Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Mary C. Kingery-Page / A 2009 research report by the U.S. Census Bureau and the National Resources Inventory predicts that the developed area in the United States will increase by 54.4 million acres during the next 25 years (McMahon 2010, 2). America’s rural landscape and character is replaced everyday by “placeless” neighborhoods with limited emphasis on conservation efforts. The intent of this report is to demonstrate the benefits of applying conservation design principles to the development of a conservation subdivision in rural Kansas. A 132 acre tract of land, currently known as Nelson’s Ridge, is planned and designed for a subdivision development. The property is located just east of Manhattan, Kansas. The site includes a tributary drainage corridor surrounded by woodlands, existing agriculture fields and upland prairie. It is located no more than a mile from existing amenities of a growing residential and commercial corridor along Highway 24 in Pottawatomie County. The preliminary plat designed by local engineering firm Schwab-Eaton, demonstrates America’s typical or “conventional” approach to subdivision design (Arendt, 1996). The alternative approach is known as a low-impact development or “conservation development” (Gause 2007). After completing a thorough site inventory and analysis, two preliminary designs eventually led to a final conceptual master plan. The two preliminary designs included contemporary and neo-traditional schemes, each portraying conservation principles in alternative ways. Fully understanding the two design alternatives allowed for a balanced and more cohesive final design that incorporated the most positive aspects of both conservation approaches. The preliminary plat and the conservation design were then compared and analyzed in terms of demonstrated design principles and their economic feasibility. This project provides an example for rural subdivision development in Pottawatomie County, Kansas. The project provides decision makers with a conceptual master plan for Nelson’s Ridge that implements conservation subdivision design principles. This project will educate developers, homeowners and the public about design alternatives for subdivision development. The comprehensive analysis of the proposed design will provide important insight into the benefits and limitations of implementing conservation principles into a development.

Under conventional residential development practices, minimum lot sizes are established by zoning ordinances. Under these requirements, a piece of property is subdivided into as many lots as allowed. This results in suburban development where all land is committed to individually owned parcels. The objective of this thesis is to defend the preservation of open space as a necessary component of rural residential development and to establish a set of criteria that are fundamental to open space design. Concerns for developers, planners, and homeowners in response to the open space preservation movement are identified and addressed. In addition, the three major alternative development approaches, in which the preservation of open space is a fundamental priority, are detailed. From these alternative development approaches, a list of criteria are developed to be used in the evaluation or preparation of open space site designs. A 96 acre site in the Tom’s Creek Basin of Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Virginia is used as a case study for the preparation of an open space site design that fulfills the requirements of a proposed rural residential zoning ordinance for Blacksburg. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / John W. Keller / During the Industrial Revolution, economist Alfred Marshall published his classic book entitled Principles of Economics, in which he suggests that the external economies of scale (positive externalities) produced by the clustering of many small innovative businesses could rival the internal economies of scale achieved by a few large vertically-integrated businesses. The distinction between these two models of industrial organization, one based on many small innovative firms and the other based on a few large conglomerated firms, is the basis of cluster development theory. This distinction has been further developed in the economic development literature through the significant contributions of Schumpeter (creative destruction), Jacobs (necessary inefficiency), and Porter (diamond model). Modern cluster development theory expands upon the work of these classic theorists. Contributions relevant to this study include Markusen’s cluster typologies, Press and Feldman’s cluster lifecycle phases, Munnich’s rural knowledge cluster framework, and Doloreux’s case study of a rural innovation system. This case study applies the lessons of cluster development theory to an emerging cluster of businesses in Wamego, Kansas that share the common Wizard of Oz theme. While this cluster is not a “traditional” cluster (it does not benefit from positive externalities relating to product or process), it does create positive marketing externalities that significantly affect the local economy. This report names the cluster (Oz Cluster), identifies the typological structure of the cluster (hub and spoke), profiles the key actors and decisions which are shaping this emerging cluster, and concludes with lessons learned from the Oz Cluster and alternative scenarios for further cluster development. The Oz Cluster model of economic development demonstrates how communities can profit from niche-based tourism. Such economic development must focus on the establishment and growth of regionally competitive businesses with strategic competitive advantages. Alternative scenarios for further cluster development include: 1) expand the Oz theme; 2) diversify the cluster; and 3) maintain current level of success.

