimental groups (immediately after 10 min. anaesthesia and 24 hours after anaesthesia). The tested anaesthetics not altered hematopoietic tissue and had not effect on the level of lipid peroxidation in barbel´s tissues. The results of this study suggest that the antioxidant systems of barbel are altered by Propiscin anaesthesia, but they are slightly affected by MS 222, clove oil, and 2-phenoxyethanol anaesthesia. On the basis of the results of this thesis, for anaesthesia of barbel we can recommend clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as an alternative MS 222.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:06:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 delbon_mc_me_jabo.pdf: 408550 bytes, checksum: 9a65db2e325011729a35712b60eaaffe (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Avaliou-se as concentrações ideais e os tempos de indução e de recuperação do anestésico benzocaína e óleo de cravo, em juvenis de Oreochromis niloticus. Para isso, testou-se cinco concentrações de óleo de cravo e três de benzocaína e, com as análises de freqüência cardíaca, determinou-se que 100 mg/L de benzocaína e 80 mg/L de óleo de cravo foram as concentrações mais eficazes para estes organismos-teste. A partir destas determinações, montou-se um experimento onde foram analisadas alterações fisiológicas (cortisol, glicose, hematócrito, hemoglobina, número total de células sangüíneas, VCM, HCM, CHCM, contagem total de trombócitos e contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos), a 23ºC e a 28ºC, e o tempo que os peixes levaram para se alimentar após o tratamento anestésico. Com estas análises, concluiu-se que os anestésicos testados minimizaram o efeito do estresse causado por manipulações e procedimentos invasivos, e que os peixes submetidos ao tratamento com óleo de cravo, apesar de não ser significativo, apresentaram maiores taxas de alimentação, em relação aos demais tratamentos. / The ideal concentrations, induction and recovery time after treatment with benzocaine anaesthetic and clove oil, in juvenile of Oreochromis niloticus has been evaluated. Five concentrations of clove oil and three of benzocaine were tested. Through the analyses of cardiac frequency, it was show that 100 mg/L of benzocaine and 80 mg/L of clove oil showed the most efficient concentrations for this test organism. Further, an experiment where physiological alterations (cortisol, glucose, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total number of cells, MCV, MCH, MCHC, total counting of trombocytes and total and differential countings of leukocytes), at 23ºC and 28ºC was conducted, as well as the time that the fish fed after anaesthetic treatment. It was concluded that the tested anaesthetics minimized the stress effects caused by manipulations and invasive procedures, and that the fish submitted to the treatment with clove oil, although not significant, presented higher feeding rates, in relation to the other treatments.

Orientador: Maria José Tavares Ranzani de Paiva / Banca: Eliana Reiko Matushima / Banca: Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati / Resumo: Avaliou-se as concentrações ideais e os tempos de indução e de recuperação do anestésico benzocaína e óleo de cravo, em juvenis de Oreochromis niloticus. Para isso, testou-se cinco concentrações de óleo de cravo e três de benzocaína e, com as análises de freqüência cardíaca, determinou-se que 100 mg/L de benzocaína e 80 mg/L de óleo de cravo foram as concentrações mais eficazes para estes organismos-teste. A partir destas determinações, montou-se um experimento onde foram analisadas alterações fisiológicas (cortisol, glicose, hematócrito, hemoglobina, número total de células sangüíneas, VCM, HCM, CHCM, contagem total de trombócitos e contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos), a 23ºC e a 28ºC, e o tempo que os peixes levaram para se alimentar após o tratamento anestésico. Com estas análises, concluiu-se que os anestésicos testados minimizaram o efeito do estresse causado por manipulações e procedimentos invasivos, e que os peixes submetidos ao tratamento com óleo de cravo, apesar de não ser significativo, apresentaram maiores taxas de alimentação, em relação aos demais