CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) denotes the methodology used to assess thermodynamic data based on experiments as well as on first principles calculations. Essential for this method is the coupling of phase diagram and thermodynamic properties. It has been widely and successfully applied for decades in the field of materials science and engineering. Nevertheless, some shortcomings of the existing thermodynamic databases call for updated descriptions with improved thermodynamic modeling from unary, binary to ternary and higher-order systems. This thesis attempts to pioneer the development of a new generation of CALPHAD databases taking C-Co-Cr alloys with subsystems, unaries and binaries, as example. The present modeling and assessment work not only validate the new models applied in the development of the next, the 3rd, generation database, but also result in improved descriptions in a wider temperature range.In this 3rd generation database, thermodynamic descriptions are valid from 0 K up to high temperatures above liquidus. The Einstein model, rather than the polynomial basis functions used in the previous 2nd generation database, is applied to model the harmonic lattice vibration contribution to the heat capacity of condensed phases at low temperatures. In addition, terms describing the electronic excitations and anharmonic lattice vibrations, as well as the magnetic contribution, are added. A generalized two-state model is employed for the liquid phase to describe the gradual transition from the liquid to amorphous state. A revised magnetic model is adopted accounting for both the ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic states explicitly. A newly suggested method to avoid violating the 3rd law of thermodynamics is adopted for e.g. stoichiometric phases. However, there is still some concern as Nernst’s heat theorem which states that 𝑑𝐶𝑃/𝑑𝑇 is zero at 0 K is not obeyed. All solution phases are modelled within the framework of the compound energy formalism (CEF).The task of the thesis is to construct an updated self-consistent thermodynamic description of the C-Co-Cr system for the third generation CALPHAD databases. The improvement is significant from a modeling point of view when compared to the second generation database. A good agreement between the calculated thermodynamic properties and the experimental data is achieved. The reliability of the extrapolations of unary and binary systems into higher order systems is demonstrated. / <p>QC 20170529</p>

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-26T14:53:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_DIMAS_JOAO_RODRIGUES_NETO_PARCIAL.pdf: 405454 bytes, checksum: d48967a61777e3e773d5a2112997ee13 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T14:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_DIMAS_JOAO_RODRIGUES_NETO_PARCIAL.pdf: 405454 bytes, checksum: d48967a61777e3e773d5a2112997ee13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / For a satisfactory clinical performance, pre-fabricated Co-Cr cylinders must have metallurgical compatibility to Co-Cr based cast alloys. A uniform interface with adequate union and resistance, with absence of interfacial reaction and porosities must be obtained. The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate the metallurgical compatibility at the interface between pre-fabricated Co-Cr cylinders and alloys for Co-Cr compound casting applying different casting techniques. In manuscript 2 the metallurgical compatibility and the interface between implant and alloy cylinders were evaluated for Co-Cr casting with different melting temperatures. Methodology: Three pre-fabricated Co-Cr prosthetic implant cylinders (Neodent, Pi-Br?nemark, Dentium) were subjected to casting with Co-Cr alloy using different casting techniques (Flame Torch, Induction / Centrifugation, Induction / Vacuum). Optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the obtained microstructures. The elementary composition of the cylinders and diffusion characteristics in the interfacial region between molten alloy and cylinder were