Clusters de alta tecnologia são vistos como importantes centros de inovação e produção em uma economia atual global e interconectada. Observa-se um maior interesse da comunidade acadêmica pela relação entre o desenvolvimento de clusters de alta tecnologia em economias emergentes e suas conexões globais através da ‘circulação de talentos entre os clusters’ (em inglês, IBC). IBC representa, tipicamente, a difusão e transferência de tecnologias, conhecimentos e práticas através de redes individuais entre clusters emergentes e clusters já estabelecidos, os quais estão globalmente interconectados através dos laços destas redes. O foco deste estudo está no papel controverso da IBC no estímulo ao crescimento e melhoria de clusters maiores/em crescimento versus clusters menores/nascentes. Este estudo tem como objetivo propor formas de governança da IBC para conduzir estes processos nos seus diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. O contexto empírico investigado está baseado em (a) dois casos consolidados da literatura: as conexões de Bangalore (IN) - Vale do Silício e Hsinchu (TW) - Vale do Silício; e, (b) dois casos originais: as conexões de Daedeok Innopolis (KR) – EUA e Vale dos Sinos (BR) – Coreia. O método de pesquisa utilizado é qualitativo com a aplicação de 26 entrevistas em profundidade como fonte principal de evidência. Com base nos casos estudados, é possível argumentar que os clusters maiores/em crescimento se beneficiam de uma IBC orgânica, estimulada pelas dinâmicas e forças do mercado, enquanto os clusters menores/nascentes dependem de um esforço coordenado devido à falta de atratividade inicial para empresas e indivíduos. Além disto, com vistas à eficácia da IBC no estimulo ao crescimento e melhoria de clusters, também se pode argumentar que a intervenção nas dinâmicas da IBC se reduz ao longo da evolução dos clusters, passando de um esforço coordenado nos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento do cluster para um processo orgânico da IBC guiado pelo mercado em estágios mais avançados de desenvolvimento. Este estudo tem implicações importantes no entendimento da conectividade de clusters, do papel da governança para o crescimento e melhoria de clusters e das estratégias efetivas de catch-up para economias emergentes. / High-tech clusters are important hubs of innovation and production in an increasingly interconnected global economy. There has been an increasing interest from scholars in the embeddedness of local cluster development, in particular of high-tech industries in emergent economies, and global connectivity, in particular in the dynamics and role of inter-cluster brain circulation (IBC). IBC denotes knowledge, technology and practice diffusion and translation through individual networks between emergent and typically more established clusters that are globally interconnected through these network ties. Of particular interest to this study is the controversial role of IBC in stimulating the growth and upgrading of larger/growing versus smaller/nascent clusters. Using the lens of network governance, this study aims to propose forms of IBC governance for steering these processes. The empirical context of investigation is composed of (a) two prior studies of IBC in the cases of Bangalore (IN) - Silicon Valley and Hsinchu (TW) - Silicon Valley connections and (b) two original empirical cases examining the Sinos Valley (BR) - Korea connection and Daedeok Innopolis (KR) - US connection. A qualitative research method strategy is employed in these two original cases using 26 in-depth interviews across both cases as a source of evidence. Based on the studied cases, it is possible to argue that for larger-scale growing clusters, IBC-growth dynamics may unfold as an ‘organic process’ through self-reinforcing market forces, whereas small-scale embryonic clusters depend on a ‘coordinated effort’ of this process because they lack initial market attractiveness for both individuals and firms. Further, focusing on the effectiveness of IBC in steering the growth and upgrading of clusters, it can also be argued that IBC governance changes through a gradual decreasing in the intervention to stimulate IBC, from a ‘coordinated effort’ in the early stage to a spontaneous increase in the marketdriven process of IBC as an ‘organic process’ in the mature stage of cluster development. This study has important implications for understanding cluster connectivity, the role of governance in cluster growth and upgrading, and the effective catch-up strategies of emerging economies.

This diploma thesis will show how mutual cooperation of small and medium businesses in a tourism cluster can increase promotion and revenue in the tourism industry. Theoretical part of this study presents definitions, characteristics and typology of clusters. Later on, the theoretical part describes practices in the mapping of clusters and a cluster's lifecycle. The last chapters will summarize the benefits of clusters to its stakeholders and means of financing and program support via EU grants. Practical part is focused on the strategy of a tourism cluster in the Central Bohemian region of the Czech Republic. This strategy also includes useful examples of how the cluster members can actively and effectively participate in managing mutual activities and projects. Operations, organizational structure, finance and support are also topics that are going to be discussed in this study.