tratamentos. / Abstract: The ideal concentrations, induction and recovery time after treatment with benzocaine anaesthetic and clove oil, in juvenile of Oreochromis niloticus has been evaluated. Five concentrations of clove oil and three of benzocaine were tested. Through the analyses of cardiac frequency, it was show that 100 mg/L of benzocaine and 80 mg/L of clove oil showed the most efficient concentrations for this test organism. Further, an experiment where physiological alterations (cortisol, glucose, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total number of cells, MCV, MCH, MCHC, total counting of trombocytes and total and differential countings of leukocytes), at 23ºC and 28ºC was conducted, as well as the time that the fish fed after anaesthetic treatment. It was concluded that the tested anaesthetics minimized the stress effects caused by manipulations and invasive procedures, and that the fish submitted to the treatment with clove oil, although not significant, presented higher feeding rates, in relation to the other treatments. / Mestre

A pre-eminent emulsion-based micellar drug delivery system, "microemulsion", comprising drug in oil or water phase, stabilized by surfactants and co-surfactants, has been evidenced to have a phenomenal role in a number of applications. Oils play an important role in the formation of ME and increase the drug absorption at the site of action. Oils employed in microemulsion formulation solubilize lipophilic drug. As the concept of "natural" therapies is recently gaining importance amongst researchers all over the world, scientists are employing essential oil as an organic component in this system. The active components of essential oils include flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, monoterpenes and polyunsaturated mega-6-fatty acids. These oils are enriched with characteristic intrinsic properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, etc., bestowing enhanced supremacy to the whole microemulsion system. This mini-review is the first to document various types of essential oils employed in microemulsion systems and highlight their therapeutic potential and applications as drug delivery vehicles. Key inferences from this study suggest: 1) Clove oil is the most explored oil for incorporation into a microemulsion based system, followed by peppermint and Tea Tree Oil (TTO). 2) Penetration enhancing effects of these oils are due to the presence of terpenic constituents. 3) Essential oil based microemulsions protect volatility of ethereal oils and protect them from degradation in the presence of light, air, temperature. 4) These systems may also be explored for their applications in different industries like aromatherapy, food, drink, fragrance, flavour, cosmeceutical, soap, petroleum and pharmaceutical industry.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:31:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JANETH TERESINHA COELHO PACHECO.pdf: 1703369 bytes, checksum: fd4af18f947da434675e2f30a0d96019 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-30 / This study evaluated the sedative action of six eugenol concentrations (0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 mg/L water) and five water temperatures (22, 24, 26, 28 and 30°C) on the time for the beginning of death in plati (Xiphophorus maculatus) juveniles, to allow high densities, optimizing the costs with transport costs by reducing the total weight of the loads. Six hundred fish, measuring 0.61±0.3g and 3.2±0.53 cm, in four repetitions of 5 fish per experimental unit (plastic bag) per temperature and concentration, in a total of 30 treatments were used. The results indicated that the time delay until death of the first fish in each experimental unit and the dissolved oxygen concentration were significantly affected by temperature (T), eugenol concentration (E) and the interaction of these factors (TxE). This study suggests that the time delay until death of the first fish and the dissolved oxygen concentration were interactively affected by water temperature and eugenol concentration. Eugenol, when diluted in water concentrations around 8 mg L-1 at 22ºC and 9 mg L-1 at 24ºC, allows greater survival time for the