determined by dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS). Vickers microhardness was measured at interface, cylinder and cast alloy. The ANOVA and Tukey test were used to evaluate microhardness values. In the manuscript 2 cylinders based on Co-Cr were overfused with alloys with different melting temperatures and all microstructural analysis and microhardness tests were performed. Results: In the manuscript 1 a union between pre-fabricated cylinders and Co-Cr based alloys was observed microstructurally. An ideal interface was obtained with absence of interfacial reaction or significant porosities with the casting with the induction techniques (centrifugation and vacuum), but excess of porosities and failures were observed with the Torch casting technique. In manuscript 2 a microstructural bond was observed between the alloys and the cylinder, evidencing that both high melt alloy and low melt alloy presented compatibility with the Co-Cr cylinder. Microhardness values, both in manuscript 1 and in manuscript 2 also proved to form a satisfactory interface. Conclusions: It was concluded from manuscript 1 and 2 that both high and low melt temperature Co-Cr have metallurgical compatibility to pre-fabricated Co-Cr cylinders, showing an ideal interface. However, the technique of casting applied is relevant, and the torch technique has been shown to be less indicated due to the lack of standardization of the obtained results. / Para um bom desempenho clinico, cilindros de pilares pr? fabricados de Co-Cr devem apresentar compatibilidade metal?rgica a ligas de sobrefundi??o a base de Co-Cr. Uma interface uniforme com adequada uni?o e resist?ncia, com aus?ncia de rea??o interfacial e porosidades devem ser obtidas. O presente estudo, in vitro, objetivou atrav?s do manuscrito 1 avaliar a compatibilidade metal?rgica na interface entre cilindros pr? fabricados de Co-Cr e ligas para sobrefundi??o de Co-Cr com diferentes t?cnicas de fundi??o. No manuscrito 2, foi avaliado a compatibilidade metal?rgica e a interface entre cilindro de implante e ligas para sobrefundi??o de Co-Cr com diferentes temperaturas de fus?o. Metodologia: Tr?s cilindros pr?-fabricados para pr?tese sobre implantes em Co-Cr (Neodent, Pi-Br?nemark, Dentium) foram sorefundidos com liga de Co-Cr com diferentes t?cnicas de fundi??o (Ma?arico, Indu??o/centrifuga??o, Indu??o/v?cuo). Microscopia ?ptica e Microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) foram usadas para caracteriza??o das microestruturas. A composi??o elemental dos cilindros e caracter?sticas de difus?o na regi?o interfacial entre liga fundida e cilindro foram determinadas atrav?s de espectroscopia por energia dispersiva (EDS). Microdureza de Vickers foi aplicada na interface, cilindro e liga fundida. Foi aplicado o teste de ANOVA e Tukey para avalia??o dos valores microdureza. No manuscrito 2, cilindros a base de Co-Cr foram sobrefundidos com ligas com diferentes temperaturas de fus?o e foi realizada toda analise microestrutural e testes de microdureza. Resultados: No manuscrito 1 observou-se microestruturalmente uma uni?o entre cilindros pr? fabricados e ligas a base de Co-Cr. Foi obtida uma interface ideal com aus?ncia de rea??o interfacial ou porosidades significantes com a fundi??o com as t?cnicas por indu??o (centrifuga??o e v?cuo), por?m excesso de porosidades e falhas foram observados com a t?cnica de fundi??o ? ma?arico. No manuscrito 2 observou-se uma uni?o microestrutural entre as ligas e o cilindro avaliado, evidenciando que tanto liga de alta fus?o, quanto de baixa fus?o apresentam compatibilidade ao cilindro de Co-Cr. Valores de microdureza, tanto no manuscrito 1 como no manuscrito 2 tamb?m comprovaram a forma??o de uma interface satisfat?ria. Conclus?es: Concluiu-se atrav?s do manuscrito 1 e 2 que ligas de alta e baixa temperatura de fus?o a base de Co-Cr apresentam compatibilidade metalurgica a cilindros pr? fabricados de Co-Cr apresentando uma interface ideal. Por?m, a t?cnica de fundi??o aplicada ? relevante, sendo que a t?cnica ? ma?arico se mostra a menos indicada devido a falta de padroniza??o dos resultados obtidos.