Clusters de alta tecnologia são vistos como importantes centros de inovação e produção em uma economia atual global e interconectada. Observa-se um maior interesse da comunidade acadêmica pela relação entre o desenvolvimento de clusters de alta tecnologia em economias emergentes e suas conexões globais através da ‘circulação de talentos entre os clusters’ (em inglês, IBC). IBC representa, tipicamente, a difusão e transferência de tecnologias, conhecimentos e práticas através de redes individuais entre clusters emergentes e clusters já estabelecidos, os quais estão globalmente interconectados através dos laços destas redes. O foco deste estudo está no papel controverso da IBC no estímulo ao crescimento e melhoria de clusters maiores/em crescimento versus clusters menores/nascentes. Este estudo tem como objetivo propor formas de governança da IBC para conduzir estes processos nos seus diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. O contexto empírico investigado está baseado em (a) dois casos consolidados da literatura: as conexões de Bangalore (IN) - Vale do Silício e Hsinchu (TW) - Vale do Silício; e, (b) dois casos originais: as conexões de Daedeok Innopolis (KR) – EUA e Vale dos Sinos (BR) – Coreia. O método de pesquisa utilizado é qualitativo com a aplicação de 26 entrevistas em profundidade como fonte principal de evidência. Com base nos casos estudados, é possível argumentar que os clusters maiores/em crescimento se beneficiam de uma IBC orgânica, estimulada pelas dinâmicas e forças do mercado, enquanto os clusters menores/nascentes dependem de um esforço coordenado devido à falta de atratividade inicial para empresas e indivíduos. Além disto, com vistas à eficácia da IBC no estimulo ao crescimento e melhoria de clusters, também se pode argumentar que a intervenção nas dinâmicas da IBC se reduz ao longo da evolução dos clusters, passando de um esforço coordenado nos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento do cluster para um processo orgânico da IBC guiado pelo mercado em estágios mais avançados de desenvolvimento. Este estudo tem implicações importantes no entendimento da conectividade de clusters, do papel da governança para o crescimento e melhoria de clusters e das estratégias efetivas de catch-up para economias emergentes. / High-tech clusters are important hubs of innovation and production in an increasingly interconnected global economy. There has been an increasing interest from scholars in the embeddedness of local cluster development, in particular of high-tech industries in emergent economies, and global connectivity, in particular in the dynamics and role of inter-cluster brain circulation (IBC). IBC denotes knowledge, technology and practice diffusion and translation through individual networks between emergent and typically more established clusters that are globally interconnected through these network ties. Of particular interest to this study is the controversial role of IBC in stimulating the growth and upgrading of larger/growing versus smaller/nascent clusters. Using the lens of network governance, this study aims to propose forms of IBC governance for steering these processes. The empirical context of investigation is composed of (a) two prior studies of IBC in the cases of Bangalore (IN) - Silicon Valley and Hsinchu (TW) - Silicon Valley connections and (b) two original empirical cases examining the Sinos Valley (BR) - Korea connection and Daedeok Innopolis (KR) - US connection. A qualitative research method strategy is employed in these two original cases using 26 in-depth interviews across both cases as a source of evidence. Based on the studied cases, it is possible to argue that for larger-scale growing clusters, IBC-growth dynamics may unfold as an ‘organic process’ through self-reinforcing market forces, whereas small-scale embryonic clusters depend on a ‘coordinated effort’ of this process because they lack initial market attractiveness for both individuals and firms. Further, focusing on the effectiveness of IBC in steering the growth and upgrading of clusters, it can also be argued that IBC governance changes through a gradual decreasing in the intervention to stimulate IBC, from a ‘coordinated effort’ in the early stage to a spontaneous increase in the marketdriven process of IBC as an ‘organic process’ in the mature stage of cluster development. This study has important implications for understanding cluster connectivity, the role of governance in cluster growth and upgrading, and the effective catch-up strategies of emerging economies.