fish, but has no effect at higher temperatures. / Este trabalho avaliou a ação sedativa de seis diferentes concentrações de eugenol (0, 3, 5, 7, 9 e 12 mg/L de água) e cinco temperaturas de água ( 22, 24, 26, 28 e 30°C) no tempo para o início da mortalidade em juvenis de plati ( Xiphophorus maculatus), visando permitir altas densidades, otimizando os custos com os serviços de transporte pela redução no peso total das cargas. Foram utilizados 600 peixes com 0,61± 0,3g e 3,2 ±0,53 cm, em 04 repetições de 5 peixes por parcela (saco plástico) por temperatura e concentração, totalizando 30 tratamentos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o tempo decorrido até a morte do primeiro peixe de cada parcela e a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido na água tiveram influência altamente significativa da temperatura(T), da concentração do eugenol (E) e da interação entre esses (TxE). Este trabalho sugere que o tempo decorrido até a morte do primeiro peixe e a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido na água sejam influenciados de modo interativo, pela temperatura da água e a concentração de eugenol. O eugenol propicia maior tempo de sobrevivência dos peixes quando diluído na água nas concentrações em torno de 8 mg.L-1 a 22ºC e 9 mg.L-1 a 24ºC, mas não tem efeito em temperaturas maiores.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL ALVES DE FREITAS.pdf: 1312091 bytes, checksum: 9a5914dcc41d33316a41e660ea64dacf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / The present study aimed to evaluate the changes in hematological parameters of Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus ) according sedation due to different tea tree oil and clove combinations. 230 fish were used with 66 g ± 18.56 g, clove oil submitted to solutions containing 0%, 20%, 40%, 60 %, 80% and 100% tea tree oil. at a concentration of 100 mg - L, a total of 6 treatments and the control group. So, we used 20 transparent plastic buckets 1.5 liter , 6 and 10 liter aquariums. Where the fish were individualized for observation of sedation and recovery times, at the time the fish reached stage 5 sedation, were selected for blood collection, that repeated 1 hour and 24 hours after sedation, with 10 fish every collect. The analysis of pH , dissolved oxygen, ammonia water and fish biometrics occurred before sedation, and at the time of each blood collect. The results showed that the clove oil , and tea tree oil solutions influence on hematological parameters, in the time sedation and fish behavior. It can be concluded that the tea tree oil is suitable for sedation Nile tilápia. At the same time it is concluded that the tea tree oil can be used in conjunction with clove oil with the objective of mitigating the negative effects caused by pure clove oil / O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as alterações dos parâmetros hematológicos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus ) em função da sedação com diferentes combinações de óleo de cravo e melaleuca. Foram utilizados 230 peixes com 66 g ± 18,56 g, submetidos a soluções de óleo de cravo com 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% e 100% de óleo de melaleuca, a uma concentração de 100 mg-L, totalizando 6 tratamentos e o grupo controle. Assim, foram utilizados 20 baldes plásticos transparentes de 1,5 litros, e 6 aquários de 10 litros, onde os peixes foram individualizados para observação dos tempos de sedação e recuperação. No momento em que os peixes alcançaram o estágio 5 de sedação, foram selecionados para coleta de sangue, que se repetiu 1 hora e 24 horas após a sedação, com 10 peixes a cada coleta. A análise do pH, oxigênio dissolvido, amônia da água e biometria dos peixes ocorreu antes da sedação, e no momento de cada coleta de sangue. Os resultados mostraram que as soluções de óleo de cravo e óleo de melaleuca influenciaram nos parâmetros hematológicos, no tempo de sedação e no comportamento dos peixes. Pode-se concluir que o óleo de melaleuca é apropriado para sedação de tilápia do Nilo. Paralelamente conclui-se que o óleo de melaleuca pode ser usado em associação com óleo de cravo com o objetivo de amenizar os efeitos negativos causados pelo óleo de cravo puro.