A adaptação marginal é fundamental para o sucesso clínico e longevidade das coroas metalocerâmicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de microscopia óptica, o desajuste marginal de copings metalocerâmicos obtidos com as ligas metálicas de Ni-Cr [Verabond II e experimental (SR)] e Co-Cr (Keragen). As leituras foram realizadas antes da sinterização (T1), após a sinterização do opaco (T2) e após a sinterização da cerâmica (T3). A partir de uma matriz metálica e uma contra-matriz de teflon, encaixada sobre o preparo da matriz, foram obtidos 30 padrões de resina acrílica Duralay/cera com espessura de 0,7 mm (n=30), que foram incluidos em anel com revestimento Microfine (Talladium). Após a fundição, os copings foram desincluídos, jateados e usinados. Cada copings, adaptado à outra matriz metálica por meio de um padronizador da pressão de assentamento, foi levado ao microscópio óptico. Foram selecionados dois pontos equidistantes de um ponto selecionado no copings, que representava ¼ de volta no dispositivo de leitura, totalizando 8 leituras por etapa em cada copings. Os dados de desajuste marginal (&mu;m) foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes ANOVA e Bonferroni (&alpha;=0,05). Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença para os fatores: tempo (p=0,00) e liga metálica (p=0,001). Com relação aos tempos, após a aplicação da cerâmica, houve maior desajuste marginal (132 &mu;m) que após a sinterização de opaco (111,81) e antes da sinterização (90,44), com diferença entre essas duas etapas. Com relação às ligas metálicas, a liga experimental SR apresentou o menor desajuste marginal (79,75 &mu;m) que as ligas de Ni-Cr (120,23 &mu;m) e Co-Cr (134,28 &mu;m) que não apresentaram diferença entre si. Não houve diferença significativa para as interações (p=0,834). Conclui-se que o desajuste marginal aumenta após as sinterizações da cerâmica e a liga experimental SR pode ser utilizada com segurança para confecção de restaurações metalocerâmicas, por apresentar os melhores resultados entre as ligas utilizadas. / The good marginal fit is a critical point for the clinical success of metal-ceramic crowns after definitive cementation. The knowledge of alloys properties, their interference factors and materials development allows the creation of new crowns within clinically acceptable marginal fit, factor that enables a good periodontal restorations performance and also prevents caries recurrences in cementation line. The present study evaluated, by optical microscopy, marginal fit in metal-ceramic crowns fused with three different alloys; Nickel-Chromium (Verabond II), Cobalt- Chromium (Keragen) and a experimetal Nickel-Chromium (SR) alloy in three distinct stages; after the cast (T1), after opaque layer application (T2) and after ceramic coating (T3). Were selected two equidistant points in a metal coping that representing ¼ turn on the measurement device, in a total of 8 measurements for coping in each step that results in a misfit average. Comparisons were performed using a parametric test for independent data (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni test where applicable. The level of significance was set at 5%. The results showed there were statistical differences for such factors: time (p = 0.00) and alloy (p = 0.001). In relation to time, after ceramics application, there was higher marginal misfit (132 &mu;m) than after opaque sintering (111.81 &mu;m) and before sintering (90.44 &mu;m) with differences between these two steps. In relation to alloys, the experimental SR alloy showed the lower marginal misfit (79.75 &mu;m) than Ni-Cr alloys (120.23 &mu;m) and Co- Cr (134.28 &mu;m) and there was no statistical difference for these experimental groups There was no significant difference for interaction (p = 0.834). In conclusion the marginal misfit increases after ceramics sintering. Experimental SR alloy showed the best results among the alloys and can be safely used to metal ceramic restorations.

A adaptação marginal é fundamental para o sucesso clínico e longevidade das coroas metalocerâmicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de microscopia óptica, o desajuste marginal de copings metalocerâmicos obtidos com as ligas metálicas de Ni-Cr [Verabond II e experimental (SR)] e Co-Cr (Keragen). As leituras foram realizadas antes da sinterização (T1), após a sinterização do opaco (T2) e após a sinterização da cerâmica (T3). A partir de uma matriz metálica e uma contra-matriz de teflon, encaixada sobre o preparo da matriz, foram obtidos 30 padrões de resina acrílica Duralay/cera com espessura de 0,7 mm (n=30), que foram incluidos em anel com revestimento Microfine (Talladium). Após a fundição, os copings foram desincluídos, jateados e usinados. Cada copings, adaptado à outra matriz metálica por meio de um padronizador da pressão de assentamento, foi levado ao microscópio óptico. Foram selecionados dois pontos equidistantes de um ponto selecionado no copings, que representava ¼ de volta no dispositivo de leitura, totalizando 8 leituras por etapa em cada copings. Os dados de desajuste marginal (&mu;m) foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes ANOVA e Bonferroni (&alpha;=0,05). Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença para os fatores: tempo (p=0,00) e liga metálica (p=0,001). Com relação aos tempos, após a aplicação da cerâmica, houve maior desajuste marginal (132 &mu;m) que após a sinterização de opaco (111,81) e antes da sinterização (90,44), com diferença entre essas duas etapas. Com relação às ligas metálicas, a liga experimental SR apresentou o menor desajuste marginal (79,75 &mu;m) que as ligas de Ni-Cr (120,23 &mu;m) e Co-Cr (134,28 &mu;m) que não apresentaram diferença entre si. Não houve diferença significativa para as interações (p=0,834). Conclui-se que o desajuste marginal aumenta após as sinterizações da cerâmica e a liga experimental SR pode ser utilizada com segurança para confecção de restaurações metalocerâmicas, por apresentar os melhores resultados entre as ligas utilizadas. / The good marginal fit is a critical point for the clinical success of metal-ceramic crowns after definitive cementation. The knowledge of alloys properties, their interference factors and materials development allows the creation of new crowns within clinically acceptable marginal fit, factor that enables a good periodontal restorations performance and also prevents caries recurrences in cementation line. The present study evaluated, by optical microscopy, marginal fit in metal-ceramic crowns fused with three different alloys; Nickel-Chromium (Verabond II), Cobalt- Chromium (Keragen) and a experimetal Nickel-Chromium (SR) alloy in three distinct stages; after the cast (T1), after opaque layer application (T2) and after ceramic coating (T3). Were selected two equidistant points in a metal coping that representing ¼ turn on the measurement device, in a total of 8 measurements for coping in each step that results in a misfit average. Comparisons were performed using a parametric test for independent data (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni test where applicable. The level of significance was set at 5%. The results showed there were statistical differences for such factors: time (p = 0.00) and alloy (p = 0.001). In relation to time, after ceramics application, there was higher marginal misfit (132 &mu;m) than after opaque sintering (111.81 &mu;m) and before sintering (90.44 &mu;m) with differences between these two steps. In relation to alloys, the experimental SR alloy showed the lower marginal misfit (79.75 &mu;m) than Ni-Cr alloys (120.23 &mu;m) and Co- Cr (134.28 &mu;m) and there was no statistical difference for these experimental groups There was no significant difference for interaction (p = 0.834). In conclusion the marginal misfit increases after ceramics sintering. Experimental SR alloy showed the best results among the alloys and can be safely used to metal ceramic restorations.

Solar energy is increasingly being considered a promising solution to reduce the emissions of CO2 and green house gas. The performance of solar collectors largely depends on the ability to absorb incoming solar radiation with minimal thermal radiation losses. To weigh the potential absorbed energy to thermal losses, the performance criterion (PC) can be used, calculated as PC =α−xε, where α is absorptance, ε is emittance and x is a scaling factor &lt; 1. It has been shown by G. Vargas et al. that Co-Cr alloys excibit great potential (α = 0.98 and ε = 0.03) for use in solar concentrators. The main goal of this project is to quantify the impact of key factors (controlled input variables) on an electroplating process of Co-Cr alloys, using the design of experiment (DOE) methodology. It is part of an ongoing collaboration between Absolicon and the physics department at Umeå university. Six factors were investigated using a fractional factorial (FrF) design. Data was collected through a series of experiments where stainless steel substrates were electroplated with Co-Cr alloys. The resulting samples were analyzed in terms of α and ε as well as the quality of deposition (QD). Using the experimental results, three models were made in a DOE-software called MODDE. Models are used to correlate the factors with each response, i.e. α, ε and QD. Ideally the predictive power of the models (Q2) should be as high as possible, and at least &gt; 0.5. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to determine the significance of the models. Based on the models, the ’Optimizer’ tool in MODDE was used to predict two set of optimum factor settings, producing two samples, S1 and S2. S1 and S2 were evaluated in terms of α, ε and QD as well as chemical composition and structural properties of the coatings. The predictive power of the models was 0.49 for α, 0.38 for ε and 0.53 for QD. The predictive power of the models were therefore limited. ANOVA-test showed that the models for α and QD were statistically significant. For all three responses the significant effects were mostly two factor interactions. All three models showed significant lack of fit (model error) as a result of high reproducibility. S1 had the best PCAbsolicon (performance criterion for Absolicons solar collectors) of all samples with 0.858. S2 was not as good, even though it was predicted to have a higher value of PCAbsolicon by MODDE. EDS, XPS and SEM measurements of samples S1 and S2 showed that the two samples were very similar in terms of chemical composition. The main difference was that the coating of S1 was more porous, and also thicker than S2, 0.81 μm compared to 0.26 μm. Even though the models showed some predictive capabilities, the impact of the factors could not be fully determined. That is due to the nature of the FrF-design, which cannot accurately determine two-factor interactions.