Clusters de alta tecnologia são vistos como importantes centros de inovação e produção em uma economia atual global e interconectada. Observa-se um maior interesse da comunidade acadêmica pela relação entre o desenvolvimento de clusters de alta tecnologia em economias emergentes e suas conexões globais através da ‘circulação de talentos entre os clusters’ (em inglês, IBC). IBC representa, tipicamente, a difusão e transferência de tecnologias, conhecimentos e práticas através de redes individuais entre clusters emergentes e clusters já estabelecidos, os quais estão globalmente interconectados através dos laços destas redes. O foco deste estudo está no papel controverso da IBC no estímulo ao crescimento e melhoria de clusters maiores/em crescimento versus clusters menores/nascentes. Este estudo tem como objetivo propor formas de governança da IBC para conduzir estes processos nos seus diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. O contexto empírico investigado está baseado em (a) dois casos consolidados da literatura: as conexões de Bangalore (IN) - Vale do Silício e Hsinchu (TW) - Vale do Silício; e, (b) dois casos originais: as conexões de Daedeok Innopolis (KR) – EUA e Vale dos Sinos (BR) – Coreia. O método de pesquisa utilizado é qualitativo com a aplicação de 26 entrevistas em profundidade como fonte principal de evidência. Com base nos casos estudados, é possível argumentar que os clusters maiores/em crescimento se beneficiam de uma IBC orgânica, estimulada pelas dinâmicas e forças do mercado, enquanto os clusters menores/nascentes dependem de um esforço coordenado devido à falta de atratividade inicial para empresas e indivíduos. Além disto, com vistas à eficácia da IBC no estimulo ao crescimento e melhoria de clusters, também se pode argumentar que a intervenção nas dinâmicas da IBC se reduz ao longo da evolução dos clusters, passando de um esforço coordenado nos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento do cluster para um processo orgânico da IBC guiado pelo mercado em estágios mais avançados de desenvolvimento. Este estudo tem implicações importantes no entendimento da conectividade de clusters, do papel da governança para o crescimento e melhoria de clusters e das estratégias efetivas de catch-up para economias emergentes. / High-tech clusters are important hubs of innovation and production in an increasingly interconnected global economy. There has been an increasing interest from scholars in the embeddedness of local cluster development, in particular of high-tech industries in emergent economies, and global connectivity, in particular in the dynamics and role of inter-cluster brain circulation (IBC). IBC denotes knowledge, technology and practice diffusion and translation through individual networks between emergent and typically more established clusters that are globally interconnected through these network ties. Of particular interest to this study is the controversial role of IBC in stimulating the growth and upgrading of larger/growing versus smaller/nascent clusters. Using the lens of network governance, this study aims to propose forms of IBC governance for steering these processes. The empirical context of investigation is composed of (a) two prior studies of IBC in the cases of Bangalore (IN) - Silicon Valley and Hsinchu (TW) - Silicon Valley connections and (b) two original empirical cases examining the Sinos Valley (BR) - Korea connection and Daedeok Innopolis (KR) - US connection. A qualitative research method strategy is employed in these two original cases using 26 in-depth interviews across both cases as a source of evidence. Based on the studied cases, it is possible to argue that for larger-scale growing clusters, IBC-growth dynamics may unfold as an ‘organic process’ through self-reinforcing market forces, whereas small-scale embryonic clusters depend on a ‘coordinated effort’ of this process because they lack initial market attractiveness for both individuals and firms. Further, focusing on the effectiveness of IBC in steering the growth and upgrading of clusters, it can also be argued that IBC governance changes through a gradual decreasing in the intervention to stimulate IBC, from a ‘coordinated effort’ in the early stage to a spontaneous increase in the marketdriven process of IBC as an ‘organic process’ in the mature stage of cluster development. This study has important implications for understanding cluster connectivity, the role of governance in cluster growth and upgrading, and the effective catch-up strategies of emerging economies.