L’eugénol permet d’induire une anesthésie chirurgicale chez la grenouille africaine à griffes (Xenopus laevis) sans causer de lésions chez des grosses grenouilles (90-140g). Le premier objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer la durée de l’anesthésie et d’évaluer la dépression du système nerveux central ainsi que les changements de saturation en oxygène et de fréquence cardiaque chez des petites (7.5 ± 2.1 g) et moyennes (29.2 ± 7.4 g) grenouilles Xenopus laevis en fonction du temps d’exposition à un bain d’eugénol de 350 µL/L. Suite à une immersion de 5 ou 10 minutes, la réponse au test à l’acide acétique, au réflexe de retrait et au réflexe de retournement était absente pendant 1 heure (petites grenouilles) et 0,5 heure (moyennes) et l’anesthésie chirurgicale durait au maximum 15 et 30 minutes chez les petites et moyennes grenouilles respectivement. La saturation en oxygène n’était pas affectée de façon significative, mais la fréquence cardiaque était diminuée jusqu’à 1 heure post-immersion dans les deux groupes. Le deuxième objectif était de déterminer la toxicité de l’eugénol chez des grenouilles de taille moyenne après une ou trois administrations à une dose anesthésique, avec ou sans période de récupération d’une semaine. Histologiquement, il y avait de l’apoptose tubulaire rénale et des membranes hyalines pulmonaires après une administration, et de la nécrose hépatique et des hémorragies dans les tissus adipeux après trois administrations. Ces résultats suggèrent que le poids corporel est un paramètre important à considérer lors de l’anesthésie de grenouilles Xenopus laevis par immersion dans l’eugénol. / Eugenol has been shown to induce surgical anesthesia in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) without causing lesions after a single administration in large frogs (90-140g). The first objective of this study was to determine the duration of anesthesia in small (7.5 ± 2.1 g) and medium (29.2 ± 7.4 g) Xenopus laevis frogs and evaluate CNS depression and changes in oxygen saturation and heart rate relative to exposure time in a eugenol bath (350 µL/L). After immersion for 5 or 10 minutes, no responses to the acetic acid test (AAT), withdrawal reflex, and righting reflex were seen for 1 h (small frogs) or 0.5 h (medium frogs), and small and medium frogs were under surgical anesthesia for a maximum of 15 and 30 minutes respectively. Oxygen saturation was not significantly affected by anesthesia, but heart rate was depressed for as long as 1 hour post-exposure in both groups of frogs. The second objective was to determine the toxicity of eugenol in medium frogs after one or three administrations at anesthetic doses, with or without a 1 week recovery period. Histopathology revealed renal tubular apoptosis and pulmonary hyaline membranes after 1 administration, as well as hepatic necrosis and adipose tissue hemorrhages after 3 administrations. These results suggest that body weight is an important parameter to consider when using a eugenol bath for anesthesia of Xenopus laevis frogs.

No description available.

Nomenclature: Sensitivity to anesthetic clove oil different species of adult fish Sensitivity of breeding fishes of various species (Siberian sturgeon, Brook trout, Black carp- young breeding fishes) for anesthetic clove oil was probed by the tests performed at temperature in the period of stripping (apart from Brook trout and Black carp). The tests were carried out with 17 fish species- with cyprinids (Ide- golden form, Common dace, European Chub, Sneep, Barbel, Grass carp, Black carp, bighead carp), salmonids (Brown trout, Rainbow trout, Brook trout), thymallinae (Grayling), pikes (Northern pike), perches (Pike-perch), sturgeons (Siberian sturgeon, Beluga) and airbreathing catfishes (North African catfish). Using concentration of 0,03ml.l-1 (Brown trout, Rainbow trout, Brook trout, Grayling, Pike, Pike perch, Ide, Dace, Chub, Barbel and Sneep), 0,04ml.l-1 (Grass carp, Black carp, Bighead carp), 0,05ml.l-1 (North African catfish) and 0,07ml.l-1 (Siberian sturgeon, Beluga) the IIb. Phase has been achieved, which is sufficient for manipulation with fishes during stripping. The anesthesia subsided after time period of 10-17 minutes (12 species) at the majority of fishes and at others after interval of 20-26 minutes (5 species). The results confirmed concentrations recommended for salmodis and Grayling (0,025-0,03ml.l-1), sturgeons (0,07ml.l-1), and North African catfish (0,05ml.l-1). At the majority of cyprinids (apart from Grass carp, Black carp and Bighead carp), the concentration used was lower than recommended (0,04-0,05ml.l-1)