The aim of the present project was to investigate the possibilities of using a Zr55Cu30Ni5Al10 Bulk Metallic Glass (BMG) alloy as articulating surface in an artificial hip joint. In order for a material to be used in human body as an implant, the foremost requirement is the acceptability by the human body. The implantations should not cause diseases or other complications for the patients. Moreover, the biomaterials should possess sufficient mechanical strength, high corrosion and wear resistance in harsh body environment with varying loading conditions. There have been extensive research on the properties of stainless steel, Co-Cr-Mo alloys and Ti alloys regarding their bio-compatibility and they are currently being used as orthopedic implants, however less information is available for bulk metallic glasses. So, understanding the corrosion properties of BMGs is one of the key issues to evaluate their potential as biomaterials. In the first phase of the project there was an attempt to develop a Zr-based BMG from pure elements in a vertical resistance furnace and quenching in liquid nitrogen. Afterwards, samples were examined by X-Ray diffraction and microscopically to investigate the presence of crystalline phases.  The second phase was electrochemical measurements to study the passivation behavior and the susceptibility to pitting corrosion for the crystalline Zr55Cu30Ni5Al10, amorphous Zr55Cu30Ni5Al10 BMG (received from Japan) and comparing the result with stainless steel and Co-Cr-Mo (F75). Investigations on corrosion properties were made in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with and without the addition of albumin fraction V, at a room temperature of 20 °C and body temperature (37°C) and in different pH values of 7.4 and 5.2. Running the experiment in lower pH shows the behavior of the implant against any probable inflation in the patient body. The last phase was to investigate the interaction between the protein and surface of materials. For this purpose, FTIR spectroscopy and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out.

No description available.

The production of higher alcohols from synthesis gas over Cu-Co-Cr-K catalysts has been studied. The production rate of alcohol was measured in the flow reactor, operating at 250 to 350°C, 3500 to 8000 gas hourly space velocity, and 900 to 1800 psig. The productivity as a function of temperature, pressure, gas hourly space velocity, carbon dioxide content of the feed, and reaction time was also examined. Physisorption data have been analyzed using the Langmuir model, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, the Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method, and the de Boer and Halsey t-method. The surface areas of catalysts CB1(1), CB1(3), and CB1(1) after reaction were 39.9 ± .9 m2/g, 28.9 ± 1.7 m2/g, and 26.5 ± 0.3 m2/g, respectively. Moreover, information such as pore size distribution, pore shape, monolayer volume, micropore volume and thickness of adsorption layer were also obtained. The atomic concentration and oxidation states of near surface species were established by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength, elastic modulus, mass changes and surface roughness of two cobalt-chromium alloys, before and after immersions in four cleaning solutions and distilled water (as control). Co-Cr alloys (Co-Cr®, Dentsply-DeguDent Industria e Comércio, São Paulo, Brasil; and GM 800+®, Dentaurum GmbH & Co KG, Ispringen, Alemanha) were investigated. Fifty bar specimens (25 x 3 x 0,5 mm) for the flexural test, 50 quadrangular specimens (10 x 10 x 1 mm) for mass changes evaluation and 35 cylindrical specimens (10 x 1 mm) for surface roughness measurements were obtained by casting. They were polished by abrasive paper (#240 to #2500) and diamond polishing paste (3μm). Specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups according the following cleaning, solutions: pure white vinegar, 0.2% peracetic acid, sodium perborate - Corega Tabs®, 0.37% sodium hypochlorite and the control, distilled water. Surface roughness (Ra parameter) was analyzed using a