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4523993 bytes, checksum: f6b861ce7f797d61ea1f21735852fb4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Knowledge Management has become essential for organizations to ensure a better strategic position facing the reality of their surroundings. Organizations, especially the medium and large sizes, have solutions from various sources, with more facilities for the deployment of a KM practice. As for the small ones, they have yet to understand the challenges and opportunities of KM to improve their business processes and develop their Competitive Intelligence. This can be achieved through a strategic practice to provide sustainability to the KM activities, reducing the risk of rejection by the various actors to changes resulting from the implementation of this practice into the organization s body of work routines. This paper presents a flexible mould (metamodel) to aid the planning and implementation of an effective organizational KM, i.e., a tool for designing a KM practice adaptable to the organization profile, whichever its size and its rate of absorption of the designed practice. From an instance of strategic planning and evaluation of the voice from organization actors is built a model, through the intantiation of the mould for each single case, for the design of a KM practice liable to strict management based on Administration Theory sub-functions (planning, organization, direction and control), allowing managers of an organization (the strategic level actors) to display its weaknesses and identify its potentialities in relation to the KM practice. In keeping with the profile of the various actors in the organization, the mould can be instantiated minimizing the rejection to the additional work routines and changes in the actors new way of working, due to the implementation of the new practice. To demonstrate the mould and exemplify its instatiation, the case of a virtual organization, Farol Digital a project for strengthning the Paraiba State ICT Cluster, is analysed along with the artifacts produced by the instantiation of this particular case. / A Gestão do Conhecimento tornou-se indispensável para garantir às organizações um melhor posicionamento estratégico frente à realidade do seu entorno. As organizações, principalmente as médias e grandes, dispõem de soluções de diversas fontes, possuindo mais facilidades para a implantação de uma prática de GC. Já as de pequeno porte ainda precisam compreender os desafios e possibilidades da GC para aprimorar seus processos de negócio e desenvolver sua Inteligência Competitiva. Isto pode ser alcançado através de uma prática estratégica para dar sustentabilidade às atividades de GC, diminuindo os riscos de rejeição pelos seus diversos atores às mudanças decorrentes da implantação da prática junto às rotinas de trabalho da organização. Este trabalho apresenta um molde flexível (metamodelo) de apoio ao planejamento e a implementação de uma GC organizacional efetiva, ou seja, uma ferramenta para o desenho de uma prática de GC adaptável ao perfil de uma organização, qualquer quer seja o seu porte e a sua velocidade de absorção da prática desenhada. Partindo de uma instância do planejamento estratégico e da avaliação da voz dos atores da organização é construído um modelo, através da instanciação do molde para cada caso específico, visando ao delineamento de uma prática de GC passível de gerenciamento estrito com base nas subfunções da Administração (planejamento, organização, direção e controle), permitindo aos gestores de uma organização (atores do nível estratégico) a visualização de suas fragilidades e identificação de suas potencialidades para a prática da GC. Ao respeitar o perfil dos diversos atores que compõem a organização, o molde pode ser instanciado minimizando a rejeição às rotinas de trabalho adicionais e às mudanças impostas na nova forma de trabalhar desses atores, decorrentes da inclusão da nova prática. Para a demonstração do molde e exemplificar sua instaciação, é analisado o caso da organização virtual Farol Digital, projeto de fortalecimento do APL de TICs do Estado da Paraíba, sedo apresentados os artefatos produzidos com a instanciação deste caso particular.

The main theme in this licentiate thesis is the focus on strengthening institutional capacities to promote cooperation within a cluster initiative between public and private sectors in Latin American contexts, especially in Bolivia. The argument is the need to generate spaces for interaction through participatory practices in order to incorporate different points of view, academic and non-academic, which can lead to a more critical production and appropriation of knowledge. In the particular case of Bolivia, the pilot development of cluster initiatives was used as an interaction mechanism between the university, industry and government, which means developing skills in innovation among stakeholders, instead of starting immediately with the search for solutions. This licentiate thesis focuses on practices based on collective and dynamic interactions generated in an emerging cluster based on the Triple Helix framework in the leather productive sector in Bolivia. This as a result of seven years of participatory action research participating in cluster initiatives promoted by a public university, the case of the Universidad Mayor de San Simon - UMSS (trans. San Simon University). In the case of the Leather Cluster Cochabamba experience presented in this licentiate thesis, I found that the introduction of concepts such as cluster development, Triple Helix and knowledge production in Mode 2 as fieldwork by a public university (UMSS), participation is a positive ingredient and contributor to the improvement of democratizing innovation. The generation of collaborative relationships on a participatory and democratic basis is a time-consuming process that needs to begin with reflection and accountability of researchers to their direct involvement in participatory processes and practices.

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