profilometer (Mitutoyo SJ 410, Mitutoyo Corp, Kanagawa, Japan) before and after 5, 20 e 90 immersions (10 min each). Ra changes (ΔRa5, ΔRa20 e ΔRa90) were calculated for the different intervals. Qualitative surface analyses were performed by Scanning Electron Microscope (JSM 6360 SEM, JEOL). Both alloys, immersed in pure white vinegar, 0.2% peracetic acid, sodium perborate - Corega Tabs®, 0.37% sodium hypochlorite had similar roughness changes after 90 immersions (ΔRa from -0,012 to 0,022 μm). There was a significant surface roughening in hypochlorite (ΔRa90= 0,064 μm for CoCr®; and ΔRa90 = 0,592 μm for GM 800+). The number of immersions influenced on the roughness changes only in hypochlorite and there were greater changes in the GM 800+ alloy. After 90 immersions, GM 800+ alloy showed mass lost in the hypochlorite solution (-0,3%). This alloy presented higher flexural strength after 90 immersions in SH (σF= 1516 MPa in hypochlorite; 1366 MPa in control). However, there were no elastic modulus changes. CoCr® alloy did not present differences in the σF or in elastic modulus in any solution. The only solution that damaged the alloy surface was 0.37% sodium hypochlorite. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a rugosidade superficial,o percentual de variação de massa, a resistência flexural e o módulo de elasticidade de duas ligas de Cobalto-Cromo após submetidas à imersões em quatro soluções limpadoras e água (controle). Foram utilizadas as ligas Co-Cr® DeguDent (Dentsply-DeguDent Industria e Comércio, São Paulo, Brasil) e Remanium® GM 800+ (Dentaurum GmbH & Co KG, Ispringen, Alemanha). De cada liga fundiu-se cinquenta corpos de prova, 50 cilíndricos (10 x 1 mm) para a análise da rugosidade, 50 quadrangulares (10 x 10 x 1 mm) para avaliação da variação de massa e em formato retangular (25 x 2,5 x 0,75 mm) para o teste flexão 3 pontos. O polimento se deu por seqüencia de lixas (#400 a 2500) e pasta diamantada (3μm). A distribuição aleatória foi em 5 grupos, conforme os agentes de limpeza: vinagre branco puro, ácido peracético 0,2% , perborato de sódio (Corega Tabs®), hipoclorito de sódio 0,37% e o controle: água destilada. Foram realizadas avaliações da rugosidade superficial (Parâmetro Ra) através de rugosímetro (Mitutoyo SJ 410, Mitutoyo Corp, Kanagawa, Japan) antes e após 5, 20 e 90 ciclos de imersão de 10 minutos. As alterações de Ra (ΔRa5, ΔRa20 e ΔRa90) foram calculadas entre os diferentes interrupções. Análise complementar da superfície foi realizada em imagens obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (JSM 6360 SEM, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). A pesagens dos corpos de prova para cálculo da variação de massa se deu após 5 e 90 imersões, utilizando-se de balança eletrônica analítica com sensibilidade de 0,0001 g (FA 2004, Coleman E. P. L. Com. e Imp. Ltda. Santo André, São Paulo). Os ensaios de flexão a 3 pontos para determinação da resistência flexural (σF) e do módulo de elasticidade foram realizados após 90 imersões. Os dados obtitos foram analisados quanto a normalidade e testes de comparação entre médias foram aplicados conforme o tipo de distribuição. As duas ligas, imersas nas soluções vinagre puro, ácido peracético, corega tabs® apresentaram comportamento semelhante em relação as alterações de rugosidade superficial (Ra), quando comparadas ao controle, após 90 imersões (ΔRa entre -0,012 e 0,022 μm). Aumento da rugosidade significativo ocorreu na solução de hipoclorito (ΔRa90= 0,064 μm (CoCr®) e 0,592 μm (GM 800+). O número de imersões influenciou na variação de rugosidade, apenas para a solução de hipoclorito, sendo que as maiores variações ocorreram na liga GM 800+. Após 90 imersões a liga GM 800+ demonstrou perda de massa na solução de hipoclorito (-0,3%). Ocorrendo para essa liga aumento da resistência flexural (σF= 1516 MPa em hipoclorito; 1366 MPa no controle) após 90 imersões, sem modificação de seu módulo de elasticidade. A liga CoCr® não apresentou diferenças na σF ou no módulo de elasticidade nas diferentes soluções. A única solução que causou dano à superfície das ligas foi o hipoclorito de sódio 0,37%.